State v. Hessel ( 1920 )

Mackintosh, J.

The defendant was tried and convicted under chapter 19, Laws of 1917, p. 60 § 17 (h), which provides: . . any person who carries about with him intoxicating- liquor with the purpose of the unlawful sale of the same be, and is hereby defined to be, a bootleg-ger. Any person convicted of being . . . a bootlegger as herein defined shall be guilty of a felony.”

The appellant urges, first, that this section is unconstitutional for the reason that it attempts to provide for the punishment of an intent to do an act, not coupled with an overt criminal act, and bases his argument upon the ease of Proctor v. State, 15 Okl. Cr. 338, 176 Pac. 771. The fallacy of appellant’s argument and the decision upon which he relies, lies -in this —that they overlook the fact that the section in question is aimed at the carrying around of liquor for the purpose of selling it, and that it is not the intent which is being punished but the act of peddling liquor with the intent to sell it. A person cannot be punished for merely possessing an unlawful intent, but he may be punished for acts which are forbidden but are not malum in se if they are coupled with an unlawful intent. The statute is one against the peddling of liquor as a business, and that avocation, connected with the intent of disposing of the liquor, furnishes the overt act which must accompany the intent in order to constitute the crime.

It is also urged against the constitutionality of this section that it violates Const., art. 1, § 3, and the eighth amendment to the Federal constitution, in that it provides for cruel and unusual punishment, the section making it a felony to carry liquor about with the intent of selling it, whereas other sections of the act merely make it a misdemeanor to sell liquor unlawfully; in other words, that the lesser crime in fact is punished, by the severer penalty. It might be that a very plausible argument can be made based on this hypothesis, but the fault lies in that the hypothesis is false. The offenses of selling liquor unlawfully, or possessing it unlawfully, were deemed by the legislature to merit punishment as misdemeanors; but the engaging in the business of bootlegging, which we have defined as the peddling of liquor with intent to unlawfully dispose of it, was deemed by the legislature more subversive of the morals of the community than an isolated sale or possession, and we cannot say that a person who is engaged in that business does not deserve severer punishment than one who is convicted of merely making a sale, or having liquor in his possession.

“The States as a part of their police power have a large measure of discretion in creating and defining criminal offences.” 12 C. J. 1185. The legislature had a right to take into consideration the general experience in attempts to suppress the illegal sale of liquor and to draw upon that experience in determining that persons who carry liquor about with them with the intent to sell it should be more severely punished than persons who have liquor in their possession or might make a sale thereof. The element of intent is a part of the crime of bootlegging and the legislature in fixing the punishment considered that. “The purpose of our law is to graduate punishment according to the guilt involved.” 1 Wharton, Criminal Law (11th ed.), p. 13. We see no merit in this objection to the constitutionality of the section: The recent case of State v. Burgess, 111 Wash. 537, 191 Pac. 635, had under consideration the companion offense of being a jointist, and this court there arrived at the conclusion that the statute in that regard was constitutional, and we now hold that the statute defining and punishing bootlegging is constitutional.

The appellant urges that evidence was improperly admitted of separate and distinct unlawful sales of liquor. One of the elements of the crime necessary for the state to prove is the purpose for which the liquor was carried about, and in order to show that purpose and intent evidence of various sales was admissible. The case of State v. Smith, 103 Wash. 267, 174 Pac. 9, cited by appellant, was a case in which the act charged against the defendant characterized the offense and was proven by proving the act. Here the guilty intent must be proven by acts other than the act of carrying liquor about and proof of sales was competent to prove that intent. State v. Raymond, 24 Conn. 204.

A considerable confusion appears in the record by reason of exceptions taken to the refusal to give requested instructions, and exceptions taken to instructions given. The appellant requested that the court instruct the jury that he was not being’ prosecuted for the sale of intoxicating’ liquor, or with the taking’ or soliciting- of orders for the purpose of selling intoxicating liquors, or with maintaining a place for the sale of intoxicating liquors, and that he could only be convicted of carrying liquor about with him for the purpose of unlawful sale, and that this did not mean “transporting liquor from one given place to another with no intention of sale while being so transported.”

In view of the fact that the jury might easily be misled by the evidence of sales which was introduced solely for the purpose of showing intent, and by evidence which might have allowed the jury to believe that the appellant had solicited orders, or that he might be maintaining a place for the unlawful sale of liquor, these instructions should have been given. Although, as a general rule, the court is not required to inform the jury with what crimes the defendant is not charged, we have no question here of requested instructions of a lower offense than that charged, but it was desired to have the court call the jury’s attention to matters which involved other offenses, with which the appellant was not charged.

It is also urged that the court erred in giving instruction No. 7, which reads:

“Other sections of the statute under which this prosecution is brought are as follows: It shall be unlawful for any person other than a regularly ordained clergyman, priest or rabbi actually engaged in ministering to a religious congregation, to have in his possession any intoxicating liquor other than alcohol.

“In any prosecution for the violation of any provision of this act it shall be competent to prove that any person, other than a regularly ordained clergyman, priest or rabbi actually engaged in ministering to a religious congregation, had in his possession any intoxicating liquor other than alcohol, and such possession and proof thereof shall be prima facie evidence that said liquor was so held and kept for the purpose of unlawful sale or disposition.

“And I instruct you further that it is not necessary for the state in this prosecution to allege in the information that the defendant is not a regularly ordained clergyman, priest or rabbi actually engaged in ministering to a religious congregation, and it is not necessary for the state to prove in this case that the defendant is not or was not a regularly ordained clergyman, priest or rabbi actually engaged in ministering to a religious congregation. ’ ’

The court then goes into the other portion of § 17h in which is contained the prohibition against bootlegging; then he proceeds to tell the jury that it is not necessary for the state to prove matters and things contained in the balance of the section which the court had just quoted. This was clearly erroneous and prejudicial, as it tended to confuse the issue before the jury, by calling their attention to matters upon which there was no evidence, and to a crime with which the defendant was not charged.

It is next urged as error that, after the jury had retired at the conclusion of the argument, and without any request from the jury or from counsel, and after the jury had been deliberating, the court, on its own motion, called the jury back for additional instructions. Bern. Code, § 352, provides for further instruction to the jury, and although the error complained of may not have been prejudicial, it is a practice which ought not to be recommended.

It is finally contended that there is no evidence upon which the verdict of bootlegging could be returned. The evidence shows that a sale was made to the prosecuting-witness of bottled whiskey in a hotel room at Connell. While the evidence in the case is stronger in proof of the appellant’s guilt of unlawfully having •liquor in his possession or of having made an unlawful sale of it, there was some evidence tending to prove that he was guilty of bootlegging, that is, of peddling liquor with intent to sell it. There was enough evidence from which the jury might have found that the state had proved that the appellant was engaged in the business of carrying liquor about with the intent to sell it, and that the appellant did more than to have liquor in his possession and sell it.

For the reasons indicated in this opinion, the judgment will be reversed and a retrial ordered.

Holcomb, C. J., Parker, Main, ’ and Mitchell, JJ., concur.