Gregory Fuller v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 2024 )

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges Beales, AtLee and Malveaux
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
GREGORY FULLER
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 0796-23-2 JUDGE MARY BENNETT MALVEAUX
JUNE 25, 2024
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHESTERFIELD COUNTY
M. Duncan Minton, Jr., Judge
(Gregory R. Sheldon; Bain Sheldon, on brief), for appellant.
Appellant submitting on brief.
S.K. Hallie Hovey-Murray, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S.
Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Gregory Fuller (“appellant”) was convicted in a bench trial of failure to register or
reregister as a sex offender, in violation of Code § 18.2-472.1. On appeal, he argues the trial
court erred by finding that he knowingly failed to register or reregister when he timely submitted
incomplete reregistration documents. For the following reasons, we affirm the trial court.
I. BACKGROUND
“‘In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party [below].’ Accordingly, we regard
as true all credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all inferences that may reasonably
be drawn from that evidence.” Meade v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 796, 802 (2022) (citation
omitted) (quoting Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018)).
*
This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).
Appellant was convicted of aggravated sexual battery in 2011. Pursuant to his conviction
and the Virginia Sex Offender and Crimes Against Minors Registry Act, Code §§ 9.1-900
to -923, appellant registered as a sex offender with the Virginia State Police (“VSP”).1 Based on
the particular nature of appellant’s offense, he was required to reregister and verify his
registration information with VSP every 90 days.2
For each reregistration and verification, appellant had to complete a standard VSP form.
The form required that appellant obtain and submit fresh thumbprints, provide his current
residential and mailing addresses, and sign and date the form. By signing the document,
appellant “certif[ied] the information provided on this . . . form is complete and accurate.” The
form also stated that “accurate completion and timely submission . . . fulfills your obligation of
re-registering and verifying your address with [VSP],” and noted that “FAILURE TO
COMPLY . . . IS PUNISHABLE AS PROVIDED IN . . . CODE [§] 18.2-472.1.”
Appellant completed and timely submitted his reregistration and verification forms every
90 days for nearly a decade, including during the COVID-19 pandemic, when VSP informed
registrants that it would temporarily permit forms to be filed electronically and without
1
See Code §§ 9.1-901(A) and -902 (requiring registration of all persons convicted of
aggravated sexual battery); Code § 19.2-390.1 (requiring the VSP to “keep and maintain . . .
[the] Registry”); Harris v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 494, 498 (2009) (noting the “statutory
duty” of the VSP “to investigate a failure to register or re-register”).
2
Prior to July 1, 2020, aggravated sexual battery was classified as a “[s]exually violent
offense” under Code § 9.1-902 of the Virginia Sex Offender and Crimes Against Minors
Registry Act. See 2019 Va. Acts ch. 617. Effective July 1, 2020, the statute was amended to
adopt a tiered offense structure similar to that employed in some federal criminal statutes, and
aggravated sexual battery was reclassified as a “Tier III offense.” See 2020 Va. Acts ch. 829; cf.
34 U.S.C. § 20911. At the same time, Code § 9.1-904, which previously provided that all
persons required to register “shall reregister with the [VSP]” according to certain prescribed
schedules, was amended to state that such persons must “verify their registration information
with the [VSP].” See 2020 Va. Acts ch. 829. Under both versions of Code § 9.1-904, persons
required to register after conviction for aggravated sexual battery were required to “reregister” or
“verify their registration” every 90 days.
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thumbprints. Those pandemic accommodations ended on July 31, 2021, and appellant timely
submitted a form that was accepted in August 2021. But for the reregistration and verification
due by November 15, 2021, appellant submitted a form to VSP that was deficient in several
respects. Appellant did not include his complete residential and mailing addresses, omitting the
city, state, and zip code from each; did not provide thumbprints; and typed, rather than signed,
his name.
Notified of these deficiencies, Trooper Michael King, assigned to the VSP Sex Offender
Registry, began an investigation. King testified that VSP informed him they would accept
appellant’s November 2021 form, “even though it wasn’t filled out properly”; King, however,
was to meet with appellant “and explain to him from this point on everything has to be filled
out.” Shortly after 11:00 a.m. on December 6, 2021, King met with appellant at his home. King
reviewed with appellant the deficiencies in his November 2021 form and made clear to him that
his forms “need[ed] to be filled out properly, and he need[ed] to do his thumbprints and sign and
date it and send it . . . in.” Appellant apologized to King and told him he would “complete the
form correctly next time.”
Appellant’s next reregistration and verification form was due by February 15, 2022.
King testified that despite his conversation with appellant, appellant’s February 2022 form “was
pretty much the same deal.” Appellant omitted the city, state, and zip code from his mailing
address, and for his residential address, he provided only quotation marks. He also failed to
include thumbprints on the form, typed the date onto the form, and typed his name into the
signature blank rather than signing there. Noting especially the importance of the thumbprint
requirement, because VSP uses the thumbprints to verify a registrant’s identity, King testified
that VSP did not accept appellant’s February 2022 form. King arrested appellant for knowingly
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failing to register, reregister, or verify his registration information or knowingly providing
materially false information to the registry, in violation of Code § 18.2-472.1.
Appellant testified at trial. He stated that when King came to speak with him on
December 6, 2021, it was 7:30 a.m. and appellant had “just woken up,” so he “wasn’t totally
there” and could not “remember [the visit] exactly.” Asked why he had substituted punctuation
marks for his complete residential address on the February 2022 form, appellant explained that
“that’s just a me thing on the computer. . . . If you have to enter the same thing twice you enter
quotation marks.” On cross-examination, appellant was asked about King’s December 2021 visit
and whether King explained to appellant that he had to include thumbprints and a signature on
his form. Appellant responded, “[King] didn’t explain any of that,” at which point the trial court
stated, “I thought a minute ago you didn’t remember what [King] talked to you about because
you were so sleepy.” Appellant replied, “[t]hat’s very true. But I’m speaking from what I know
to be true about the form and how things are conducted and reality and common sense.”
In closing argument, counsel for appellant acknowledged that “there was initially some
confusion about filing the form and signing it and putting thumbprints on it.” She argued,
however, that “[i]t was not that [appellant] didn’t file it. It was not that he didn’t make the
attempt to re-register and to do the verification of where he was living and all the other
verifications.” Appellant “did that online to the best of his ability . . . still thinking that he had
done this correctly.” Counsel for appellant maintained that “confusion after the Covid thing”
had created a “glitch . . . during that period of time that [appellant] could have become
confused.”
The trial court convicted appellant. It stated it did not believe appellant’s testimony that
he was too sleepy to “know what [King] said.” It also noted appellant’s responsibility to satisfy
the requirements of the registry and found that appellant “didn’t do that.” After King’s visit, the
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trial court found, appellant had “just sent in a form that I don’t know why you thought it was
going to be sufficient. It’s not even close.”
This appeal followed.
II. ANALYSIS
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in finding sufficient evidence to prove he
knowingly failed to register or reregister with the VSP, “when he timely submitted his
re-registration forms which were deemed to be incomplete.”
“When presented with a sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge in criminal cases, we
review the evidence in the ‘light most favorable’ to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party in
the trial court.” Commonwealth v. Barney, 302 Va. 84, 96 (2023) (quoting Commonwealth v.
Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 514 (2003)). “Viewing the record through this evidentiary prism requires
us to ‘discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard
as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be
drawn therefrom.’” Tomlin v. Commonwealth, 302 Va. 356, 361 (2023) (quoting
Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 324 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does not ask
itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.’ Instead, ‘the relevant question is whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”’” Washington v. Commonwealth, 75
Va. App. 606, 615 (2022) (alteration in original) (citation omitted) (first quoting McGowan v.
Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 513, 521 (2020); and then quoting Vasquez v. Commonwealth, 291
Va. 232, 248 (2016)). Consequently, “we will not disturb the judgment of [the trial court] unless
it is ‘plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.’” Davis v. Commonwealth, 79 Va. App.
123, 147 (2023) (quoting Code § 8.01-680). Moreover, it is the trier of fact’s “function . . . to
determine the credibility of witnesses and the weight afforded the testimony of those witnesses.
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This Court does not revisit these determinations on appeal unless reasonable people, ‘after
weighing the evidence and drawing all just inferences therefrom, could reach [only the contrary]
conclusion.’” Id. at 148 (second alteration in original) (citation omitted) (quoting Towler v.
Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 284, 292 (2011)).
Code § 18.2-472.1(B) provides, in pertinent part, that “[a]ny person convicted of a Tier
III offense . . . who knowingly fails to register, reregister, or verify his registration
information . . . is guilty of a Class 6 felony.” In order to prove that “an accused ‘knowingly
fails to register or reregister [or verify his registration information]’ in violation of the statute,”
the Commonwealth must establish that the accused “has knowledge of the fact that he has a duty
to register or reregister [or verify his registration information], but does not do so.” Marshall v.
Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 210, 215 (2011) (quoting Code § 18.2-472.1(B)).
Appellant acknowledges that when he filed his February 2022 form, “the form was
incomplete,” but notes that it was nonetheless timely filed. He contends that because a
reregistration form was timely filed, the evidence failed to prove a violation of Code
§ 18.2-472.1(B).
To the extent that appellant’s argument on brief is that his mere timely filing of an
incomplete form satisfied the statutory reregistration and verification requirement, that argument
is not properly before the Court. Appellant did not argue below that simply timely filing a
reregistration and verification form, regardless of its deficiencies, is enough to satisfy the
requirements of Code § 18.2-472.1(B). Rather, he argued that due to temporary changes in the
reregistration and verification procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic, he suffered
“confusion” about what was required to complete the form; he then “attempt[ed] to re-register
and to do the verification,” and did so “to the best of his ability . . . thinking that he had done this
correctly.” Appellant asserted that his “confusion after the Covid thing” explained the “glitch”
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that accounted for his rejected attempt at reregistration and verification. Appellant’s argument to
the trial court was thus an argument that he lacked the intent to violate Code § 18.2-472.1(B),
which goes to the statute’s element of “knowing[] fail[ure]” to reregister or verify.
“Procedural-default principles require that the argument asserted on appeal be the same
as the contemporaneous argument at trial.” Bethea v. Commonwealth, 297 Va. 730, 743 (2019);
see also Rule 5A:18 (articulating the contemporaneous objection rule). “Specificity and
timeliness undergird the contemporaneous-objection rule, [and] animate its highly practical
purpose,” Bethea, 297 Va. at 743, which is to ensure “that the trial judge would know the
particular point being made in time to do something about it,” id. (quoting Dickerson v.
Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 351, 356 (2011)). “Consequently, neither an appellant nor an
appellate court should ‘put a different twist on a question that is at odds with the question
presented to the trial court,’” id. at 744 (quoting Commonwealth v. Shifflett, 257 Va. 34, 44
(1999)), and “this Court ‘will not consider an argument on appeal [that] was not presented to the
trial court,’”3 Clark v. Commonwealth, 78 Va. App. 726, 767 (2023) (alteration in original)
(quoting Farnsworth v. Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 490, 500 (2004)). Accordingly, we do not
consider any argument that the mere timely filing of an incomplete form satisfies the statutory
reregistration and verification requirement of Code § 18.2-472.1(B). Rather, we consider
appellant’s argument only so far as it encompasses the statute’s knowledge element.
In Marshall v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 210 (2011), this Court considered, as a
matter of first impression, the interpretation and application of the term “knowingly” in Code
§ 18.2-472.1(B). The defendant in Marshall had successfully reregistered several times, but
3
Although the contemporaneous objection rule contains exceptions “for good cause
shown or to enable this Court to attain the ends of justice,” Rule 5A:18, appellant does not
invoke those exceptions “and the Court will not apply the exceptions sua sponte,” Burford v.
Commonwealth, 78 Va. App. 170, 184 (2023).
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failed to reregister in April 2009 when he was delayed in returning to Virginia from another
state. Id. at 212-13. The trial court convicted him of violating Code § 18.2-472.1(B), stating
from the bench that “[t]here may not have been bad purpose, but [he] didn’t register. . . . And he
certainly knows that he is supposed to register. . . . [He] had been registering . . . for four months
previously.” Id. at 214. On appeal, the defendant argued that the term “knowingly” in the
statute “should be interpreted to require ‘specific intent’ or ‘bad purpose’ on the part of the
accused in failing to register.” Id. This Court rejected the argument that Code § 18.2-472.1(B)
“requires specific intent or purpose,” and instead held “that an accused ‘knowingly fails to
register or reregister’ . . . if he has knowledge of the fact that he has a duty to register or
reregister, but does not do so . . . . Code § 18.2-472.1(B) is not a specific intent law.”4 Id. at
215.
Appellant’s argument at trial was that although his reregistration and verification form
was incomplete when he filed it, he had been “confus[ed] about filing the form and signing it and
putting thumbprints on it” because of “confusion after the Covid” changes to the filing process.
He argued that he was thus not guilty of knowingly failing to register or reregister because he
had “attempt[ed] to reregister and to do the verification” to “the best of his ability . . . thinking
4
The Court also noted that its construction of Code § 18.2-472.1(B) promoted “the
express purpose of Virginia’s Sex Offender and Crimes Against Minors Registry Act,” which
was to assist law enforcement and others in “‘protect[ing] their communities and families from
repeat offenders.’” Marshall, 58 Va. App. at 217-18 (quoting Code § 9.1-900). Since the statute
“incentivizes offenders to register by criminalizing non-compliance, i.e., ‘knowingly fail[ing] to
register or reregister,’” the “incentive would be significantly diminished” if it were “construed as
requiring a specific intent to constitute a violation.” Id. at 218 (alteration in original) (quoting
Code § 18.2-472.1(B)). See also Code § 9.1-900 (“The purpose of the . . . Registry . . . shall be
to assist the efforts of law-enforcement agencies and others to protect their communities and
families from repeat offenders and to protect children from becoming victims of criminal
offenders by helping to prevent such individuals from being allowed to work directly with
children.”); Code § 9.1-920 (providing that the Sex Offender and Crimes Against Minors
Registry Act, “being necessary for the welfare of the Commonwealth and its inhabitants, shall be
liberally construed to effect [its] purposes”).
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that he had done [it] correctly.” The trial court rejected this argument, and we reject it as well.
As this Court noted in Marshall, “Code § 18.2-472.1(B) is not a specific intent law,” rendering
appellant’s claim that he acted out of confusion and did not intend to file an inadequate form
irrelevant; rather, it was sufficient for appellant to violate the statute if he knew of his duty to
reregister and verify his information but did not do so. Marshall, 58 Va. App. at 215.
Here, it was uncontested that appellant had knowledge of his duty to reregister and verify
his information with the VSP. Based on the evidence presented at trial, a reasonable factfinder
could have found that appellant also had knowledge of what was required of him to properly
reregister and verify his information. Appellant had successfully reregistered and verified his
information every 90 days for nearly a decade prior to November 2021. When VSP introduced
temporary changes to the reregistration and verification process during the COVID-19 pandemic,
appellant successfully completed several reregistrations and verifications in conformity with
those changes. After the temporary changes were rescinded at the end of July 2021, appellant
filed a form that was accepted in August 2021. This record of past compliance supports a
reasonable inference that appellant knew the requirements for successful reregistration and
verification, and was capable of satisfying them. Those requirements, and the penalties for
non-compliance, were also communicated to appellant by the text of the forms themselves that
he successfully completed over many years. And after his first submission of an incomplete
form in November 2021, VSP sent Trooper King to meet with appellant and “explain to him that
from this point on everything has to be filled out.” Although appellant testified that he did not
“remember [King’s visit] exactly” because he had “just woken up,” and that King “didn’t explain
any of that,” the trial court found appellant’s account incredible, and there is no basis in the
record for this Court to revisit that credibility determination.
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Based on these facts and circumstances, a rational trier of fact could have found that
appellant had knowledge of the fact that he has a duty to reregister, but did not do so, despite
knowing how to meet his duty by properly completing a reregistration and verification form.
Marshall, 58 Va. App. at 215. Because a rational trier of fact could have found the necessary
elements to convict appellant for knowingly failing to reregister and verify his information with
VSP, we hold the trial court did not err as alleged by appellant.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment and uphold appellant’s
conviction.
Affirmed.
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