In re Pers. Restraint of Haghighi ( 2013 )

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CHIEF 1 'STICE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
In the Matter of the Personal ) No. 87529-4
Restraint of )
)
NADDER BARON HAGHIGHI, ) EnBanc
)
Petitioner. )
) Filed -SEP 1 2 2013
C. JOHNSON, J.-This case presents the question of whether our holding in
State v. Winterstein, 167 Wn.2d 620, 220 P.3d 1226 (2009), that the inevitable
discovery doctrine is inconsistent with article I, section 7 of the Washington State
Constitution applies retroactively to judgments final when the case was decided.
Because we hold that Winterstein does not apply retroactively, we must also
address Nadder Baron Haghighi's claim that his appellate counsel provided
ineffective assistance, which requires first determining whether this claim is
timely. We affirm the Court of Appeals and hold that Winterstein announced a new
rule and that Haghighi's ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim is time
barred.
No. 87529-4
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A jury convicted Haghighi of one count of theft in the first degree and seven
counts of unlawful issuance of checks or drafts. The unlawful issuance of checks
or drafts counts relate to checks drawn on an account he opened with Allstate
Banlc, which provides only internet banldng. The theft count is tied to Venture
Barile, a local operation. The underlying issue in this personal restraint petition
(PRP) involves the admissibility of evidence obtained by way of a warrant issued
in Washington but faxed to Allstate's offices in Illinois. The State does not dispute
that this method of securing evidence from Illinois was improper.
Several victims initially identified Haghighi in a photo montage and
provided copies of fraudulent checks he had written to them. Based on this
information, police obtained a search warrant in Washington for Haghighi's bank
records with Allstate. However, Allstate's office is in Illinois, and the detective
faxed the warrant to Allstate's offices there. A representative at Allstate then
provided the records requested by the detective, which did not comply with Illinois
law on the domestication of out-of-state warrants.
Before trial, Haghighi moved to suppress the records on the grounds that the
issuing court lacked jurisdiction to issue a warrant that would be served out of
state. He did not, however, challenge the finding of probable cause upon which the
2
No. 87529-4
warrant was issued. Based on the improper search, he argued that the records
should be excluded. Although the trial court found the warrant unenforceable in
Illinois, it ruled Haghighi's constitutional rights had been properly considered and
that under the inevitable discovery doctrine, the Allstate records should not be
excluded. The court also denied Haghighi' s request for an inevitable discovery
evidentiary hearing.
After being convicted, Haghighi appealed. As relevant here, he argued that
the State failed to prove it would have inevitably discovered the Allstate records
and that the trial court erred in not allowing a hearing on the issue. In an
unpublished decision, the Court of Appeals affirmed the convictions, concluding
that the State would have inevitably discovered the Allstate records. State v.
Haghighi, noted at 151 Wn. App. 104 7 (2009).
When the Court of Appeals issued its decision, Haghighi' s appointed
counsel, Casey Grannis, wrote to Haghighi telling him of the decision. He stated
that he did not think a motion for reconsideration would be successful but that
Haghighi could file one himself if he so chose. Grannis also discussed filing a
petition for review. He noted that he had been assigned to represent Haghighi only
in the Court of Appeals but that occasionally and at its discretion his office
extended the representation to petitions for review. He promised to follow up with
3
No. 87529-4
Haghighi about whether his office would file a petition for review but informed
Haghighi that a petition for review was required if Haghighi planned to file a
federal habeas corpus action.
On August 20, 2009, Grannis again wrote Haghighi, telling him about a case
pending before this court on a competency issue similar to an issue in Haghighi' s
case. He offered to file a petition for review on that one issue, unless this court
issued an unfavorable ruling before the deadline for filing. He did not believe the
other issues warranted a petition for review. Grannis also informed Haghighi that
he could file only one petition for review, so all issues needed to be raised. If he
wanted to raise additional issues, he should hire an attorney or file pro se.
On September 14, Grannis wrote to Haghighi informing him that this court
had issued an unfavorable ruling on the competency issue, so his office would no
longer be filing a petition for review. He stated, "My substantive involvement with
your direct appeal is now over, although I formally remain your attorney for the
direct appeal in the Court of Appeals until the mandate terminating review is
issued." Br. ofPet'r, App. Eat 2. The mandate issued on September 25, 2009.
On December 22, Grannis wrote to Haghighi informing him of our decision
in Winterstein, where we struck down the inevitable discovery doctrine as an
exception to the exclusionary rule. He called this a "major change in the law" and
4
No. 87529-4
told Haghighi that although he was no longer Haghighi's attorney, Haghighi could
file a PRP on the Winterstein issue, but generally only one PRP could be filed and
it must be filed within one year. Pet'r's Suppl. Br., App. D at 1.
On March 6, 2010, Haghighi filed a timely PRP arguing several theories,
including the Winterstein issue, but did not include an ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel theory. Roughly 10 months later, on December 22, the chief
judge dismissed all of the issues, except for the Winterstein issue. The judge
appointed Grannis's firm to represent Haghighi, but on January 6, 2011, the firm
notified the court it could not represent Haghighi due to a conflict, since ineffective
assistance of counsel was an issue. The firm did not copy Haghighi on this letter or
inform him of this issue.
On January 27, Nancy Collins from the Washington Appellate Project was
appointed counsel. She filed an amended PRP and argued that the rule announced
in Winterstein should apply to Haghighi and that Grannis had been ineffective in
not p~esenting or preserving the inevitable discovery doctrine issue, especially with
Winterstein before this court at the time. In a published opinion, the Court of
Appeals rejected both arguments. 1 It held that Winterstein announced a new rule
1
In re Pers. Restraint of Haghighi, 167 Wn. App. 712, 276 P.3d 311, review granted,
175 Wn.2d 1021, 287 P.3d 595 (2012).
5
No. 87529-4
that did not apply retroactively to Haghighi' s case, which was final at the time.
Further, it held that the ineffective assistance claim was added beyond the one-year
time limit for PRPs and that equitable tolling should not be applied. Therefore, the
claim was time barred. We granted review of this decision.
ANALYSIS
a. Retroactivity
Since Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S. Ct. 1060, 103 L. Ed. 2d 334( 1989), this court has consistently and repeatedly followed and applied the federal
retroactivity analysis as established in Teague. Oddly, the concurrence/dissent
claims that Teague's applicability is an "open question," concurrence in
part/dissent in part at 16, but, even before Teague, we "attempted from the outset
to stay in step with the federal retroactivity analysis." In re Pers. Restraint of St.
Pierre, 118 Wn.2d 321, 324, 823 P.2d 492 (1992) (citing In re Pers. Restraint of
Sauve, 103 Wn.2d 322, 326-28, 692 P.2d 818 (1985)).
In St. Pierre, we followed this precedent and adopted Teague, which we
consistently applied in later cases. E.g., In re Pers. Restraint of Scott, 173 Wn.2d
911,271 P.3d 218 (2012); In re Pers. Restraint ofEastmond, 173 Wn.2d 632, 272
P .3d 188 (20 12); In re Pers. Restraint ofRhome, 172 Wn.2d 654, 260 P .3d 87 4
(20 11 ); State v. Robinson, 171 Wn.2d 292, 253 P .3d 84 (20 11 ); State v. Williams-
6
No. 87529-4
Walker, 167 Wn.2d 889, 225 P.3d 913 (2010); State v. Kilgore, 167 Wn.2d 28, 216
P.3d 393 (2009); State v. Abrams, 163 Wn.2d 277, 178 P.3d 1021 (2008); In re
Pers. Restraint ofDomingo, 155 Wn.2d 356, 119 PJd 816 (2005); State v. Evans,
154 Wn.2d 438, 114 P.3d 627 (2005); In re Pers. Restraint of Markel, 154 Wn.2d
262, 111 P.3d 249 (2005); In re Pers. Restraint ofHinton, 152 Wn.2d 853, 100
P.3d 801 (2004); State v. Hanson, 151 Wn.2d 783, 91 PJd 888 (2004); State v.
Summers, 120 Wn.2d 801, 846 P.2d 490 (1993); In re Pers. Restraint ofRupe, 115
Wn.2d 379, 798 P.2d 780 (1990). Similarly, the Court of Appeals has not
questioned the applicability of the Teague framework. E.g., In re Pers. Restraint of
Jagana, 170 Wn. App. 32, 282 P.3d 1153 (2012); In re Pers. Restraint of
Haghighi, 167 Wn. App. 712,276 P.3d 311, review granted, 175 Wn.2d 1021,287
P.3d 595 (2012); In re Pers. Restraint ofHacheney, 169 Wn. App. 1, 288 P.3d 619(2012); State v. Chetty, 167 Wn. App. 432, 272 PJd 918 (2012).
Here, although Haghighi argues for abandonment of Teague, he-in the
concurrence/dissent's own words-"provide[s] no specific alternative."
Concurrence in part/dissent in part at 14 n.16. In an attempt justify abandonment of
our long-settled precedent, the concurrence/dissent points to Danforth v.
Minnesota, 552 U.S. 264, 128 S. Ct. 1029, 169 L. Ed. 2d 859 (2008), where the
United States Supreme Court held that Teague did not bind state courts. But
7
No. 87529-4
nothing in Danforth is new. We recognized this proposition in 2005 before the
Supreme Court ever considered Danforth. Evans, 154 Wn.2d at 448-49. Moreover,
as the concurrence/dissent acknowledges, other states have continued to apply their
own analyses despite Teague. Concurrence in part/dissent in part at 15 ('"New
York ... has continued to rely on the [Linkletter] criteria, even post- Teague."'
(alterations in original) (quoting People v. Marshall, No. 3018/1995, 2013 WL
1729392, at *2 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Apr. 19, 2013))). Finally, in Danforth itself the
Court described the issue as whether "Teague constrains the authority of state
courts to give broader effect to new rules," and stated, "We have never suggested
that it does, and now hold that it does not." Danforth, 552 U.S. at 266. Thus,
Danforth is not the groundbreaking case described by the concurrence/dissent but,
rather, the United States Supreme Court's acknowledgment of a principle long
established in our country's courts. The Teague framework is supported by roughly
25 years of precedent, and neither Haghighi nor the concurrence/dissent provide
adequate basis for jettisoning such a firmly established principle of law.
Under the Teague analysis, a new rule of criminal procedure applies
retroactively to all cases pending on direct review or not yet final. A new rule,
however, will not apply retroactively to final judgments unless the rule places
certain kinds of private conduct beyond the State's power to proscribe or requires
8
No. 87529-4
the observance of procedures implicit in the concept of ordered justice. A new rule
is considered one that '"breaks new ground or ... was not dictated by precedent
existing at the time the defendant's conviction became final."' Eastmond, 173
Wn.2d at 639 (quoting Teague, 489 U.S. at 301). Moreover, if"'reasonable jurists
could disagree on the rule of law, the rule is new."' Eastmond, 173 Wn.2d at 639-
40 (quoting Evans, 154 Wn.2d at 444).
Haghighi argues that he should gain the benefit of our decision in
Winterstein, where we held that the inevitable discovery doctrine is inconsistent
with article I, section 7 of the Washington State Constitution. Before Winterstein,
the Court of Appeals had upheld trial court decisions allowing evidence to be
admitted under the inevitable discovery doctrine. E.g., State v. Avila-Avina, 99 Wn.
App. 9, 17, 991 P.2d 720 (2000), abrogated by Winterstein, 167 Wn.2d 620; State
v. Reyes, 98 Wn. App. 923, 930, 993 P.2d 921 (2000), abrogated by Winterstein,
167 Wn.2d 620. Consistent with this Court of Appeals precedent, the Court of
Appeals in Haghighi's case upheld the trial court's denial of the motion to suppress
based on the inevitable discovery doctrine. Thus, if Haghighi is entitled to benefit
from Winterstein's rule, he arguably may have been entitled to suppression of the
Allstate records. However, Winterstein was published shortly after Haghighi's
9
No. 87529-4
conviction became final. Thus, he must show that Winterstein was dictated by
existing precedent and therefore not a new rule. 2
The decision and analysis in State v. O'Neill, 148 Wn.2d 564, 62 P.3d 489(2003 ), guides our resolution of this issue. There, the suspect had been lawfully
detained but not arrested when police searched his car. Although there were
numerous arguments regarding the propriety of this search, one of the State's
arguments was that the evidence would have been inevitably discovered when the
suspect was arrested. Contrary to Haghighi's argument here, in O'Neill we
declined to address the broader issue of whether the inevitable discovery doctrine
was ever valid under Washington law. We stated that the rule "cannot be applied in
these circumstances." O'Neill, 148 Wn.2d at 592 (emphasis added). Further, we
opted to "leave for another case the question whether the rule might apply in
another context," which was "a question we ha[d] not decided." O'Neill, 148
Wn.2d at 592 n.11. Thus, 0 'Neill recognized the issue of inevitable discovery was
unresolved and left the question unanswered. Not until Winterstein did we again
consider and resolve the issue. Because we expressly left the issue undecided in
0 'Neill and based on the Court of Appeals' approach existing prior to Winterstein,
2
Haghighi does not argue that the Winterstein rule placed certain kinds of private
conduct beyond the State's power to proscribe or required the observance of procedures implicit
in the concept of ordered justice.
10
No. 87529-4
Haghighi cannot establish that the "Winterstein rule'' was an existing rule dictated
by precedent. Since Haghighi's conviction was final when we decided Winterstein,
he is not entitled to benefit from the rule announced in that case.
Haghighi also argues that we should not apply Teague because this is solely
a state law claim. But as noted above, we have been consistent in our application of
the Teague framework. Moreover, no explanation is offered as to why our state
would favor finality of judgments to a lesser extent than the federal system. Thus,
we see no reason to depart from our established retroactivity analysis.
Finally, Haghighi attempts to justify retroactive application of Winterstein
based on the Rules of Appellate Procedure and the Revised Code of Washington,
specifically RAP 16.4(c)(4) and RCW 10.73.100. As applicable here, both rules
apply the same standard and permit relief in a personal restraint petition if "[t]here
has been a significant change in the law" that is "material to the conviction" and
"sufficient reasons exist to require retroactive application" of the new rule. By its
terms, RAP 16.4 does not provide a separate avenue for relief. Rather, the rule is
restricted to situations where the petitioner is entitled to relief under RCW
10.73.100. RAP 16.4(d). We have interpreted RCW 10.73.100 as a procedural rule
that is entirely consistent with the federal retroactivity analysis. Abrams, 163
Wn.2d 277 at 291. For these reasons, Haghighi is not entitled to relief based on a
11
No. 87529-4
retroactive application of our decision in Winterstein under RAP 16.4 or RCW
10.73.100.
b. Timeliness of the Ineffective Assistance ofAppellate Counsel Claim
In the alternative, Haghighi argues that his appellate counsel was ineffective
for not appealing the inevitable discovery issue or for not preserving the issue until
Winterstein was decided. The Court of Appeals rejected this claim as untimely
because, although Haghighi timely filed his initial PRP, his amended PRP adding
the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim was not filed until more than
one year after his appeal became final. Generally, a PRP is time barred when filed
more than one year after the mandate issues, unless subject to an exception. RCW
10.73.090. No statutory exception exists, so Haghighi offers two distinct theories
why we should reach the merits of his ineffective assistance of appellate counsel
claim.
First, he argues that the ineffective assistance claim is not really a new claim
because he is simply amending his original PRP, suggesting that this amendment
should relate back to the original filing as might be allowed under CR 15(c).
However, PRPs are governed by the Rules of Appellate Procedure, not the Civil
Rules. Although the concurrence/dissent accuses us of adopting a new rule, we
have consistently noted that the RAPs neither authorize nor prohibit amendments
12
No. 87529-4
to PRPs and have allowed amendment only if made within the one-year statutory
time limit. In re Pers. Restraint ofBonds, 165 Wn.2d 135, 140, 196 P.3d 672(2008). The concurrence/dissent argues that we approved of untimely
"amendment" in Bonds, but that case involved equitable tolling, an entirely
different doctrine than the "relating back" procedure contemplated by CR 15.
Nothing in Bonds suggests that we approved of allowing untimely amendments to
relate back in a PRP. CR 15 is simply inapplicable to the current case.
Moreover, we already rejected this very argument in In re Personal
Restraint ofBenn, 134 Wn.2d 868,952 P.2d 116 (1998), where we recognized that
the RAPs neither provide for a "relating back" procedure analogous to CR 15(c)
nor allow the petitioner to add a later untimely claim. Thus, under both Bonds and
Benn, an "amended" PRP does not relate back to the original filing and any
"amendment" or new claim must be timely raised?
Haghighi relies on In re Personal Restraint of Wilson, 169 Wn. App. 379,
279 P.3d990 (2012), as a case where a new legal theory was added after the time
bar. However, the court in Wilson did not allow the claim to relate back but instead
3
The concurrence/dissent also cites In re Personal Restraint of Pirtle, 136 Wn.2d 467,
471 n.1, 965 P.2d 593 (1998), as a case where an untimely amendment was allowed to relate
back to the initial filing. Though we did allow untimely issues to be brought, it is not clear that
the court allowed the untimely PRP to "relate back" or if we equitably tolled the filing deadline.
Regardless, we emphasized the extraordinary circumstances underlying the filing of the petition
and that the death penalty was involved. The case does not cite CR 15(c), and there is certainly
no indication that the court sought to overrule Benn on this point of law.
13
No. 87529-4
found it to be part of the original claim. There, defense counsel had proposed an
erroneous jury instruction, and generally, review of such error is precluded under
the invited error doctrine. But where the error is the result of ineffective assistance
of counsel, review is not precluded. Thus, in order for the petitioner to prevail on
his timely claim, he would have had to prove ineffective assistance of counsel,
which made the claim "'part and parcel"' of the original claim and not a new
claim. Wilson, 169 Wn. App. at 387.
Further, the ineffective assistance claim is, in fact, a new and separate claim.
Vvhile the timely Winterstein issue is intimately tied to the ineffective assistance
Claim, the latter is a much broader issue requiring examination of when the
representation started and ended, a lawyer's obligations to his clients, and whether
Haghighi would have prevailed on appeal. Resolution of this issue rests on facts
and legal theory entirely distinct from whether Winterstein applies retroactively.
Thus, even if we were to allow the amended PRP to "relate back" to the original
filing, the Winterstein issue is only part of the ineffective assistance of appellate
counsel claim and, therefore, the claim did not arise out of the same "conduct,
transaction, or occurrence" as required by CR 15(c).
Haghighi' s second theory is that the time bar should be equitably tolled so
that the untimely ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim can be added.
14
No. 87529-4
We have recognized that the time bar in RCW 10.73.090 is not jurisdictional in
nature and may, under limited circumstances, be subject to equitable tolling.
Although this court has not previously settled what standard should be applied in
this context, traditionally we have allowed equitable tolling when justice requires
its application and when the predicates of bad faith, deception, or false assurances
are met, and where the petitioner has exercised diligence in pursuing his or her
rights. Bonds, 165 Wn.2d at 140-41.
In any context, the doctrine of equitable tolling is a narrow doctrine to be
used only sparingly and not applicable more generally to "garden variety" claims
of neglect. In determining whether the doctrine applies, its application must be
consistent with the general purpose of the statute setting out the statute of
limitations. Bonds, 165 Wn.2d at 140-41.
Consistent with the general rules and policies governing PRPs, we find it
both unwise and um1ecessary to expand the doctrine beyond the traditional
standard. RCW 10.73.090's time bar promotes finality of judgments, a principle
especially important in this context because a petitioner cannot obtain federal
habeas corpus relief until his or her judgment is final. Any lower standard would
require the courts to constantly define the doctrine's boundaries and call into
question the statutorily established finality.
15
No. 87529-4
Moreover, the general framework governing PRPs shows that equitable
tolling has a more limited role than exists in other contexts, which makes it
necessary to adhere to a stricter standard. In a "normal" situation, equitable tolling
might be the only way in which a party is not deprived of his or her remedy. In a
collateral attack, however, the petitioner not only had the right to make numerous
timely challenges in the form of appeals or other motions but he or she can also
take advantage of multiple other grounds for tolling the statute of limitations.
These other grounds include those expressed in RCW 10.73.100, including newly
discovered evidence, facial invalidity of the judgment and sentence, and double
jeopardy violations. We have also recognized the possibility of the actual
innocence doctrine, which provides perhaps the broadest equitable protections
where justice requires. 4 Thus, an expansive equitable tolling doctrine provides
limited benefit to petitioners and adds unnecessary ambiguity in the law.
Consistent with the narrowness of the doctrine's applicability, principles of
finality, and the multiple avenues available for postconviction relief, we apply the
civil standard and require the predicates of bad faith, deception, or false
assurances, which Haghighi does not establish.
4
In re Pers. Restraint ofWeber, 175 Wn.2d 247, 284 P.3d 734 (2012); In re Pers.
Restraint ofCarter, 172 Wn.2d 917, 263 P.3d 1241 (2011).
16
No. 87529-4
Haghighi knew all the facts relevant to his ineffective assistance of counsel
clai1h when he filed his initial appeal. He knew that Grannis had not raised the
inevitable discovery doctrine in the Court of Appeals and that this court had
subsequently held the doctrine unconstitutional under Washington law. Nothing
prevented Haghighi from raising the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel
claim when he initially filed his timely PRP. We agree with the Court of Appeals'
conclusion that Haghighi's claims are time barred. 5
CONCLUSION
Vl e affirm the Court of Appeals and hold that Winterstein announced a new
rule from which Haghighi does not benefit because his case was final when
Winterstein was decided. Further, we hold that Haghighi's ineffective assistance of
appellate counselis time barred.
5
Even if the ineffectiveness of appellate counsel claim were considered, we find nothing
ineffective in an attorney not raising a claim on appeal that had been rejected in the cases
considering the issue and where no current case supported the theory.
17
No. 87529-4
WE CONCUR:
18
In re Pers. Restraint ofHaghighi (Nadder Baron)
No. 87529-4
GORDON McCLOUD, J. (concurring in part/dissenting in part)-The
majority adopts a rule that drastically limits amendment of pleadings in the
personal restraint petition (PRP) context. This rule conflicts with our
jurisprudence allowing amendment of pleadings that comply with Civil Rule (CR)
15(c) in all other civil cases. I therefore dissent from the decision to affirm
dismissal ofNadder Baron Haghighi's ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
I concur in the majority's decision that Winterstein 1 does not apply
retroactively in this case. However, I write separately to emphasize how narrow
that holding is. In 1989, the United States Supreme Court decided Teague v. Lane,
489 U.S. 288, 109 S. Ct. 1060, 103 L. Ed. 2d 334 (1989). The 1989 Teague rule
was designed for the express purpose of promoting federalism by granting greater
deference to state high court decisions. In fact, Teague "was intended to limit the
authority of federal courts to overturn state convictions-not to limit a state court's
1
State v. Winterstein, 167 Wn.2d 620, 220 P.3d 1226 (2009).
In re Pers. Restraint ofHaghighi (Nadder Baron), No. 87529-4
(Gordon McCloud, J. Concurrence/Dissent)
authority." Danforth v. Minnesota, 552 U.S. 264, 280, 128 S. Ct. 1029, 169 L. Ed.
2d 859 (2008). In 1992, however, this court adopted the federal Teague analysis
and applied it to our review of lower court decisions. In re Pers. Restraint of St.
Pierre, 118 Wn.2d 321, 324-26, 823 P.2d 492 (1992). This court did not do a
thorough analysis of the state values at stake before adopting that somewhat
inapposite federal rule. Then, in 2008, the United States Supreme Court decided
Danforth and ruled, for the first time, that Teague was not designed for state courts
and that state high courts can fashion their own retroactivity rules to serve their
own state values. Danforth, 552 U.S. at 279-82.
This court has not yet done that post-Danforth analysis. The majority does
not do so here-understandably, given that we have not been presented with a
plausible alternative retroactivity theory under which Mr. Haghighi's claim would
survive. Thus, despite its protestations to the contrary, the majority effectively
leaves that question open for another day. I concur in that decision.
I. Amendment of Pleadings
The majority states that we have consistently rejected amendments to PRPs
beyond the one-year time limit, see RCW 10.73.090, and that we should continue
to do so in this case. The majority's statement that we "have allowed amendment
only if made within the one-year statutory time limit," however, is not quite
accurate. Majority at 13. Actually, our application of this rule has been
inconsistent.
-2-
In re Pers. Restraint ofHaghighi (Nadder Baron), No. 87529-4
(Gordon McCloud, J. Concurrence/Dissent)
First, in Vandervlugt, we reviewed a claim brought as an untimely
amendment to a timely PRP, and we granted relief. In re Pers. Restraint of
Vandervlugt, 120 Wn.2d 427, 430-31, 436, 842 P.2d 950 (1992). Then, in Pirtle,
we allowed an amendment to a PRP outside the one-year time limit because the
case involved "unusual circumstances." We expressly stated that we were
allowing the filing of his "amended PRP" outside the time limit. In re Pers.
Restraint of Pirtle, 136 Wn.2d 467,471 n.1, 965 P.2d 593 (1998).
The majority now calls Pirtle a case of "extraordinary circumstances" to
justify its decision to allow that amended PRP but not this one. Majority at 13 n.3.
That sounds like an argument to replace the CR 15 2 standard for allowing
amendment of pleadings in other civil cases, with a far higher "extraordinary
circumstances" amendment of pleadings standard in civil cases like this involving
deprivations of liberty, rather than of property. There is no rule, law, or policy that
would justify that distinction.
After Pirtle, in Bonds, we indicated that equitable tolling could provide a
way for a petitioner to add a claim after the one-year time limit. In re Pers.
Restraint of Bonds, 165 Wn.2d 135, 140, 196 P.3d 672 (2008). 3
2
See discussion ofCR 15, irifra atpp. 5-8.
3
Our reliance on RAP 16.10(c) to reach this conclusion made clear that equitable
tolling could permit even an otherwise untimely amendment to a PRP. Bonds, 165
Wn.2d at 140 ("Though the appellate rules do not expressly authorize or prohibit
amendments to PRPs, we have accepted amendments to a PRP made within the statutory
time limit. This discretionary allowance accords with RAP 16.10(c), which permits an
appellate court to call for additional briefs at any stage of consideration of a PRP.").
-3-
In re Pers. Restraint of Haghighi (Nadder Baron), No. 87529-4
(Gordon McCloud, J. Concurrence/Dissent)
The majority is certainly correct that in Benn, we said that we could not
allow amendments to relate back to the time of filing even "to serve the ends of
justice," RAP 18.8(a), because that would mean waiving the statutorily required
time limits ofRCW 10.73.090 and "RAP 18.8(a) does not allow the court to waive
or alter statutes." In re Pers. Restraint ofBenn, 134 Wn.2d 868, 939, 952 P.2d 116(1998). That statement from Benn, however, predated Pirtle, which expressly
allowed the petitioner to amend his PRP after the one-year time limit ran. That
statement from Benn also conflicts with the result in Vandervlugt and with the
discussion in Bonds, which indicated that equitable tolling might allow a petitioner
to amend his PRP after the one-year time limit ran.
Further, that statement from Benn runs counter to the well-established rule
that "[ w]henever there is a conflict between a procedural statute and a court rule,
the court's rulemaking power is supreme." Nearing v. Golden State Foods Corp.,
114 Wn.2d 817, 821, 792 P.2d 500 (1990). A statute of limitations is considered
procedura1. 4 Thus, ifRCW 10.73.090 stood in conflict with RAP 18.8(a) on this
procedural matter, RAP 18.8(a) would certainly be "supreme."
But I see no such conflict. Statutes of limitations are not strict jurisdictional
prerequisites to suit. They are indisputably subject to certain other nonstatutory
considerations-for example, equitable tolling. See McQuiggin v. Perkins,_ U.S.
4
Merrigan v. Epstein, 112 Wn.2d 709, 717, 773 P.2d 78 (1989) (quoting L.
Orland & David G. Stebing, Retroactivity in Review: The Federal and Washington
Approaches, 16 GONZ. L. REV. 855, 881-82 (1981)).
-4-
In re Pers. Restraint ofHaghighi (Nadder Baron), No. 87529-4
(Gordon McCloud, J. Concurrence/Dissent)
_, 133 S. Ct. 1924, 1931-35, 185 L. Ed. 2d 1019 (2013) (even mandatory federal
statute of limitations on federal habeas may be tolled to serve the interests of
justice, including a claim of actual innocence that did not support equitable
tolling).
In fact, allowing amendment of PRPs after the statute of limitations has
run-at least for certain types of claims-is the only way to harmonize RCW
10.73.090 and CR 15. CR 15(c), of course, permits amendment of pleadings even
after the statute of limitations has passed if the amendment "relates back" to the
time of filing. 5 CR 15 applies to civil cases in the superior court. CR 1. A PRP is
a civil case. 6 Thus, CR 15 expressly applies to PRPs in the superior court.
The majority is correct that PRPs are usually commenced in the appellate
court, not the superior court. But sometimes a PRP is commenced as a CrR 7.8
motion in superior court-and the Civil Rules would apply directly at that point.
And sometimes, after filing, a PRP is referred to the superior court for a hearing.
RAP 16.1l(b). CR 15 would apply directly at that point, too. It would be the
height of formalism-and exceedingly inefficient-to bar such amendments at a
different and likely earlier time in the PRP proceeding, before a reference hearing
5
E.g., Kommavongsa v. Haskell, 149 Wn.2d 288, 317, 67 P.3d 1068 (2003); Beat v.
City ofSeattle, 134 Wn.2d 769, 782, 954 P.2d 237 (1998); Grant v. Morris, 7 Wn. App.
134, 137, 498 P.2d 336 (1972).
6
Limstrom v. Ladenburg, 136 Wn.2d 595, 607 n.5, 963 P.2d 869 (1998) ("personal
restraint petition is a civil procedure"); In re Pers. Restraint of Lord, 123 Wn.2d 737, 739
n.2, 870 P.2d 964 (1994) (same).
-5-
In re Pers. Restraint ofHaghighi (Nadder Baron), No. 87529-4
(Gordon McCloud, J. Concurrence/Dissent)
(as the majority's holding does here). In the past, Washington courts have
eschewed such formalism-they have applied CR 15 even by analogy, where the
rule did not apply literally. 7
Pirtle, Vandervlugt, Bonds, CR 15, RAP 18.8(a), and RAP 1.2(a) (requiring
rule interpretation that furthers decisions "on the merits" rather than on procedural
grounds) thus all weigh in favor of applying the ordinary civil amendment-of-
pleadings rule to PRPs in the appellate court, just as that rule would apply to PRPs
later referred to the Superior Court. To the extent Benn states that amendments
beyond the statutory time limit are always impermissible, it conflicts with those
authorities. Under the ordinary rules governing amendment of pleadings, the
amendment in this case should have been considered.
In fact, the United States Supreme Court has come to a similar conclusion in
the similar context of federal habeas corpus claims filed under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.
Those postconviction challenges, like Washington PRPs, are subject to a strict one-
year time bar. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). But the federal courts, like Washington
courts, consider habeas petitions to be civil cases, and the circuit courts of appeals
thus have treated them as subject to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Fed. R.
Civ. P.), including Fed. R. Civ. P. 15, allowing amendment of pleadings. The
Supreme Court, cognizant of the one-year time bar and of the unique nature of civil
7
See State v. Eppens, 30 Wn. App. 119, 123, 633 P.2d 92 (1981) (permitting State
to amend information after time limit had passed based "on the relation back doctrine,
embodied in CR 15(c) and applicable to criminal cases").
-6-
In re Pers. Restraint of Haghighi (Nadder Baron), No. 87529-4
(Gordon McCloud, J. Concurrence/Dissent)
habeas proceedings as an attack on a previously final judgment, nevertheless
agreed that Fed. R. Civ. P. 15 applied to habeas proceedings. Mayle v. Felix, 545
U.S. 644, 664, 125 S. Ct. 2562, 162 L. Ed. 2d 582 (2005). But it adopted a very
strict limiting principle: amendments proposed after the statute of limitations has
run will not be permitted unless they arise out of the same "'conduct, transaction,
or occurrence"' as that identified in the original habeas petition. Id. at 656(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(2)). The Supreme Court noted that the circuit courts
had been in conflict about what sorts of claims could "relate back" to a timely-filed
habeas petition. Id. at 657. It rejected a broad construction of Fed. R. Civ. P. 15's
phrase "conduct, transaction, or occurrence" that would have permitted belated
amendments raising any claim attacking the final criminal judgment. Id. at 664.
But it did not reject the application of Fed. R. Civ. P. 15 to habeas petitions
completely. Instead, it ruled that the "conduct, transaction, or occurrence" to
which the relation-back rule applied was the challenge raised in the original habeas
petition, not the original criminal case. !d. at 660-61, 664. Under that extremely
restrictive definition, the court barred an amendment based on a completely
different claim than the one in the initial habeas petition. Id. at 660-61(confrontation clause claim based on one set of statements does not arise from the
same conduct, transaction, or occurrence as self-incrimination claim based on
different statements).
-7-
In re Pers. Restraint ofHaghighi (Nadder Baron), No. 87529-4
(Gordon McCloud, J. Concurrence/Dissent)
Washington's CR 15 is essentially the same as Fed. R. Civ. P. 15.
Washington's interest in finality, but also in fair and even-handed application of
the CRs, is certainly as important as the federal interests identified in Mayle. But
the majority adopts an interpretation of CR 15 that is far more restrictive than even
the restrictive interpretation adopted by the Supreme Court in Mayle, and more
restrictive than any ofthe circuits that construed tFed. R. Civ. P. 15 before Mayle.
It offers no justification for such a nontextual reading of the rules.
To be sure, we can have a healthy debate in the future about which claims
relate back and which claims do not here in Washington. But even under the most
restrictive interpretation ofCR 15(c)'s language-the one adopted by the Supreme
Court-the appellate court in Mr. Haghighi's case should have addressed whether
the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to preserve the "inevitable
discovery" argument in this court (following the appellate court's affirmance on
appeal) "relates back" to the initial filing of the PRP, with its ordinary, unadorned,
"inevitable discovery" claim. Under CR 15(c), an amendment to a complaint relates
back if "the claim . . . asserted in the amended pleading arose out of the conduct,
transaction, or occurrence set forth or attempted to be set forth in the original
pleading." If the amendment relates back to such conduct, it is irrelevant that the
claim is based on a different theory. 8 "[T]he test for relation back ... is ... whether
8
Grant, 7 Wn. App. at 137 ('"And an amendment which changes only the legal
theory of the action ... will relate back"' (quoting 3 JAMES WM. MOORE, MooRE'S
FEDERAL PRACTICE 15.15(3), at 1027 (2d ed. 1968))).
-8-
In re Pers. Restraint ofHaghighi (Nadder Baron), No. 87529-4
(Gordon McCloud, J. Concurrence/Dissent)
9
the defendant had notice of the lawsuit and accordingly was not prejudiced .... "
Here, the State had notice that the PRP petitioner's claims challenged not just his
criminal conviction but, more importantly, the trial and appellate courts' embrace of
the "inevitable discovery" exception to the exclusionary rule. The proposed
amendment in this case-a challenge to the same criminal conviction implicating
those same "inevitable discovery" holdings-therefore relates back to the initial
filing of the PRP. "The judicial preference to allow amendments that relate back is
consistent with the policy that a case should be decided on the merits." Watson v.
Emard, 165 Wn. App. 691, 700, 267 P.3d 1048 (2011) (citing Herron v. Tribune
Publ'g Co., 108 Wn.2d 162, 167,736 P.2d 249 (1987)).
The majority insists that even if ordinary civil relation-back rules applied to
this civil case, an ineffective assistance of counsel claim based on counsel's failure to
take a specific action does not relate back to the substantive claim of error upon
which the ineffective assistance of counsel is based, because they are too different.
Majority at 14-15. This assertion flatly contradicts our long history of characterizing
an ineffective assistance of counsel claim based on a particular legal error as virtually
identical to the substantive error itself, for the purpose of barring a petitioner's ability
to raise the ineffective assistance of counsel claim on a PRP following rejection of
9
Kommavongsa, 149 Wn.2d at 317; see also Beal, 134 Wn.2d at 782 ("The purpose
of CR 15(c) ... is to permit amendment provided the defendant is not prejudiced and has
notice.").
-9-
In re Pers. Restraint ofHaghighi (Nadder Baron), No. 87529-4
(Gordon McCloud, J. Concurrence/Dissent)
the substantive claim on appeal. 10 If both claims are considered the same ground for
relief in the latter context, they must certainly be considered the same-or nearly the
same-ground for relief in the former context.
The ineffective assistance claim should therefore be decided on the merits.
Petitioner argues that appellate defense counsel's failure to preserve the "inevitable
discovery" issue on direct appeal by seeking review of that claim in this court
constituted ineffective assistance. Whether that failure fell below the required
objective standard of reasonableness, Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104
S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984), is a difficult issue. On the one hand,
appellate defense counsel's failure to anticipate changes in the law does not fall
below the required objective standard of reasonableness. 11 On the other hand,
appellate defense counsel does have a duty to provide effective assistance, 12 so the
10
E.g., In re Pers. Restraint of Davis, 152 Wn.2d 647, 671 & n.19, 101 PJd 1
(2004) (defendant "'may not recast the same issue as an ineffective assistance claim;
simply recasting an argument in that manner does not create a new grOtmd for relief"
(quoting In re Pers. Restraint of Stenson, 142 Wn.2d 710, 720, 16 P.3d 1 (2001))).
11
Benn, 134 Wn.2d at 939; see also State v. Brown, 159 Wn. App. 366, 372, 245
P.3d 776 (collecting cases), review denied, 171 Wn.2d 1025 (2011).
12
See Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 395-96, 105 S. Ct. 830, 83 L. Ed. 2d 821 (1985)
(flrst appeal as of right not adjudicated in accord with due process if appellant lacks
effective assistance of counsel, whether retained or appointed); McCoy v. Court of Appeals,
486 U.S. 429, 436, 108 S. Ct. 1895, 100 L. Ed. 2d 440 (19878); In re Pers. Restraint of
Orange, 152 Wn.2d 795, 814, 100 PJd 291 (2004) (ineffective assistance for appellate
defense counsel to fail to raise issue on appeal that would have resulted in new trial); State
v. Tomal, 133 Wn.2d 985, 990-91, 948 P.2d 833 (1997).
-10-
In re Pers. Restraint ofHaghighi (Nadder Baron), No. 87529-4
(Gordon McCloud, J. Concurrence/Dissent)
failure to give correct advice about the advisability of an appeal does fall below the
13
required objective standard of reasonableness.
Where did appellate defense counsel's conduct fall on this spectrum? This
depends in part on facts about what appellate counsel did and in part on facts about
what he reasonably should have done during the relevant time period. See
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 698 (claim of ineffective assistance is mixed question of
fact and law); In re Pers. Restraint of Brett, 142 Wn.2d 868, 873, 16 P.3d 601(200 1). That is the proper subject of a RAP 16.11 (b) reference hearing. 14
I therefore dissent from the majority's decision to affirm the denial of
petitioner's motion to amend his PRP. That decision should be reversed, and this
PRP should· be referred to the superior court for a hearing on the ineffective
assistance claim that was the subject of the proposed amendment.
II. Retroactivity
13
See State v. Rolax, 104 Wn.2d 129, 135, 702 P.2d 1185 (1985); see also State v.
Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d 856, 862, 215 P.3d 177 (2009) ("Reasonable conduct for an attorney
includes carrying out the duty to research the relevant law.").
14
Since ineffective assistance is a mixed question of fact and law, Washington
courts admit expert testimony on that issue. E.g., In re Pers. Restraint of Elmore, 162
Wn.2d 236, 264, 172 P.3d 335 (2007) (considering expert testimony proffered by
petitioner Elmore on Strickland standard of care and ruling against Elmore on the merits).
In fact this court has found expert testimony admissible and persuasive on an ineffective
assistance issue. Brett, 142 Wn.2d at 876-80 (summarizing evidence); id. at 871 ("the
reference hearing's expert legal testimony establishes that counsel, by failing to take any
meaningful steps to develop the evidence available for use in Brett's defense, deprived
Brett of effective counsel").
-11-
In re Pers. Restraint of Haghighi (Nadder Baron), No. 87529-4
(Gordon McCloud, J. Concurrence/Dissent)
The majority also holds that the illegal search claim contained in the
original, timely filed PRP cannot be decided on the merits because the dispositive
case-Winterstein-was decided after Mr. Haghighi's appeal became final. The
majority relies on St. Pierre's 1992 adoption of the 1989 federal Teague case to
govern this retroactivity analysis.
Whether Teague should still guide state court retroactivity analysis post-
Danforth is another difficult question. In St. Pierre, we transitioned to the Teague
analysis largely without comment. We did note, citing the earlier case Sauve, that
"we have attempted from the outset to stay in step with the federal retroactivity
analysis." St. Pierre, 118 Wn.2d at 324 (citing In re Pers. Restraint of Sauve, 103
Wn.2d 322, 326-28, 692 P.2d 818 (1985)). But the cited portion of Sauve merely
describes and then follows the federal analysis without explanation of why it
should be followed. State court decisions following St. Pierre continued to follow
Teague but still lacked a full analysis of whether it advanced or impeded relevant
state values.
In 2008, however, the United States Supreme Court made clear, for the first
time, that the federal judge-made Teague rule does not consider state interests for
and against retroactivity and, hence, that Teague does not control this court's
retroactivity analysis. Danforth, 552 U.S. at 282.
This court has not had an opportunity since Danforth was decided to
consider whether the values informing our retroactivity analysis are the same as the
-12-
In re Pers. Restraint ofHaghighi (Nadder Baron), No. 87529-4
(Gordon McCloud, J. Concurrence/Dissent)
values animating Teague. The majority suggests that those values are identical, so
no further analysis is needed: "no explanation is offered [by petitioner] as to why
our state would favor finality of judgments to a lesser extent than the federal
system. Thus, we see no reason to depart from our established retroactivity
analysis." Majority at 11.
The majority is correct that our state values finality, just as the federal courts
do. But the majority is incorrect to imply that finality is the only value at stake
here in state court. In any criminal appeal or postconviction proceeding, there are
at least two competing values: the value of finality, on the one hand, and the value
of error correction, on the other hand. Teague places tight limits on postconviction
review in large part out of respect for the state courts' ability, and duty, to do their
own error correction. Teague's federalism-based concerns, which caused it to tip
the balance in favor of finality and against error correction, do not have the same
weight where, as here, a state court is reviewing state convictions and trying to do
the error correction that Teague expects of state courts. 15 In fact where, as here, a
state constitutional right is at stake, the state court is the only one that can perform
the error correction function: federal courts do not reach state constitutional claims
at all.
15
See Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S._, 131 S. Ct. 770, 778, 178 L. Ed. 2d 624(20 11) ("state courts are the principal forum for asserting constitutional challenges to
state convictions").
-13-
In re Pers. Restraint ofHaghighi (Nadder Baron), No. 87529-4
(Gordon McCloud, J. Concurrence/Dissent)
St. Pierre imported Teague into Washington law without discussing these
policy concerns. The majority does not discuss them here. That is certainly
understandable, since Mr. Haghighi provided only limited discussion about which
of many possible retroactivity tests would best further our state's values, why any
one of them should be adopted, and whether the suggested test would dictate a
16
different outcome here.
Our research reveals numerous possible non- Teague tests. Some might
weigh against retroactivity in this situation. For example, many of the state courts
rejecting Teague have stuck with the earlier federal test from Linkletter v. Walker,
381 U.S. 618, 85 S. Ct. 1731, 14 L. Ed. 2d 601 (1965). 17 Courts often interpret the
16
Mr. Haghighi's initial appellate court brief asked that court to abandon Teague
in the "interests of justice." Br. of Pet'r at 15, In re Pers. Restraint of Haghighi (Wash.
Ct. App. No. 631307-1 (2011)). His reply brief in the appellate court cited numerous out-
of-state cases rejecting Teague, but provided no specific alternative. Court of Appeals
Reply Br. of Pet'r at 4, In re Haghighi (Wash. Ct. App. No. 631307-1 (2011)). The
petitioner's supplemental brief in this court does not urge adoption of a specific test
either, but it points to one developed in the context of purely civil matters that places no
weight at all on concerns unique to criminal cases (for example, the importance of
finality in the criminal context not just to crime victims but also to the need for effective
consequences, the concerns about placing special emphasis on the guilt-innocence
determination, or the value of deterring official misconduct). Suppl. Br. of Pet'r at 13-14
(citing Lunsford v. Saberhagen Holdings, Inc., 166 Wn.2d 264, 271-73, 208 P.3d 1092(2009)).
17
E.g., State v. Whitfield, 107 S.W.3d 253 (Mo. 2003); State v. Nakata, 76 Haw.
360, 378, 878 P.2d 699 (1994); Cowell v. Leapley, 458 N.W.2d 514 (S.D. 1990); see
also Ex parte Coker, 575 So. 2d 43, 51-52 (Ala. 1990); Moen v. Peterson, 104 Or. App.
481, 483 n.l, 802 P.2d 76 (1990); People v. Carrera, 49 Cal. 3d 291, 326-28, 777 P.2d
121, 261 Cal. Rptr. 348 (1989); State v. Lark, 117 N.J. 331, 339-40, 567 A.2d 197(1989).
-14-
In re Pers. Restraint ofHaghighi (Nadder Baron), No. 87529-4
(Gordon McCloud, J. Concurrence/Dissent)
Linkletter test as favoring retroactivity of new rules tending to strengthen the
reliability of the guilt-innocence determination 18 over new rules aimed at deterring
official misconduct. For exampie, the New York Supreme Court (trial level court)
just issued a decision declining to apply the United States Supreme Court's holding
regarding ineffective assistance in Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 130 S. Ct.
1473, 176 L. Ed. 2d 284 (2010), retroactively because of the Linkletter test: "New
York . . . has continued to rely on the [Linkletter] criteria, even post- Teague."
People v. Marshall, No. 3018/1995 2013 WL 1729392, at *2 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Apr.
19, 2013). 19 Other possible retroactivity tests place great weight on the integrity of
the proceedings. E.g., Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 107 S. Ct. 708,93 L. Ed.
2d 649 (1987) (applying Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S. Ct. 1712, 90 L.
Ed. 2d 69 (1986), barring systematic use of peremptory challenges to exclude
jurors on account of their race, retroactively). At least one state asks mainly
whether, under a state analysis, the new decision constitutes a "clear break" from
past precedent. Denisyuk v. State, 422 Md. 462, 478, 30 A.3d 914 (2011) (quoting
18
See, e.g., United States v. Williams, 615 F.2d 585, 592-93 (3d Cir. 1980); Sauve,
103 Wn.2d at 327-28 (noting consideration of the "truth-finding function" in
Linkletter/Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 296-300; 87 S. Ct. 1967, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1199(1967) retroactivity analysis).
19
Although this case is unpublished, under New York law, "unpublished decisions
may still be considered as persuasive authority." Yellow Book of NY LP v. Dimilia, 188
Misc. 2d 489, 489, 729 N.Y.S.2d 286 (Dist. Ct. 2001). While there is no rule that bars
this court's opinions from citing any authority, we permit parties to cite unpublished
cases "if citation to that opinion is permitted under the law of the jurisdiction of the
issuing court." GR 14.1.
-15-
In re Pers. Restraint ofHaghighi (Nadder Baron), No. 87529-4
(Gordon McCloud, J. Concurrence/Dissent)
Potts v. State, 300 Md. 567, 577, 479 A.2d 1335 (1984)). If not, it applies to
earlier cases. Using this analysis, the Maryland Court of Appeals held that Padilla
was not a clear break so "under Maryland retroactivity jurisprudence, Padilla is
retroactively applicable." Denisyuk, 422 Md. at 482. The court clarified that
"Maryland has not adopted Teague, nor must it." !d. at 480 n.8.
The majority does not discuss which one of these or other possible tests 20
best serves our own state values of finality and error correction, of reliability and
integrity, of factual accuracy and procedural fairness. That means that this remains
an open question that we will have to answer, post-Danforth, _in the appropriate
case.
For the reasons given above, I dissent from the decision to affirm denial of
the motion to amend the PRP. I concur in the majority's conclusion about
nonretroactivity.
20
Other retroactivity tests are possible, too. See Christopher N. Lasch, The Future
of Teague Retroactivity, or "Redressability," after Danforth v. Minnesota: Why Lower
Courts Should Give Retroactive Effect to New Constitutional Rules of Criminal
Procedure in Postconviction Proceedings, 46 AM. CRIM. L. REV. 1, 60 (2009)
(suggesting that benefits of complete retroactivity on collateral review outweigh finality
concerns). '
-16-
In rePers. Restraint ofHaghighi (Nadder Baron), No. 87529-4
(Gordon McCloud, J. Concurrence/Dissent)
-17-