C.K. v. Inova Health Care Services, d/b/a Inova Fairfax Hospital ( 2024 )

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges Friedman, Frucci and Senior Judge Humphreys
Argued at Fredericksburg, Virginia
C.K.
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 0332-23-4 JUDGE FRANK K. FRIEDMAN
NOVEMBER 26, 2024
INOVA HEALTH CARE SERVICES, d/b/a
INOVA FAIRFAX HOSPITAL
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
Michael F. Devine, Judge
(Carla D. Brown; Peter C. Cohen; Charlson Bredehoft Cohen
Brown & Nadelhaft, P.C., on briefs), for appellant. Appellant
submitting on briefs.
Laurie L. Kirkland (Ian J. McElhaney; Blankingship & Keith, P.C.,
on brief), for appellee.
Amicus Curiae: Virginia Employment Lawyers Association (Tim
Schulte; Brittany Haddox; Shelley Cupp Schulte, P.C.; Strelka
Employment Law, on brief), for appellant.
C.K.1 appeals the circuit court’s ruling sustaining Inova Health Care Services’ (Inova)
plea in bar and dismissing C.K.’s complaint. C.K. filed the complaint alleging her employer,
Inova, was negligent and thus liable for injuries she sustained when a mentally unstable
adolescent patient sexually assaulted C.K. during her shift as a unit supervisor on the adolescent
psychiatric unit.2 On appeal, C.K. argues that the circuit court erred by dismissing her complaint
*
This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).
1
Initials are used to protect the identity of the victim. The patient, a minor, is referred to
as John Doe to also protect his identity.
The record in this case is partially sealed. “To the extent that [an] opinion [of this
2
Court] mentions facts found in the sealed record, [it] unseal[s] only those specific facts, finding
because the sexual assault was not an “actual risk” that arose out of her employment. We hold
that the court did not err by sustaining the plea in bar. Accordingly, we affirm the ruling
dismissing C.K.’s complaint.
BACKGROUND
Inova’s employment of C.K.
Inova’s inpatient adolescent psychiatric unit treats adolescents between the ages of 14
and 17 with “acute mental care illnesses.” The admitting psychiatrists have the authority to
admit patients to the unit. Patients in the unit have a variety of mental illness diagnoses,
including bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, psychosis, and other disruptive behaviors requiring
inpatient care. The patients may pose a danger to themselves or others, may become violent, and
could exhibit sexual behavior in connection with their diagnosis.
Inova required nurses working on the adolescent psychiatric unit to undergo “crisis
prevention training,” otherwise commonly known as “CPI training.” CPI training teaches
individuals how to protect themselves when working with acute psychiatric inpatients due to the
nature of the illnesses. The training includes instructions on how to get out of a physical hold if
grabbed by a patient.
Inova employed C.K. in June 2020 as a nursing unit supervisor for the inpatient
adolescent psychiatric unit. In that capacity, C.K. supervised and administered nursing care to
the patients on the unit. C.K. received and passed CPI training. During discovery, C.K.
acknowledged that the psychiatric unit differed from other units in the hospital because the “unit
has the potential to be more dangerous than a unit housing sick or surgical patients because the
patients in the adolescent unit are mentally unstable and impulsive . . . .”
them relevant to the decision in this case. The remainder of the previously sealed record remains
sealed.” Levick v. MacDougall, 294 Va. 283, 288 n.1 (2017).
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The assault of C.K. and Doe’s sexually deviant background
John Doe assaulted C.K. while she was working at Inova on June 17, 2020. During the
attack, Doe said “[g]et over here, girl,” placed C.K. in a headlock, and then “grabbed,”
“stroked,” and “squeezed” C.K.’s vagina. When C.K. extricated herself from the headlock, the
patient grabbed her breast and pulled her shirt. Prior to the assault, C.K. had not had any
one-on-one interactions with Doe. Doe had serious mental, emotional, and behavioral problems,
including “hypersexuality,” sexual “preoccupation,” and an inability to “control his sexual
impulses.”
Prior to his admission to the psychiatric unit at Inova, Doe had previously been
hospitalized twice for his deviant behavior. The first time, in 2018, Doe was hospitalized after
“grabbing a woman’s backside.” The second time, in 2020, Doe was hospitalized after he left
home with a knife in search of a woman to have sex with.3 During an evaluation, Doe once told
a therapist that “he would give her more information if she would have intercourse with him[.]”
After the incident with C.K., Doe confessed that during a previous hospitalization he held
a plastic fork to a staff member’s neck, demanding that he and the staff member “get a room.”
Although Doe has been criminally charged for such behavior, he has never been tried nor
convicted. Doe confirmed that he had actually planned the attack against another nurse and that
he “knew [he] was going to do it[.]” Doe reported “that instead of the nurse that he wanted to
have sex with, he got a hold of [C.K.] and put her in a hold [sic] and started touching her over
her clothes.” Inova documented in their investigation that Doe was “energ[ized]” by the thought
of sexually assaulting a woman and that he ruminated “about his plan of grabbing a nurse and
. . . having intercourse with her.” Furthermore, Doe admitted that the assault was not impulsive
and that he had planned it out 24 hours ahead of time.
3
The patient returned home quickly, having not taken any action.
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Inova’s policies regarding sex offenders
Inova’s admissions policies specifically exclude adolescents who are “identified as
. . . sex offender[s]” and those involved in criminal proceedings.4 Inova knew of Doe’s sexually
deviant history. Inova staff testified during the trial court proceedings that Doe should not have
been admitted due to his “hypersexual activity”; “hypersexual background” and “history”; and
his “history of sexual misconduct.” However, Dr. Afia Hussain, the medical director for the unit
at the time of Doe’s admission, testified that Doe had not been “identified as a sexual offender”
when Hussain admitted him. Hussain stated that information at the time of admission revealed
Doe had a psychiatric, suicidal, and hospitalization history. Hussain also noted that he was
aware Doe had a history of grabbing a woman in 2018, that Doe was hospitalized and treated for
that incident, and that Doe was also treated for an incident where he left the house in search of a
woman and was unsuccessful.
Doe’s sexual assault was the first and only sexual assault to have ever occurred on the
unit since its opening in 2018. This is true even though sometimes adolescent patients on the
unit would exhibit sexual preoccupation that could be exacerbated by mental illness.
Plea in bar hearing
Following the attack, C.K. “met with Inova security to press charges against the patient”
and filed a workers’ compensation claim; C.K. eventually received $7,842.02 in compensation
4
Inova claims in their statement of facts that Doe “had not been identified as a sexual
offender at the time he presented . . . to the [u]nit.” There was some disagreement in the
proceedings below about whether the admissions policy required that sexual offenders be
registered sexual offenders or “sexual offenders” in the broad sense of the term. The circuit
court found that the policy did not refer to all sexual violators in the broad sense of the word.
The policy itself does not clarify “registered” sex offenders, it simply references an “[i]ndividual
identified as a sex offender.”
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payments.5 C.K. then sued Inova for negligence or gross negligence in the Circuit Court of
Fairfax County. Inova demurred and filed a plea in bar.
In its plea in bar, Inova argued that the sexual assault was an “actual risk” of C.K.’s
employment and that C.K.’s exclusive remedy for her injuries was under the Virginia Workers’
Compensation Act. C.K. argued that the sexual assault was not an actual risk of her employment
and, even if it was, the assault was personal and not directed at C.K. as an employee or because
of her employment. The circuit court rejected C.K.’s argument and overruled the demurrer but
sustained the plea in bar, dismissing C.K.’s claims with prejudice. The circuit court found that
the assault against C.K. was not personal to her and instead found that the assault was augmented
because of the particular character of her job. The court found that C.K. “fac[ed] an elevated
risk . . . just by the nature of the people that are admitted” to the unit. C.K. appealed.
ANALYSIS6
The main issue is whether sexual assault was an “actual risk” of C.K.’s employment with
Inova and whether the injuries C.K. incurred arose from her employment with Inova. In her
assignments of error, C.K. first argues that the circuit court inappropriately applied the “actual
risk” test to the facts in this case. C.K. next asserts that, even if her employment “enhanced [the]
risk of assault,” the circuit court improperly found her sexual assault arose out of her
employment. C.K.’s third and final argument is that the circuit court’s finding that the assault
5
This payment data was read into the record by counsel as a party admission from the
transcript of C.K.’s deposition in this case.
6
“A plea in bar asserts a single issue, which, if proved, creates a bar to a plaintiff’s
recovery.” Hawthorne v. VanMarter, 279 Va. 566, 577 (2010). “The party asserting the plea in
bar bears the burden of proof.” Fines v. Rappahannock Area Cmty. Servs. Bd., 301 Va. 305, 312
(2022) (quoting Massenburg v. City of Petersburg, 298 Va. 212, 216 (2019)). “[W]e will review
the circuit court’s legal conclusions de novo.” Id. Furthermore, where the “parties present
evidence on the plea ore tenus, the circuit court’s factual findings are accorded the weight of a
jury finding and will not be disturbed on appeal unless they are plainly wrong or without
evidentiary support.” Id. (quoting Massenburg, 298 Va. at 216).
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resulted from an increased risk of sexual assault created by her employment was plainly wrong
and without evidentiary support.
I. The circuit court correctly applied the actual risk test to determine that Doe’s assault of
C.K. arose out of her employment.
On appeal, C.K. contends that the circuit court incorrectly applied the actual risk test
from Lopez v. Intercept Youth Services, Inc., 300 Va. 190 (2021), and instead should have
applied an “assailant motive” test from King v. DTH Contract Services, 69 Va. App. 703 (2019).
C.K. contends that the motivation for the attack was personal; thus, she may pursue her tort
claim against her employer. See King, 69 Va. App. at 707 (“[A] claimant may prove an assault
arose out of his employment if he can prove the job subjected him to greater risk of assault—
even if he knew his assailant—as long as no evidence suggests the motivation for the assault was
personal.”). Inova maintains on appeal that the circuit court applied the correct legal framework
from Lopez. Inova further argues that C.K.’s exclusive remedy was under the Virginia Workers’
Compensation Act. See Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding, Inc. v. Wardell Orthopaedics, P.C.,
67 Va. App. 420, 427 (“Code § 65.2-700 vests the Commission with jurisdiction to determine all
questions ‘arising under’ the Virginia Workers’ Compensation Act.” (quoting Bogle Dev. Co. v.
Buie, 250 Va. 431, 434 (1995))); Lopez, 300 Va. at 197 (“[A]n injury covered by the Act ‘means
only injury by accident arising out of and in the course of the employment.’” (quoting Code
§ 65.2-101)).7 Inova contends that the circuit court applied the right test in determining that the
assault arose out of C.K.’s employment.
7
Courts in Virginia have permitted employees to obtain compensatory damages through
civil suits, finding that workers’ compensation is not a bar. For example, in Fox v. GMC, 247
F.3d 169 (4th Cir. 2001), the Fourth Circuit permitted compensatory damages for pain and
suffering caused by harassment, in addition to the lost wages received through the workers’
compensation claim. Id. at 180 n.4; see also Riffey v. K-VA-T Food Stores, Inc., 284 F. Supp. 2d
396, 398 (W.D. Va. 2003) (“It should be noted that admitting evidence of the employer’s
workers’ compensation payments to Riffey will not frustrate the remedial policies of the ADA
because the employer still may be liable for other compensatory damages, such as pain and
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Under the Workers’ Compensation Act, an employee is entitled to receive benefits from
her employer when she suffers an injury by accident arising out of and in the course of her
employment. In general, such benefits are an injured employee’s exclusive remedy for a
workplace injury falling within the Act. Code § 65.2-307; Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co. v.
Allstate Ins. Co., 301 Va. 460, 469 (2022); see also Wiener v. AXA Equitable Life Ins. Co., 58
F.4th 774, 783 (4th Cir. 2023) (finding that the Act “created an administrative forum for
[injured] workers’ compensation claims”).
“Whether an employee’s work-related injury arises out of his employment ‘involves a
mixed question of law and fact, which [this Court] review[s] de novo on appeal.’” King, 69
Va. App. at 711 (alteration in original) (quoting Turf Care, Inc. v. Henson, 51 Va. App. 318, 324
(2008)). “[T]he Workers’ Compensation Act is ‘remedial legislation’ that is ‘liberally construed
in favor of the injured employee.’” Id. (quoting E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Eggleston,
264 Va. 13, 17 (2002)). “The statutory language, ‘arising out of and in the course of the
employment[,]’ should be liberally construed to carry out the humane and beneficial purposes of
the Act. The duty to liberally construe the Act does not, however, authorize the amendment,
alteration or extension of its provisions.” Baggett Transp. Co. v. Dillon, 219 Va. 633, 637
(1978).
“The expressions ‘arising out of’ and ‘in the course of’ are not synonymous and are used
conjunctively; both conditions must be present before compensation will be awarded and the
burden is on the claimant to prove them by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id.8 “The phrase
suffering, not covered under workers’ compensation.”). While this may be true, the circuit court
was correct here in noting that C.K. could—and did—find a remedy under the Workers’
Compensation Act.
8
The parties do not dispute that C.K. was assaulted in the course of her employment at
Inova—only whether her injuries arose from her employment is in dispute.
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arising ‘out of’ refers to the origin or cause of the [plaintiff’s] injury.” Cnty. of Chesterfield v.
Johnson, 237 Va. 180, 183 (1989). Virginia applies the “actual risk” test to determine whether
an accident arises out of employment. Smithfield Packing Co. v. Carlton, 29 Va. App. 176, 181
(1999). The actual risk test “requires that the employment subject the employee to the particular
danger that brought about his or her injury.” Id. (quoting Lipsey v. Case, 248 Va. 59, 61
(1994)).9
As noted by this Court, “there must be a causal connection between the claimant’s injury
and the conditions under which the employer requires the work to be performed to conclude that
the injury arises out of the employment.” Carr v. City of Norfolk, 15 Va. App. 266, 269 (1992);
see also Smithfield Packing Co., 29 Va. App. at 181 (“Consequently, an accident arises out of the
employment when it is apparent to a rational mind, under all attending circumstances, that a
causal connection exists between the conditions under which the work is required to be
performed and the resulting injury.” (quoting Lipsey, 248 Va. at 61)).
The Supreme Court explained in Lopez that the requirement that an assault “arise out of”
the employment is one of causation, “focus[ing] on the ‘origin or cause of the injury.’” Lopez,
300 Va. at 197 (quoting R & T Invs., Ltd. v. Johns, 228 Va. 249, 252 (1984)). The Court in
Lopez clarified that to determine whether a causal connection exists, an “actual risk” test, rather
9
In cases of workplace sexual assault, the Workers’ Compensation Act provides an
exception to the jurisdictional limitation vesting all questions “arising under” the Act in the
Commission: “[A]n employee who is sexually assaulted and can identify the attacker may elect
to pursue an action-at-law against the attacker . . . for full damages resulting from such assault in
lieu of pursuing benefits under this title.” Code § 65.2-301(B). The victim may take advantage
of this exception “upon repayment of any benefits received under this title.” Id. C.K. received
such payments totaling $7,842.02. The record does not disclose whether she ever repaid these
funds as required by Code § 65.2-301(B). The Supreme Court held that Code § 65.2-301
“applies only when it appears that ‘the nature of such employment substantially increases the risk
of [sexual] assault.’” Reamer v. Nat’l Serv. Indus., 237 Va. 466, 472 (1989) (alteration in
original) (quoting an earlier codification of the statute). But the Supreme Court found it
unnecessary to “suggest examples of such employment” in Reamer. Id.-8-
than a “positional risk” test, must be used. Id. This means “[t]he causative danger must be
peculiar to the work and not common to the neighborhood.” Id. (alteration in original) (emphasis
omitted).
In assessing causation in cases involving assaults “the clearest ground of compensability
[through workers’ compensation] . . . is a showing that the probability of assault was augmented
either because of the particular character of claimant’s job or because of the special liability to
assault associated with the environment in which he or she must work.” Id. (second alteration in
original). The Court observed that “[a] co-worker’s mere ‘personal attraction’” to an employee
or the assaults arising out of “‘personal’ disputes wholly unrelated to employment” could not
“fairly be traced to [the victim’s] employment as a contributing proximate cause.” Id. at 198
(second alteration in original). As a result of its analysis, the Supreme Court concluded that the
trial court in Lopez correctly sustained the plea in bar to the tort claims brought by the
employee’s estate. Id. at 200.
In this case, the circuit court correctly applied the “actual risk” test from Lopez. Id. at
197. Lopez explicitly addressed personal attacks versus those arising out of employment, stating
that, when applying the proper actual risk test in other cases, “the facts did not show ‘that the
probability of assault was augmented either because of the particular character’ of the job or the
work conditions.” Id. at 198 (quoting 1 Arthur Larson et al., Larson’s Workers’ Compensation
Law § 8.01[1][a], at 8-3 (2021)). For example, “assaults that are ‘purely personal in nature, both
in motivation and in consummation’ do not present a peculiar risk arising out of the employment,
because they are ‘not directed against the employee as part of the employment relationship.’” Id.
(first quoting Reamer v. Nat’l Serv. Indus., 237 Va. 466, 471 (1989); and then quoting City of
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Richmond v. Braxton, 230 Va. 161, 165 (1985)).10 Here, the trial court took evidence at the plea
in bar hearing and concluded this attack was not personal. Ample evidence supports this
conclusion. We reject C.K.’s claim that the circuit court erred in applying the actual risk test.
II. The circuit court did not err when it found that the assault of C.K. was an “actual risk”
of her employment, and the evidence in the record supports that finding.
Using the actual risk test, the circuit court found that the probability of assault by an
adolescent psychiatric patient was augmented because of the character of C.K.’s employment
and the environment in which she worked. Indeed, the circuit court noted that C.K. faced an
“elevated risk” of assault “just by the nature of the people that are admitted on the . . . ward and
which [C.K.] knew about.”
At the hearing on the plea in bar, Inova presented evidence that an assault, whether
sexual or otherwise, by a patient was an actual risk of C.K.’s employment as a nurse supervisor
on the psychiatric unit. Inova’s adolescent psychiatric unit treats adolescents with “acute mental
care illnesses,” who have a variety of mental illness diagnoses, including bipolar disorder,
schizophrenia, psychosis, and other disruptive behaviors requiring inpatient care. The admitted
patients may pose a danger to themselves or others, may become violent, and could exhibit
sexual behavior in connection with their diagnosis.
While Doe’s sexual assault was the first and only sexual assault to have ever occurred on
the unit since its opening in 2018, adolescent patients on the unit would exhibit sexual
preoccupation that could be exacerbated by their mental illness. The evidence in the record
established that due to this elevated risk, Inova required nurses working on the psychiatric unit to
undergo CPI training, which included instructions on how to get out of a physical hold if grabbed
10
The assailant in Reamer was a customer who was personally acquainted with the
victim, and the assault was not augmented in any way by the fact that the victim worked in a
furniture store. 237 Va. at 471. The Court noted “that nothing in the nature of employment in a
furniture-rental store increases the risk of rape and forcible sodomy.” Id. at 472.
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by a patient. In her capacity as a nursing unit supervisor on the unit, C.K. supervised and
administered nursing care to the patients on the unit and passed CPI training. C.K. herself even
acknowledged that the psychiatric unit differed from other units in the hospital because the “unit
has the potential to be more dangerous than a unit housing sick or surgical patients because the
patients in the adolescent unit are mentally unstable and impulsive . . . .”
The circuit court found a nexus between the assault and C.K.’s employment, and the
circuit court did not err in finding that the assault was not “purely personal.” Based on the
evidence in the record, the circuit court’s finding that the sexual assault arose out of C.K.’s
employment as an actual risk of her position is not plainly wrong.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s judgment.
Affirmed.
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