State v. McFarland ( 2017 )

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CHlliF JUSTICE ``~. SUSAN L. CARLSON
SUPREME COURT CLERK
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON,
NO. 92947-5
Respondent,
v.
ENBANC
CECILY ZORADA I\1cFARLAND,
Petitioner.
Filed AUG O3 2917
STEPHENS, J.-A jury convicted Cecily Zorada McFarland of first degree
burglary, 10 counts of theft of a firearm, and 3 counts of unlawful possession of a
firearm. The trial court imposed standard range sentences on each count and, relying
on RCW 9.41.040(6) and 9.94A.589(l)(c), ordered thatthe firearm-related sentences
be served concurrently as to the burglary sentence but consecutively as to each other.
This resulted in a total sentence of 237 months (19 years, 9 months).
State v. McFarland (Cecily Zorada), 92947-5
McFarland appealed, arguing for the first time that the sentencing court erred
by failing to recognize its discretion to impose an exceptional mitigated sentence by
running the firearm-related sentences concurrently based on the rationale of In re
Pers. Restraint of Mulholland, 161 Wash. 2d 322, 166 P.3d 677 (2007). The Court of
Appeals refused to consider this issue, noting that the sentencing judge "cannot have
erred for failing to do something he was never asked to do." State v. McFarland,
No. 32873-2-III, slip op. at 16 (Wash. Ct. App. Mar. 8, 2016) (unpublished),
http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/328732.unp.pdf. The court also rejected
McFarland's claim of ineffective assistance of defense counsel due to "the lack of
any history of other counsel successfully making a similar argument." Id. at 18.
Today, we answer the question the appeals court's opinion left unresolved.
We conclude that the statutory analysis supporting our decision in Mulholland,
which involved sentencing for multiple serious violent felonies under subsection
(l)(b) ofRCW 9.94A.589, applies equally to sentencing for multiple firearm-related
offenses under subsection (1 )( c). We remand for resentencing to allow the trial court
the opportunity to consider whether to impose a mitigated sentence by running
McFarland's 13 firearm-related sentences concurrently.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
McFarland and her boyfriend stole firearms, ammunition, checkbooks,
alcohol, and electronics from the home of Fred and Loretta Legault while Loretta
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State v. McFarland (Cecily Zorada), 92947-5
was not home and Fred was sleeping. The Legaults are the parents of McFarland's
former boyfriend, and McFarland became a prime suspect after she texted her former
boyfriend during the burglary to tell him she was in his mother's house. At trial, a
jury convicted McFarland as charged of first degree burglary as an accomplice, 10
counts of theft of a firearm as an accomplice, and 3 counts of second degree unlawful
possession of a firearm. 1
At sentencing, the State contended that the sentences for all of McFarland's
firearm-related convictions must run consecutively to each other pursuant to RCW
9.41.040(6) and 9.94A.589(1)(c). Defense counsel agreed with the State as to
running the firearm-related sentences consecutively, but requested sentences at the
bottom of the standard range. Defense counsel expressed concern about the overall
sentence length, noting that "if [McFarland] had been found guilty of stealing
toasters instead of firearms she'd be looking at a range of nine to twelve months'
confinement, versus 237 months['] to 306 months['] confinement. So, -- there's a
certain degree of -- lack of proportionality in the -- in the punishment based on the
consecutive sentences that are required by the legislature." Verbatim Tr. of
Proceedings (VTP) (Oct. 27, 2014) at 23-24. The trial judge responded, "237
months is -- just a little shy of 20 years, which is what people typically get for murder
1
A charge of trafficking in stolen property was dismissed. Verbatim Report of
Proceedings (Oct. 17, 2014) at 276.
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State v. McFarland (Cecily Zorada), 92947-5
in the second degree," and defense counsel commented, "I think that's a fairly apt
analogy." Id. at 24. Nonetheless, defense counsel did not request and the sentencing
court did not consider imposing an exceptional sentence downward by running the
firearm-related sentences concurrently. The court said, "I don't have -- apparently
[I] don't have much discretion, here. Given the fact that these charges are going to
be stacked one on top of another, I don't think -- I don't think [the] high end is called
for, here." Id. at 25. The court accepted defense counsel's recommendation to
impose sentences at the bottom of the standard range for each of the firearm-related
convictions and entered a total sentence of 237 months (19 years and 9 months). Id.
at 25-26.
McFarland appealed, contending the trial court erred by not running her
firearm-related sentences concurrently as an exceptional sentence on the mistaken
belief it could not do so. In the alternative, McFarland contended that trial counsel
was ineffective for failing to request concurrent sentencing as an exceptional
sentence. The Court of Appeals affirmed.
This court granted McFarland's petition for review. State v. McFarland, 186
Wash. 2d 1001, 380 P.3d 438 (2016). 2
2
McFarland's petition for review raised a separate issue concerning the admission
of a body camera video taken at the time of her arrest. She subsequently moved to
withdraw that issue from consideration. The court has unanimously determined it is
appropriate to grant her motion, so that issue is not addressed in this opinion.
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State v. McFarland (Cecily Zorada), 92947-5
ANALYSIS
The Sentencing Reform Act of 1981 (SRA) is an attempt to "make the criminal
justice system accountable to the public by developing a system for the sentencing of
felony offenders." RCW 9.94A.010. Among its many objectives, the SRA seeks to
"[e]nsure that the punishment for a criminal offense is proportionate to the seriousness
of the offense and the offender's criminal history" and "commensurate with the
punishment imposed on others committing similar offenses." RCW 9.94A.010(1), (3).
The SRA operates to provide structure to sentencing, "but does not eliminate[]
discretionary decisions affecting [offender] sentences." RCW 9.94.010. Consistent
with the SRA, a court "may impose a sentence outside the standard sentence range for
an offense if it finds, considering the purpose of [the SRA], that there are substantial
and compelling reasons justifying an exceptional sentence." RCW 9.94A.535.
Multiple sentencing statutes apply to McFarland's firearm-related convictions.
Washington's firearms and dangerous weapons statute provides in relevant part that
"[n]otwithstanding any other law," if an offender is convicted of either unlawful
possession of a firearm in the first or second degree, or for the felony crime of theft
of a firearm, or both, "then the offender shall serve consecutive sentences for each
of the felony crimes of conviction." RCW 9.41.040(6). The multiple offense
subsection of the SRA provides in relevant part that if an offender is convicted under
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State v. McFarland (Cecily Zorada), 92947-5
R CW 9. 41. 040, " [t ]he offender shall serve consecutive sentences for each conviction
of the felony crimes listed in this subsection (1 )( c), and for each firearm unlawfully
possessed." RCW 9.94A.589(l)(c). From these statutes, lower courts have
concluded that the standard sentences for multiple firearm-related convictions must
be served consecutively. State v. McReynolds, 117 Wash. App. 309, 342-43, 71 P.3d
663 (2003) (noting that RCW 9.41.040(6) "clearly and unambiguously prohibits
concurrent sentences" for firearm-related crimes); State v. Murphy, 98 Wash. App. 42,
49,988 P.2d 1018 (1999).
In Mulholland, we recognized that "notwithstanding the language of [RCW
9.94A.589(l)(b)], a sentencing court may order that multiple sentences for serious
violent offenses run concurrently as an exceptional sentence if it finds there are
mitigating factors justifying such a sentence." 161 Wash. 2d at 327-28 (emphasis
added). The question in this case is whether the rationale of Mulholland applies
equally to sentencing under RCW 9.94A.589(l)(c). For the reasons that follow, we
conclude it does.
I. RCW 9.94A.535 Authorizes Concurrent Sentencing as an Exceptional
Sentence for Multiple Firearm Convictions under RCW 9.94.589(l)(c)
This court in Mulholland recognized the authority of a sentencing court to
impose an exceptional downward sentence for serious violent offenses by running
presumptively consecutive sentences under RCW 9.94A.589(l)(b) concurrently
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State v. McFarland (Cecily Zorada), 92947-5
pursuant to RCW 9.94A.535. In the course of our analysis, we noted that section
.535 "does not differentiate between subsections (l)(a) and (l)(b) [of RCW
9.94A.589]." Mulholland, 161 Wash. 2d at 329-30; see also State v. Graham, 181
Wash. 2d 878, 884, 337 P.3d 319 (2014) (noting there is no "legal basis to reject or
depart from [this court's] prior interpretation" that RCW 9.94A.535 does not
differentiate between subsections (l)(a) and (l)(b) of RCW 9.94A.589). While
Mulholland involved serious violent offenses under 9.94A.589(1)(b) and not
firearm-related sentences under RCW 9.94A.589(l)(c), we find no statutory basis to
distinguish between the consecutive sentencing language in these two subsections.
Both are plainly encompassed within "the multiple offense policy of RCW
9.94A.589." RCW 9.94A.535(l)(g). There is no provision prohibiting exceptional
sentences for firearm-related convictions generally, and "[a] departure from the
standards in RCW 9.94A.589 (1) and (2) governing whether sentences are to be
served consecutively or concurrently is an exceptional sentence." RCW 9.94A.535;
see Graham, 181 Wash. 2d at 884. There is thus nothing in the SRA precluding
concurrent exceptional sentences for firearm-related convictions.
We recognize that unlike serious violent offenses, firearm-related offenses are
also subject to RCW 9.41.040(6), which provides for consecutive sentencing
"[n]otwithstanding any other law." We must determine whether this difference
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State v. McFarland (Cecily Zorada), 92947-5
precludes extending the rationale of Mulholland. It is certainly possible to interpret
the "[n]otwithstanding any other law" language to allow only a reduced amount of
time on each count, rather than concurrent sentencing as an exceptional sentence.
McFarland, slip op. at 18. But, this would mean that instead of running multiple
sentences concurrently, a court could simply reduce the term for each consecutive
sentence and impose precisely the same term of total confinement, effectively
achieving a concurrent sentence in fact that was not allowed by law. Graham, 181
Wash. 2d at 886. We must consult legislative history to resolve the ambiguity created
by such an apparently anomalous result. Id. at 882.
RCW 9.41.040(6) was originally enacted as part of the Hard Time for Armed
Crime Act, which the people brought to the legislature as an initiative in 1995. State
v. Broadaway, 133 Wash. 2d 118, 124, 942 P.2d 363 (1997). Its relevant language has
not changed since that time. The title of the act states that its purpose is '"increasing
penalties for armed crimes."' Id. (quoting LAWS OF 1995, ch. 129). The findings
and intent are also all clearly aimed at singling out firearm-related offenses for
presumptively harsh penalties. LAWS OF 1995, ch. 129, § 1. There is no question
that the intent was to provide harsher standard range sentences, including
presumptively consecutive sentences, for firearm-related crimes. However, the act
does not preclude exceptional sentences downward.
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State v. McFarland (Cecily Zorada), 92947-5
The precursor to RCW 9.94A.589(1)(c) was first enacted in 1998, and its
language regarding consecutive sentencing has not changed. LAWS OF 1998, ch. 235,
§ 2(1)(c); State v. Haggin, 195 Wash. App. 315, 323, 381 P.3d 137 (2016). The
primary purpose was to reverse the holding in In re Post Sentencing Review of
Charles, 135 Wash. 2d 239, 955 P.2d 798 (1998), ensuring that firearm-related
enhancements be served consecutively. State v. Conover, 183 Wash. 2d 706, 714, 355
P.3d 1093 (2015). However, a clear effect of the enactment was to bring sentences
for firearm-related convictions within "the multiple offense policy of RCW
9.94A.589." RCW 9.94A.535(1)(g). Moreover, the legislature has not taken any
steps since Mulholland to restrict its holding to particular portions of RCW
9.94A.589(1), and its reasoning plainly encompasses both (l)(b) and (l)(c). Because
RCW 9.94A.589(1)(c) was enacted later and "[w]e presume the Legislature is aware
of its prior enactments and judicial construction of them," our interpretation ofRCW
9.94A.589(l)(c) controls. 3 State v. McCraw, 127 Wash. 2d 281, 295, 898 P.2d 838
(1995) (Talmadge, J., dissenting) (citing Chandler v. Otto, 103 Wn.2d 268,274,693
P.2d 71 (1984)).
3
While the Court of Appeals has suggested that the enactment of RCW
9.94A.589(l)(c) did not change the consecutive sentencing provision in RCW 9.41.040(6),
McReynolds, 117 Wash. App. at 343 n.11, that case did not consider the possibility of
exceptional sentences, and it predated Mulholland.
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State v. McFarland (Cecily Zorada), 92947-5
Building on the logic of Mulholland, we hold that in a case in which standard
range consecutive sentencing for multiple firearm-related convictions "results in a
presumptive sentence that is clearly excessive in light of the purpose of [the SRA],"
a sentencing court has discretion to impose an exceptional, mitigated sentence by
imposing concurrent firearm-related sentences. RCW 9.94A.535(1)(g).
II. Resentencing Is Appropriate
McFarland seeks resentencing. She contends the trial court declined to
consider running her firearm-related sentences concurrently as an exceptional
sentence because it erroneously believed it could not do so. In the alternative, she
contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request concurrent
exceptional sentencing. Following Mulholland, we conclude that McFarland should
be resentenced because the sentencing court erroneously believed it could not
impose concurrent sentences, and the record demonstrates that it might have done
so had it recognized its discretion under RCW 9.94A.535.
When a trial court is called on to make a discretionary sentencing decision, the
court must meaningfully consider the request in accordance with the applicable law.
State v. Grayson, 154 Wash. 2d 333, 342, 111 P.3d 1183 (2005). While no defendant
is entitled to challenge a sentence within the standard range, this rule does not preclude
a defendant from challenging on appeal the underlying legal determinations by which
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State v. McFarland (Cecily Zorada), 92947-5
the sentencing court reaches its decision; every defendant is entitled to have an
exceptional sentence actually considered. State v. Garcia-Martinez, 88 Wash. App. 322,
330, 944 P.2d 1104 (1997). A discretionary sentence within the standard range is
reviewable in "'circumstances where the court has refused to exercise discretion at all
or has relied on an impermissible basis for refusing to impose an exceptional sentence
below the standard range.'" State v. McGill, 112 Wash. App. 95, 100, 47 P.3d 173 (2002)
(quoting Garcia-Martinez, 88 Wash. App. at 330). A trial court errs when "it refuses
categorically to impose an exceptional sentence below the standard range under any
circumstances" or when it operates under the "mistaken belief that it did not have the
discretion to impose a mitigated exceptional sentence for which [a defendant] may have
been eligible." Garcia-Martinez, 88 Wash. App. at 330; Mulholland, 161 Wash. 2d at 333.
As noted above, the Court of Appeals determined that McFarland was not
entitled to resentencing unless she demonstrated ineffective assistance of trial counsel
to request a mitigated sentence pursuant to Mulholland. McFarland, slip op. at 17-18.
Rather than request a downward departure from the standard range as an exceptional
sentence, McFarland's counsel merely expressed concern for the harshness of the
punishment. He otherwise agreed with the State that the sentencing court was required
to impose consecutive sentences on the firearm-related charges, so the sentencing court
was never advised of its discretion to impose concurrent sentences as a mitigated
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State v. McFarland (Cecily Zorada), 92947-5
exceptional sentence. The Court of Appeals concluded that the sentencing court
committed no error given the arguments raised, and that defense counsel's performance
was not deficient "[i]n light of the lack of any history of other counsel successfully"
arguing to extend Mulholland to multiple :firearm-related offenses. Id. at 18.
What the Court of Appeals did not consider is the authority of an appellate court
to address arguments belatedly raised when necessary to produce a just resolution.
Proportionality and consistency in sentencing are central values of the SRA, and courts
should afford relief when it serves these values. 4 McFarland's situation is not so
different from that in Mulholland. The trial court in Mulholland imposed consecutive
sentences under RCW 9 .94A.589(1 )(b) without the benefit of any argument that it could
consider an exceptional sentence under RCW 9.94A.545. The sole argument raised by
defense counsel at sentencing was that the offenses at issue constituted the "' [sJame
criminal conduct."' Mulholland, 161 Wash. 2d at 326 (alteration in original) (quoting
RCW 9.94A.589(l)(a)). The sentencing court properly rejected this argument but was
never advised of the argument-raised for the first time on appeal-that the multiple
offense policy of RCW 9.94A.535 authorized a discretionary exceptional sentence
4
Under RAP 2.5(a) appellate courts may entertain issues raised for the first time on
appeal in the interest of justice. See generally State v. Card, 48 Wash. App. 781, 784, 741 P.2d
65 (1987) (noting RAP 2.5(a) allow courts discretion to consider issues for the first time on
appeal "when fundamental justice so requires"); Greerv. Nw. Nat'! Ins. Co., 36 Wash. App. 330,
339, 674 P.2d 1257 (1984) (noting fundamental justice required review of a previously
unchallenged insurance clause to determine if it violated public policy).
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State v. McFarland (Cecily Zorada), 92947-5
created by running the serious violent offense terms concurrently. We entertained this
argument on appeal in part because of the central importance of ensuring
appropriate, consistent sentences. Mulholland, 161 Wash. 2d at 332-33; see also
Grayson, 154 Wash. 2d at 342 (holding that while not an abuse of discretion, the
sentencing judge's failure to exercise meaningful discretion by "categorically" refusing
to consider defendant's drug offender sentencing alternative request justified
resentencing). Indeed, our opinion in Mulholland recognized that an erroneous
sentence, imposed without due consideration of an authorized mitigated sentence,
constitutes a "fundamental defect" resulting in a miscarriage of justice. 161 Wash. 2d
at 332. We remanded for resentencing because the record indicated "that it was a
possibility" the court would have imposed a mitigated sentence had it recognized its
discretion to do so. Id. at 334. The sentencing court had made "statements on the
record which indicated some openness toward an exceptional sentence." Id. at 333;
see also McGill, 112 Wash. App. at 100-01 (remanding for resentencing because the
trial court's comments indicated it may have considered an exceptional sentence if
it had known it could, and because the reviewing court was unsure the sentencing
court would have imposed the same sentence had it known an exceptional sentence
was available); State v. Bonisisio, 92 Wash. App. 783, 797, 964 P.2d 1222 (1998)
(remanding for resentencing because the record indicated the trial court likely would
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State v. McFarland (Cecily Zorada), 92947-5
have imposed a different sentence had it correctly interpreted a statute to allow
concurrent firearm enhancements), review denied, 137 Wash. 2d 1024 (1999).
In McFarland's case, while the sentencing court's language did not indicate the
same level of sympathy or discomfort with the sentence as expressed by the court in
Mulholland, the court indicated some discomfort with his apparent lack of discretion
and even commented that McFarland's standard range sentence was equivalent to that
imposed for second degree murder. VTP (Oct. 27, 2014) at 24. As in Mulholland, the
record suggests at least the possibility that the sentencing court would have considered
imposing concurrent firearm-related sentences had it properly understood its discretion
to do so. Remand for resentencing is therefore warranted.
CONCLUSION
The reasoning of our decision in Mulholland extends to sentencing for firearm-
related offenses under RCW 9.94A.589(l)(c). We reverse the Court of Appeals, vacate
McFarland's sentence, and remand to the superior court for resentencing in
accordance with this opinion.
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State v. McFarland (Cecily Zorada), 92947-5
WE CONCUR:
,_.-.-"~
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State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
Fairhurst, C.J. (dissenting)
No. 92947-5
FAIRHURST, C.J. (dissenting)-While I agree that the trial court was under
no obligation to raise the issue sua sponte, I disagree that if defense counsel had done
so here, the trial court had the discretion to impose exceptional concurrent sentences
to Cecily McFarland's convictions for the crimes of unlawful possession of a firearm
and theft of a firearm. 1 Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
ANALYSIS
Both the majority and Justice Yu's dissent conclude that the Sentencing
Reform Act of 1981, specifically RCW 9.94A.535, provides a trial court the
discretion to impose an exceptional concurrent sentence to convictions for the crimes
of unlawful possession of a firearm and theft of a firearm. Both rely on an extension
of our holding in In re Personal Restraint of Mulholland, 161 Wash. 2d 322, 166 P.3d
677 (2007), to do so. Such an extension is misplaced. The plain language of RCW
1
But I express no opinion on whether consecutive sentences must be imposed for all counts
of unlawful possession of a firearm and theft of a firearm. RCW 9.41.040(6) could be read to
indicate that this is not required.
1
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
Fairhurst, C.J. (dissenting)
9.41.040(6) precludes it. Even if the language ofRCW 9.41.040(6) were ambiguous,
the majority's interpretation is inconsistent with the intent behind RCW 9 .41. 040( 6).
Finally, an extension of Mulholland to RCW 9.41.040(6) is inappropriate because
Mulholland applies to RCW 9.94A.589. And RCW 9.41.040(6) is materially
different from RCW 9.94A.589.
A. This holding is inconsistent with the plain language of RCW 9 .41. 040( 6)
Notwithstanding any other law, if the offender is convicted under this
section for unlawful possession of a firearm in the first or second degree
and for the felony crimes of theft of a firearm or possession of a stolen
firearm, or both, then the offender shall serve consecutive sentences for
each of the felony crimes of conviction listed in this subsection.
RCW 9.41.040(6) (emphasis added). When the language of a statute is clear, we
must respect it. Dep 't of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wash. 2d 1, 9-10,
43 P.3d 4 (2002). "Notwithstanding" any other law means to the preclusion of any
other law. See BLACK' s LA w DICTIONARY 1231 (10th ed. 2014) ( defining the term
as"[ d]espite; in spite of'). The majority argues the discretion afforded a sentencing
court by RCW 9.94A.535 somehow trumps this language, despite the fact that
former RCW 9.94A.390 (1984), the predecessor to RCW 9.94A.535, predates the
promulgation ofRCW 9.41.040(6) by more than 10 years. Compare LAWS OF 1983,
ch. 115, § 10, with LAWS OF 1995, ch. 129, § 16(6); see also W. Plaza, LLC v. Tison,
184 Wash. 2d 702, 712, 364 P.3d 76 (2015) (more recent provision generally prevails
2
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
Fairhurst, C.J. (dissenting)
over older provision). IfRCW 9.41.040(6) were intended to be conditional on other
statutes, as the majority and Justice Yu's dissent conclude, it could easily have been
accomplished through use of qualified language. But no such language was used.
B. This holding is inconsistent with the intent expressed by the authors of the
Hard Time for Armed Crime Initiative
RCW 9.41.040(6) was the result of a voter initiative-the "Hard Time for
Armed Crime" initiative of 1995 (HTACI). 2 Voters brought it forth as an initiative
to the legislature. The legislature, in tum, adopted the HTACI without amendment.
LAWS OF 1995, ch. 129, § 16; see also Cmty. Care Coal. of Wash. v. Reed, 165 Wash. 2d
606, 612-13, 200 P.3d 701 (2009) (describing the initiative process). The HTACI
included a statement of findings and intent, which was also adopted by the legislature
without amendment. According to the statement, the HTACI was intended to
"[d]istinguish between the gun predators and criminals carrying other deadly
weapons and provide greatly increased penalties for gun predators and for those
offenders committing crimes to acquire firearms" and to make such offenses "not
worth the sentence received upon conviction." LAWS OF 1995, ch. 129, § 1(2)(c),
(2)(b) (emphasis added). The HTACI' s authors clearly wished to make punishments
2
It followed failed legislation the year prior. That proposed legislation contained
provisions largely similar to the HTACI. But it did not include the provision at issue here. Compare
H.B. 2921, 53d Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 1994), with LAWS OF 1995, ch. 129, § 16(6).
3
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
Fairhurst, C.J. (dissenting)
for certain firearm offenses harsh. McFarland is no more than an unfortunate case in
point.
C. While extending Mulholland to RCW 9.94A.589(1)(c) is legally supportable,
extending it to RCW 9.41.040(6) is not
In Mulholland, this court recognized that a sentencing court had discretion to
impose an exceptional downward sentence to the presumptively consecutive
sentences imposed by RCW 9.94A.589(1)(b). 161 Wash. 2d at 331. The majority seeks
to extend this holding to RCW 9.94A.589(1)(c) because there is "no statutory basis
to distinguish between the consecutive sentencing language" of RCW
9.94A.589(1)(b) with that of (l)(c). Majority at 7. While this may be true, there is a
statutory basis to distinguish between the language of RCW 9.94A.589(1)(c) and
RCW 9.41.040(6). There are three, in fact. The majority fails to address these
distinctions. 3
First, RCW 9.94A.535(1)(g) lists the multiple offense policy of RCW
9.94A.589 as illustrative of a mitigating circumstance supporting a sentencing
court's use of discretion in applying an exceptional downward sentence. It makes no
comparable reference to RCW 9.41.040(6). Next, only RCW 9.41.040(6) contains
3
Instead, the majority summarily justifies its holding on the basis that "the act does not
preclude exceptional sentences downward." Majority at 8. But, in fact, the act does preclude such
sentences by indicating that its provisions applied "[n]otwithstanding any other law." LA ws OF
1995, ch. 129, § 16(6). Such "other law" would have included the predecessor to RCW 9.94A.535,
which, as discussed above, was in effect at the time of the act.
4
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
Fairhurst, C.J. (dissenting)
the critical and unconditional "[n]otwithstanding any other law" language. Finally,
RCW 9.94A.589(1)(c) is arguably harsher than RCW 9.41.040(6). RCW
9.94A.589(1)(c) indicates that consecutive sentences must be imposed for each
count of unlawful possession and theft of a firearm an offender is convicted for, see
RCW 9.94A.589(1)(c) ("The offender shall serve consecutive sentences for each
conviction of the felony crimes listed in this subsection (l)(c), and for each firearm
unlawfully possessed."), whereas, a plausible reading ofRCW 9.41.040(6) indicates
that consecutive sentences need only be imposed between the crimes of unlawful
possession and theft of a firearm-not for each count of each crime. See RCW
9.41.040(6) ("[T]he offender shall serve consecutive sentences for each of the felony
crimes of conviction listed in this subsection."). 4 Given this differing language,
RCW 9.94A.589(1)(c) may produce a much harsher result than RCW 9.41.040(6),
4
This issue was not briefed or argued by either party. It is a debatable point for which I am
not expressing an opinion. I point it out only to demonstrate the textual differences between the
two provisions. Intuitively, if, absent other charges, 10 firearm theft convictions need not result in
consecutive sentences across counts, it seems curious that a single unlawful possession conviction
would change this result. The legislative history in adopting the HT ACI, while sparse, seems to
support this conclusion. See H.B. REP. ON H.I. 159, at 6, 54th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 1995) ("If
the person is also serving time for possession of a stolen firearm or stealing a firearm, the time
served for unlawful possession of firearms must be served consecutively with the other offenses.").
That being said, the Court of Appeals has issued seemingly conflicting opinions on the matter.
Compare State v. McReynolds, 117 Wash. App. 309, 342-43, 71 P.3d 663 (2003) (finding that RCW
9.41.040(6) unambiguously requires consecutive sentences for each count of conviction for the
firearm crimes specified in the statute), and State v. Murphy, 98 Wash. App. 42, 49, 988 P.2d 1018
(1999) (same holding), with State v. Haggin, 195 Wash. App. 315,321,381 P.3d 137 (2016) (holding
that under RCW 9 .41. 040( 6) "if a person is convicted of multiple counts but only in one category
(i.e., multiple counts of unlawful possession), the trial court must run those sentences
concurrently").
5
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
Fairhurst, C.J. (dissenting)
thereby justifying application of the discretion afforded by RCW 9.94A.535 to RCW
9.94A.589(1)(c), but not to RCW 9.41.040(6).
For the reasons stated above, I dissent. Both the majority and Justice Yu's
dissent summarily conclude that Mulholland can be extended to an offender
convicted of the crimes of unlawful possession of a firearm and theft of a firearm.
But in reaching this conclusion, both opinions give short shrift to the plain language
of RCW 9 .41.040( 6), the intent of the authors of the HTACI, and the textual
distinctions between RCW 9.41.040(6) and RCW 9.94A.589(1)(c). All of these
mandate the imposition of consecutive sentences between these two crimes.
6
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
Fairhurst, CJ. (dissenting)
7
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
(Yu, J., dissenting)
No. 92947-5
YU, J. (dissenting)- Some legal principles are so basic that there should be
no need to reaffirm them. One such principle is that this court will not reverse a
trial court's decision on direct appeal unless the record shows that the decision was
made in error. However, on direct appeal in this case, the majority reverses the
sentence imposed by the trial court but does not (and on the record presented
cannot) show that any sentencing error occurred. Moreover, nothing in the record
demonstrates that an exceptional sentence would be factually or legally justified. I
cannot conceive of any legitimate reason for the majority's approach to this case. I
therefore dissent.
ANALYSIS
I agree with some key points in the majority opinion. I appreciate that the
majority declines to reverse the Court of Appeals holding that trial counsel was not
ineffective for failing to raise a novel argument to extend the reasoning of In re
Personal Restraint of Mulholland, 161 Wash. 2d 322, 166 P.3d 677 (2007), in support
1
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
(Yu, J., dissenting)
of an exceptional sentence in this case. I further agree with the majority's
Mulholland analysis on its merits. 1 And I applaud the majority's restraint to the
extent that it appears to stop short of explicitly holding that the trial court abused
its discretion by failing to raise a novel legal argument sua sponte or by failing to
consider an exceptional sentence that no party requested.
I would approach the above issues differently and explicitly affirm the Court
of Appeals. Nevertheless, once we have rejected (whether explicitly or implicitly)
every claim of error that has been raised on direct appeal, our analysis should be
over.
The majority, however, treats the need to locate error in the record as little
more than an inconvenient formality by invoking its authority to consider issues
raised for the first time on appeal "when necessary to produce a just resolution."
Majority at 12. I fully support just resolutions, but a remand for resentencing in
this case is precisely the opposite.
The problem is not merely that the argument to extend Mulholland' s
reasoning was "belatedly raised." Id. The problem is that the record in this case
1
I do, however, disagree with any suggestion that the Court of Appeals erred in declining
to consider the merits of the Mulholland issue. See majority at 12. The Court of Appeals
properly determined that this case should be decided in favor of the State regardless of whether
Mulholland should be extended. State v. McFarland, No. 32873-2-111, slip op. at 18 (Wash. Ct.
App. Mar. 8, 2016) (unpublished), http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/328732.unp.pdf.
While the Court of Appeals has discretion to consider an issue that is unnecessary to the
resolution of the case presented, I cannot agree that it erred in declining to do so.
2
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
(Yu, J., dissenting)
reveals neither a sentencing error nor any legally justifiable basis for imposing an
exceptional sentence. Therefore, a just resolution of this case is the resolution
reached by the Court of Appeals. We should affirm. If there is information
outside the record that would support resentencing, then petitioner Cecily Zorada
McFarland must do what every other similarly situated defendant is required to do
and file a collateral attack.
A. The court should explicitly affirm the Court of Appeals
As noted above, the majority does not appear to actually hold that the trial
court abused its discretion or that trial counsel was ineffective. I would explicitly
affirm the Court of Appeals and hold that neither claim of error is supported by the
record. Indeed, the unsound rationale of the majority's decision in this case
demonstrates that this is an area of law in need of some clarification.
1. No abuse of discretion
It cannot be said that the trial court abused its discretion. It is, of course,
well settled that "while trial judges have considerable discretion under the
[Sentencing Reform Act of 1981], they are still required to act within its strictures
and principles of due process of law." State v. Grayson, 154 Wash. 2d 333, 342, 111
P.3d 1183 (2005); ch. 9.94A RCW. Therefore, when the trial court is called on to
make a discretionary sentencing decision, the court must meaningfully consider the
request in accordance with the applicable law. Id. However, no exceptional
3
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
(Yu, J., dissenting)
sentence was requested here. This simply cannot be described as a situation
"where the court has refused to exercise discretion at all or has relied on an
impermissible basis for refusing to impose an exceptional sentence below the
standard range." State v. Garcia-Martinez, 88 Wash. App. 322, 330, 944 P.2d 1104
(1997) (emphasis added). Courts do not refuse to do things that they are never
asked to do. 2
To the extent that the Court of Appeals has suggested otherwise, it was
incorrect. In State v. McGill, the Court of Appeals remanded for resentencing even
though defense counsel did not request the trial court to impose an exceptional
sentence. 112 Wash. App. 95, 97, 47 P.3d 173 (2002). Its reasoning, however, is
paradoxical. On the one hand, McGill holds that resentencing was required
because "the trial court refused to exercise its discretion to consider an exceptional
sentence." Id. at 100. On the other hand, McGill holds that resentencing was also
required because a court cannot "exercise its discretion if it is not told it has
discretion to exercise." Id. at 102. It is difficult to understand how a trial court can
simultaneously refuse to exercise discretion and be unable to exercise discretion.
2
In a very limited number of cases, we have indicated that the failure to raise certain
issues sua sponte can be reversible error. E.g., State v. Ramos, 187 Wn.2d 420,443,387 P.3d
650 (2017), petition for cert. filed,_ U.S.L.W. _ (U.S. May 23, 2017) (No. 16-9363). I
cannot come up with any legitimate reason to hold that the circumstances of this case qualify for
such special treatment. The majority does not acknowledge that it gives this case special
treatment and therefore does not explain why it does so.
4
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
(Yu, J., dissenting)
Moreover, this reasoning places an unreasonable burden on trial courts to raise
issues sua sponte and interferes with the independence of trial counsel. We should
reject it.
Even if the record in this case actually showed that the trial court had an
erroneous view of the law (which, as I discuss further below, it does not), a court
abuses its discretion only by actually making a decision based on an erroneous
view of the law, not by expressing an erroneous view of a legal rule that does not
apply to the issues presented. There was no abuse of discretion in this case.
2. No ineffective assistance of counsel
The majority does not address the merits of this issue, but we should
explicitly hold that the Court of Appeals correctly held that trial counsel in this
case was not ineffective.
To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, "the defendant must show that
counsel's performance was deficient." Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). To establish deficient performance,
"the defendant must show that counsel's representation fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness." Id. at 688.
McFarland argues that reasonable trial counsel would have known that
Mulholland extends to firearm-related convictions because no published appellate
cases have squarely held that concurrent sentences are not available as an
5
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
(Yu, J., dissenting)
exceptional sentence for firearm-related convictions. But there are no published
appellate cases that hold such concurrent sentences are available, either. And
while I join the majority in extending Mulholland's reasoning to multiple firearm-
related convictions, the State's argument on that point is certainly defensible and
has never been rejected in a published appellate case.
McFarland also places great weight on the fact that Mulholland was not a
"significant change in the law" for purposes ofRCW 10.73.100(6). State v. Miller,
185 Wash. 2d 111, 114, 371 P.3d 528 (2016). However, the inquiries are entirely
different. Assessing deficient performance "requires that every effort be made to
eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of
counsel's challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel's
perspective at the time." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. Meanwhile, "[a] 'significant
change in the law' requires that the law, not counsels' understanding of the law on
an unsettled question, has changed." Miller, 185 Wash. 2d at 116 (quoting RCW
10.73.100(6)).
To hold trial counsel was deficient in this case, we would have to hold that
trial counsel has a duty to raise all nonfrivolous arguments for extensions of
current law that might occur to appellate counsel. Such a holding would severely
undercut the "strong presumption" that trial counsel rendered effective assistance.
State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322,335, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). It would also be
6
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
(Yu, J., dissenting)
an unprecedented expansion of the scope of trial counsel's duty that "would place
an unreasonable burden on defense counsel and set a standard for diligence that
obliges counsel to raise issues in anticipation of any possible change in the law."
State v. Brown, 159 Wn. App. 366,373,245 P.3d 776 (2011). Another reasonable
trial attorney might have raised the Mulholland argument, but that is not a basis on
which to hold that trial counsel in this case was deficient.
Therefore, I would explicitly affirm the Court of Appeals and hold that the
trial court did not abuse its discretion and McFarland has not shown that she
received ineffective assistance of counsel.
B. There is no evidence in the record to support a remand for resentencing
Even though the record does not demonstrate error, the majority believes
that affirming McFarland's sentence would be unjust. I do not question their
sincerity, and I do not rule out the possibility that in some cases, the record could
support such a conclusion. This is not one of those cases. It is not clear from the
record that the trial court even had an erroneous view of the law, and nothing in the
record indicates that an exceptional sentence would be factually or legally justified
in this case.
I cannot agree with the majority's assertion that "McFarland's situation is
not so different from that in Mulholland." Majority at 12. Even though
Mulholland did not request concurrent sentences as an exceptional sentence at the
7
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
(Yu, J., dissenting)
trial court level, he did request concurrent sentences based on a"' same criminal
conduct argument."' Mulholland, 161 Wash. 2d at 326 n.1. The trial court
determined that Mulholland's offenses were not the same criminal conduct and
went on to explicitly state, "'I think the law requires me to run them consecutive
[sic]. I don't believe there's any discretion that this court has in that regard."' Id.
(emphasis added) (alteration in original). The record in Mulholland thus clearly
showed that the trial court had an erroneous view of the law. Cf McGill, 112 Wn.
App. at 98 ("'I'm sure you are aware that the legislature has decided that judges
should not have discretion beyond a certain sentencing range on these matters."').
In light of this clear record, we held on collateral review that "the trial court's
incorrect interpretation of the statutes that applied to the assault sentences is a
fundamental defect." 3 Mulholland, 161 Wash. 2d at 332-33.
Meanwhile, the trial court in this case said only, "I don't have -- apparently
don't have much discretion, here." Verbatim Tr. of Proceedings (VTP) (Oct. 27,
2014) at 25. It is not clear whether the court thought it lacked discretion because it
had an erroneous view of the law or because it had an accurate view of the scope of
the parties' arguments. State v. McFarland, No. 32873-2-III, slip op. at 16 n.9
(Wash. Ct. App. Mar. 8, 2016) (unpublished), http://www.courts.wa.gov/
3
We in fact denied review of Mulholland's direct appeal. State v. Mulholland, 153
Wash. 2d 1018, 108 P.3d 1228 (2005).
8
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
(Yu, J., dissenting)
opinions/pdf/328732.unp.pdf. This inconclusive record cannot be sufficient to
show there was a fundamental defect.
Moreover, there is nothing in the record indicating an exceptional sentence
would have been legally available in this case. RCW 9.94A.535(1)(g) allows
exceptional sentencing where "[t]he operation of the multiple offense policy of
RCW 9.94A.589 results in a presumptive sentence that is clearly excessive in light
·of the purpose of [the Sentencing Reform Act], as expressed in RCW 9.94A.010."
The record simply does not address how the Sentencing Reform Act's purpose as
expressed in RCW 9.94A.010 applies to this case.
Instead, the record shows that defense counsel supported its request for
sentencing at the bottom of the standard range by noting that if McFarland "had
been found guilty of stealing toasters instead of firearms," her sentence would be
much shorter. VTP (Oct. 27, 2014) at 23. McFarland was not found guilty of
stealing toasters. She was found guilty of stealing firearms. The legislature has
chosen to impose presumptively harsher sentences for stealing firearms than for
stealing toasters. Disagreement with that legislative judgment is a not a legally
appropriate basis on which to impose an exceptional sentence. State v. Alexander,
125 Wash. 2d 717, 724-25, 888 P.2d 1169 (1995). This would be true even if we
could impute trial counsel's disagreement with the legislature to the trial court, as
the majority appears to do. Majority at 14.
9
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
(Yu, J., dissenting)
The record thus does not actually show that the trial court had an erroneous
view of the law, and nothing in the record indicates that an exceptional sentence
would have been justified. McFarland's sentence should be affirmed. She is free
to seek collateral review with supporting evidence outside the record. McFarland,
slip op. at 18-19. I am dismayed that a majority of this court holds that her
standard-range sentence is infected by a fundamental defect solely because "the
record suggests at least the possibility that the sentencing court would have
considered imposing concurrent firearm-related sentences had it properly
understood its discretion to do so." Majority at 14.
CONCLUSION
Some may wonder why we should require McFarland to go through the
extra step of seeking collateral review with supporting evidence instead of simply
remanding and giving her a chance to submit new evidence to the trial court now.
My response is simple: because that is what we require of every criminal defendant
who cannot demonstrate error based on the record presented on direct appeal.
State v. Grier, 171 Wash. 2d 17, 29-30, 246 P.3d 1260 (2011); State v. Elmore, 139
Wash. 2d 250, 302, 985 P.2d 289 (1999); McFarland, 127 Wash. 2d at 335; 2 WASH.
STATEBARAss'N, WASHINGTON APPELLATEPRACTICEDESKBOOK § 32.2(2)(c) at
32-7 (3d ed. 2005).
10
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
(Yu, J., dissenting)
While I do not question the majority's sincere belief that resentencing is the
just result for McFarland, I respectfully submit that this result is extremely unjust
for the thousands of other criminal defendants who file matters with this court
every year. Sentencing decisions, while individualized, should nevertheless be
based on a fair and predictable process, which should not be altered because a
particular defendant appears harmless or sympathetic to a particular justice on
review. Though many of the defendants who appear in o.ur court remain faceless
to us, and many more are depicted in the record only in their mugshots, each one of
them possesses the same inherent human dignity. Each one of them is therefore
entitled to equal treatment in our courts. I dissent.
11
State v. McFarland, No. 92947-5
(Yu, J., dissenting)
12