Jaquan R. Tucker v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 2022 )

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Huff, Athey and Fulton
UNPUBLISHED
Argued by videoconference
JAQUAN R. TUCKER
MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v. Record No. 0553-21-2 JUDGE JUNIUS P. FULTON, III
APRIL 26, 2022
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PETERSBURG
Joseph M. Teefey, Jr., Judge
Todd M. Ritter (Daniels, Tuck & Ritter, on brief), for appellant.
Leanna C. Minix, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares,
Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
This appeal follows Tucker’s jury conviction of aggravated malicious wounding and use of
a firearm in the commission of a felony. In a separate order entered the same day as his new
convictions, the trial court revoked eight years of previously suspended incarceration on Tucker’s
prior convictions. On appeal, Tucker alleges that his motion to set aside the verdict should have
been granted on Brady grounds, that his verdict should have been set aside because of newly
discovered evidence, and that his previously suspended sentences imposed after his conviction
should be subject to reversal on appeal. We disagree.
BACKGROUND
On October 25, 2019, Tucker was convicted by a jury in Petersburg circuit court of
aggravated malicious wounding and use of a firearm in the commission of a felony. The victim was
Demario Fisher. Fisher was shot over five times in the Pecan Acres apartment complex in the City
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
of Petersburg on February 18, 2019. In describing the events leading up to the shooting, Fisher
explained that when he entered the Pecan Acres apartment complex he saw Tucker—whom he
knew as “Dough”—driving a vehicle with three other passengers. Fisher eventually went one way
in the complex, and Tucker’s vehicle went another way. Before leaving, Fisher stopped his car and
spoke to his friend. Fisher then walked to an apartment to speak with some workers about a job
opportunity. While talking to the workers, Fisher noticed Tucker’s brother, who was nearby, on the
phone with Tucker. Fisher became concerned about the call and asked Tucker’s brother to call
Tucker back so Fisher could speak with him. Fisher spoke to Tucker and perceived an issue. Fisher
and Tucker’s brother then walked towards and approached Tucker who was with a group. Before
Fisher could “defuse the situation,” he was shot. Fisher attempted to escape to his aunt’s nearby
apartment but was shot multiple additional times. The gunfire culminated with the last shots being
fired while he laid prone on the doorstep of an apartment, unable to flee. Fisher called 911 and
attempted phone calls to his girlfriend, Myisha Manson, ultimately leaving her a voicemail
identifying William Rives, Jaquan “Dough” Tucker, and Clinton “Gutta” Coleman as the shooters.
When the police arrived, Fisher was conscious and again identified Rives, Tucker, and Coleman as
the shooters.
Each of the defendants—Rives, Tucker, and Coleman—was tried separately. Rives was the
last co-defendant to stand trial. In December of 2019, after Tucker’s trial but prior to his
sentencing, the prosecuting attorney, Buckner, notified Tucker’s trial counsel, Gerlach, that both
Fisher and Manson had prior convictions that were not previously disclosed. Following this
disclosure, Tucker’s trial counsel filed a motion to set aside the verdict and dismiss or grant a new
trial. The trial court heard the arguments of Tucker’s counsel at a subsequent hearing. At the
hearing, Gerlach testified that she was not aware of the prior convictions and did not have copies of
the criminal histories of any of the Commonwealth’s witnesses prior to Tucker’s trial. According to
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Buckner, it was only after Rives’ trial that she learned of the witnesses’ prior convictions. Prior to
Tucker’s trial, Buckner extended an invitation to Tucker’s counsel to review the criminal histories
of any of the Commonwealth’s witnesses in the Commonwealth’s Attorney’s office. Although
Tucker’s counsel visited the Commonwealth’s Attorney’s office for another purpose, Tucker’s
counsel did not ask to review the criminal histories of any of the Commonwealth’s witnesses. At a
subsequent hearing in the matter, Fisher was called to testify, during which time he stated that he
“can’t recall” that Tucker shot him and that it was just Rives and Coleman. Fisher also testified that
he had received threats related to his testimony and coming to court. At the conclusion of the
hearing, the trial court denied Tucker’s motion to set aside the verdict or for a retrial.
ANALYSIS
A. Tucker failed to prove a Brady violation.
In reviewing the denial of a Brady motion, the trial court’s factual findings will not be
disturbed absent clear error. See Walker v. Kelly, 589 F.3d 127, 140 (4th Cir. 2009). In contrast,
we review the trial court’s legal conclusions de novo. See id.“[T]here is no general constitutional right to discovery in criminal cases.” Martinez v.
Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 9, 26 (2003). “However, a defendant is entitled to exculpatory
evidence in the possession of the prosecution.” Id. Under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83(1963), and its progeny, “due process requires that the prosecution disclose evidence favorable to
the accused that is material to guilt or punishment.” Church v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 107,
117 (2019) (citing Commonwealth v. Tuma, 285 Va. 629, 634 (2013)). “Brady is ‘a disclosure
rule, not a discovery rule.’” Tuma, 285 Va. at 635 (quoting United States v. Higgins, 75 F.3d
332, 335 (7th Cir.1996)). “Brady obligations extend not only to exculpatory evidence, but also
to impeachment evidence[.]” Castillo v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 394, 465-66 (2019)
(alteration in original) (quoting Coley v. Commonwealth, 55 Va. App. 624, 630 (2010)). “For
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Brady purposes, ‘[e]vidence is material if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence
been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’” Massey
v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 108, 127 (2016) (alteration in original) (quoting Coley, 55
Va. App. at 631). “Evidence may be material under Brady even though it is inadmissible . . . .
Because of the requirement that the outcome of the proceeding be affected, [this Court] often
consider[s] whether the suppressed, inadmissible evidence would have led to admissible
evidence.” Workman v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 633, 647-48 (2006) (quoting United States v.
Sipe, 388 F.3d 471, 485 (5th Cir. 2004)).
A defendant seeking to prove a Brady violation must establish that: “a) [t]he evidence not
disclosed to the accused must be favorable to the accused . . . ; b) the evidence not disclosed
must have been withheld by the Commonwealth either willfully or inadvertently; and c) the
accused must have been prejudiced.” Massey, 67 Va. App. at 125 (quoting Hicks v. Dir., Dep’t
of Corr., 289 Va. 288, 299 (2015)). Here, Tucker can only satisfy the first two prongs of the test.
First, the prior convictions of Fisher and Manson were exculpatory evidence that was not
disclosed to Tucker before trial. Evidence of the prior convictions of a witness is impeachment
evidence under Brady. See Correll v. Commonwealth, 232 Va. 454, 465 (1987). Because the
prior convictions here were exculpatory, Tucker satisfies the first prong of the Brady test.
Second, the withholding of evidence satisfies the second prong of Brady. Even though
the Commonwealth was unaware of the prior convictions of Fisher and Manson at the time of
Tucker’s trial, it certainly had the means to obtain such information. This information was not
like evidence in other cases that could be deemed to have been unavailable. Although we do not
impose a blanket mandate to investigate the criminal history of every possible witness, we do
echo our prior sentiments that “[w]e do not believe that an unreasonable burden is imposed on
the Commonwealth if required to discover the criminal record of its witnesses, especially when
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such information is readily available.” Fitzgerald v. Bass, 6 Va. App. 38, 51-52 (1988). It
certainly would have been prudent for the Petersburg’s Commonwealth’s Attorney’s Office to
conduct a search of the criminal histories of at least its star witness, Fisher. Had such an
investigation been made, this situation could have been avoided. But instead the Commonwealth
must now bear the consequences of Brady scrutiny of their inaction. Thus, although the
Commonwealth was not aware of the histories of Fisher and Manson, it failed to affirmatively
take action to identify the available exculpatory evidence. Whether willful or inadvertent, we
find that the non-disclosure satisfies the second prong of Brady.
But, as to the third prong, Tucker was not prejudiced. It is clear from this record that
Tucker failed to meet his burden that the “suppression of evidence ‘undermines confidence in the
outcome of the trial.’” Workman, 272 Va. at 645 (quoting United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667,
678 (1985)). To do so, the evidence must be “material” under Brady, meaning “there is a
reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed, the result of the proceeding would
have been different.” Tuma, 285 Va. at 634-35 (2013) (quoting Smith v. Cain, 565 U.S. 73, 75
(2012)); see also Massey, 67 Va. App. at 125 (describing the third prong as whether the accused
was prejudiced).
Here, the record supports confidence in the outcome of the trial. Because of her limited
role at trial—namely confirming receipt of the voicemail message from Fisher, which was played
at trial—Tucker agrees that the prior conviction of Manson was not material to his underlying
conviction. Tucker insists, however, that Fisher’s prior convictions were material because he
was the sole eyewitness who testified at trial. Tucker argues that Fisher’s criminal history could
have been used to challenge the credibility of Fisher’s eyewitness account and thereby challenge
the underlying charges. We disagree that such evidence was material to this case. Fisher’s
testimony at trial was consistent with his contemporaneous statements made to police at the
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scene and in his voicemail to Manson immediately after the shooting, both of which we view as
offering sufficient indicium of reliability because they were made by Fisher in the immediate
aftermath of his multiple gunshot wounds. Fisher’s prior criminal history does not tarnish his
dying declarations nor does it establish any basis or motive for Fisher to lie. Based on this
evidence, confidence in the jury’s verdict remains intact. Thus, Tucker has failed to meet the
third prong of the Brady analysis that he was prejudiced by the suppression of evidence by the
Commonwealth.
B. The trial court also did not err by denying Tucker’s motion for a new trial based on
Fisher’s new testimony.
A motion for a new trial based on after-discovered evidence “is a matter submitted to the
sound discretion of the circuit court” and will be granted only under unusual circumstances after
particular care and caution has been given to the evidence presented. Bagley v. Commonwealth,
73 Va. App. 1, 22 (2021) (quoting Orndorff v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 597, 601 (2010); see
Johnson v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 37, 43 (2003) (“Motions for new trials based upon
after-discovered evidence . . . are awarded with great reluctance.” (quoting Odum v.
Commonwealth, 225 Va. 123, 130 (1983))). “Because the granting of such a motion is addressed
to the sound discretion of the trial court, that decision will not be reversed absent an abuse of
discretion.” Johnson, 41 Va. App. at 43.
To preserve finality in court adjudications, a new trial will only be granted based upon
newly-discovered evidence if “(1) the evidence was discovered after trial; (2) it could not have
been obtained prior to trial through the exercise of reasonable diligence; (3) it is not merely
cumulative, corroborative or collateral; and (4) is material, and as such, should produce an
opposite result on the merits at another trial.” Id. (quoting Mundy v. Commonwealth, 11
Va. App. 461, 480, aff’d on reh’g en banc, 399 S.E.2d 29 (1990)). “The burden is on the moving
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party to show that all four of these requirements have been met in order to justify a new trial.”
Id.Fisher’s new testimony does not rise to this standard. Although the new testimony was
offered after trial, Fisher did testify at trial. In addition, Fisher’s trial testimony was corroborated
by his statements to police and voicemail to his girlfriend immediately after the shooting. As
noted in Fout v. Commonwealth, 199 Va. 184, 192 (1957), “[t]he opportunity and temptation for
fraud are so obvious that courts look with suspicion upon such an asserted repudiation of the
testimony of a witness for the prosecution, and this is so even though the repudiation be sworn
to.” Here, there was evidence that Fisher had received threats and indeed was shot at after the
trial, which the trial court determined impacted the credibility of his new testimony and
ultimately the trial court found that the recantation was not a complete recantation. In his new
testimony, Fisher never stated that Tucker did not shoot him or that Tucker was not present.
Instead, Fisher merely claimed that he did not remember who shot him. As the trial court noted,
statements like “I don’t recall” and “I don’t remember” are different than “he didn’t shoot me.”
We agree with the trial court that Fisher’s new testimony was not material to the trial outcome.
We therefore do not believe the trial court abused its discretion in failing to award a new trial
based on Fisher’s new testimony.
C. Because there was no error below, Tucker is not entitled to reversal of the imposition of his
suspended sentences.
“[T]he authority of the trial court to revoke [an] appellant’s suspended sentence is one of
statutory interpretation and presents a pure question of law, which this Court reviews de novo.”
Hodgins v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 102, 107 (2012). Probation statutes provide a remedial
tool in the rehabilitation of criminals and, to that end, should be liberally construed. Wright v.
Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 148, 151 (2000). The only error assigned to the revocation of the
suspended sentences was that the suspended sentences followed the jury’s conviction of Tucker
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on the aggravated malicious wounding and firearm charges, which Tucker contends was reached
in violation of Brady and his right to a new trial. Because we find no error on these issues, there
is no basis asserted to overturn the revocations and we affirm.
CONCLUSION
We hold that the alleged late disclosures of evidence did not violate the requirements of
Brady nor was the alleged newly discovered evidence a basis for a new trial. Accordingly, we
affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Affirmed.
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