State of Washington v. Tammy Lynn Davis ( 2017 )

FILED
SEPTEMBER 28, 2017
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 34766-4-111
)
Respondent, )
)
v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
TAMMY LYNN DAVIS, )
)
Appellant. )
LAWRENCE-BERREY, J. -A jury found Tammy Lynn Davis guilty of unlawful
possession of a controlled substance-methamphetamine. She argues the trial court erred
in ordering a 12-month community custody term, in ordering various community custody
conditions, and in ordering her to pay discretionary legal financial obligations (LFOs ).
We affirm the term of her community custody, reverse some community custody
conditions, and order the trial court to strike discretionary LFOs.
FACTS
On December 23, 2015, Tammy Lynn Davis was shopping at a Wahnart store in
Chelan County. Ms. Davis went to the self-checkout stand to complete her purchase. As
she withdrew money from her back pocket, a small "baggie" fell out of her pocket and
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State v. Davis
onto the floor. An employee later found the baggie. A security camera showed that the
baggie, later determined to contain methamphetamine, fell out of Ms. Davis's pocket.
The State charged Ms. Davis with unlawful possession of a controlled substance-
methamphetamine. At trial, Ms. Davis presented a theory of unwitting possession and
testified on behalf of her defense. The jury rejected her defense and found her guilty.
At sentencing, the State recommended a first time offender waiver and sentence of
30 days' confinement. Ms. Davis countered and asked for work crew instead of total
confinement. Her counsel argued:
Sentence her because of who she is and what the crime she was convicted
of. And who she is is a law-abiding woman who's been on Social Security,
SSI [Social Security Income], that probably won't be able to return to active
gainful employment, although as long as it's not too hot, she can clean up
trash alongside the highway with work crew.
I see cases like this. This is a possession case, right, and so is this
woman an addict? That's what we should find out first. And if she's an
addict, then she needs treatment for that addiction, but jail isn't going to
change that addiction if that's the problem, because that's what she was
convicted of was possessing something that she shouldn't have held, not
something that belonged to somebody else but possessing something she
shouldn't have held. And so we're going to sentence this woman.
Shouldn't we try to do something to make sure this doesn't happen again?
She's a 56-year-old woman.
Report of Proceedings (RP) at 163. The trial court asked what her disability was, and she
replied arthritis.
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The trial court, persuaded by counsel's argument, imposed a 30-day sentence and
permitted 27 of those days to be served by work crew. The trial court also imposed
$1,650 of LFOs, plus a witness fee to be determined later. The LFOs were comprised of
mandatory and discretionary LFOs. The mandatory LFOs were: a $500 victim
assessment, a $200 criminal filing fee, and a $100 deoxyribonucleic collection fee. The
discretionary LFOs were: a $250 jury demand fee, a $500 fee for court-appointed
attorney, and a $100 crime laboratory fee. The trial court asked Ms. Davis how much she
could pay per month and set the monthly payment at $25.
The trial court entered a finding on the judgment and sentence that Ms. Davis had
a chemical dependency that contributed to the offense. The court ordered a chemical
dependency evaluation within 60 days, and that she successfully complete any
recommended treatment/counseling program.
In addition to other conditions of community custody, the trial court ordered Ms.
Davis not to frequent places whose principal source of income is the sale of alcoholic
beverages, and, at her own expense, to submit to random urinalysis, blood alcohol content
(BAC), or other tests.
The trial court held a hearing one month later to address witness fees and also Ms.
Davis's inability to meet the physical demands of work crew. Ms. Davis requested
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community service and a reduction of LFOs. The State addressed the LFOs by saying,
"But there is recent case law on SSI and discretionary LFOs that may have an impact on
that." RP at 174. The State was referring to City of Richland v. Wakefield, 186 Wash. 2d
596, 380 P.3d 459 (2016), which had been decided in the interim since the first
sentencing hearing. Ms. Davis did not mention or cite the case, but explained that since
she lived on $960 per month from disability income and her federal housing aid had been
lost because of her recent felony conviction, she could not afford to pay LFOs. The trial
court converted Ms. Davis's remaining sentence to community service, struck only the
witness fee, and reduced her LFO payments to $15 per month.
This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
A. COMMUNITY CUSTODY TERM AND CONDITIONS
For the first time on appeal, Ms. Davis challenges the term and several conditions
of her community custody. The State asserts that Ms. Davis's failure to object below
precludes her from raising these errors now. We disagree. Defendants may generally
challenge community custody conditions that are contrary to statutory authority for the
first time on appeal. State v. Bahl, 164 Wash. 2d 739, 745, 193 P.3d 678 (2008).
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Ms. Davis argues the trial court erred in ( 1) entering a finding that she had a
chemical dependency that contributed to the offense and requiring her to successfully
complete any recommended treatment program, (2) ordering a 12-month term for
community custody, (3) precluding her from frequenting places whose primary source of
income is the sale of alcoholic beverages, and (4) submitting to random urinalysis, BAC,
or other tests at the direction of her community custody officer.
1. Chemical dependency finding and completion of recommended
treatment program
Ms. Davis contends the trial court erred in entering the chemical dependency
finding because there was insufficient evidence that she suffered from any chemical
dependency. We conclude the invited error doctrine prohibits her from raising this
argument.
The invited error doctrine prohibits a party from setting up an error and then
complaining ofit on appeal. State v. Henderson, 114 Wash. 2d 867, 870, 792 P.2d 514
(1990) (quoting State v. Pam, 101 Wn.2d 507,511,680 P.2d 762 (1984)). The invited
error doctrine applies only where the defendant engaged in some affirmative action by
which she knowingly and voluntarily set up the error. In re Pers. Restraint of Call, 144
Wash. 2d 315, 326-28, 28 P.3d 709 (2001). This court applies the invited error doctrine as a
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State v. Davis
"strict rule" to situations where the defendant's actions at least in part caused the error.
State v. Studd, 137 Wash. 2d 533, 547, 973 P.2d 1049 (1999).
During sentencing, Ms. Davis's counsel persuaded the trial court to impose
work release in lieu of 30 days' jail, and argued the court's focus should be on
whether Ms. Davis was an addict in need of treatment. To give effect to her request,
RCW 9.94A.607(1) required the trial court to enter a finding that Ms. Davis suffered from
a chemical dependency that contributed to her offense. State v. Warnock, 174 Wash. App.
608, 612, 299 P.3d 1173 (2013). Ms. Davis may not now claim the trial court erred when
it was her request at sentencing that necessitated the finding.
2. Community custody term
Ms. Davis argues the trial court erred when it imposed 12 months of community
custody. We disagree.
RCW 9.94A.650(3) authorizes up to 12 months of community custody when the
sentence includes treatment. Because Ms. Davis's sentence included the possibility of
treatment, the trial court did not err.
3. Frequenting places such as taverns and cocktail lounges
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Ms. Davis argues the trial court erred when it ordered her not to frequent places
whose principal source of income is the sale of alcohol beverages, such as taverns and
cocktail lounges. We agree.
This court reviews community custody conditions for an abuse of discretion. State
v. Irwin, 191 Wash. App. 644, 652, 364 P .3d 830 (2015). As part of any term of
community custody, the court may impose and enforce crime-related prohibitions.
RCW 9.94A.505(9); RCW 9.94A.703(3)(f). A crime-related community custody
condition prohibits conduct that "directly relates to the circumstances of the crime for
which the offender has been convicted." RCW 9.94A.030(10). "'Directly related'
includes conditions that are 'reasonably related' to the crime." Irwin, 191 Wash. App. at
656 (quoting State v. Kinzle, 181 Wash. App. 774, 785, 326 P.3d 870 (2014)).
The record reflects the trial court was concerned that Ms. Davis might enter a
tavern and trade alcohol for methamphetamine. This is a tenuous link to the committed
offense. A person could potentially use anything as a bartering chip for
methamphetamine. No evidence suggests Ms. Davis used alcohol or any other substance
to acquire methamphetamine in this case. Therefore, this condition is not crime related,
and the trial court abused its discretion in ordering this prohibition.
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4. Submitting to random drug and alcohol tests
Ms. Davis asserts the trial court erred in requiring her to submit to random
urinalysis, BAC, or other tests. The State asserts that such random tests are permitted
under RCW 9.94A.607(1) (chemical dependency finding and treatment) and
RCW 9.94A.703(3) (community custody conditions). We disagree in part but affirm the
requirement on a supplemental basis.
Under RCW 9.94A.607(1) and RCW 9.94A.703(3), a trial court has authority to
require the offender to perform affirmative conduct reasonably related to the
circumstances of the crime, provided the requirement is beneficial to the offender or the
community. Ordering an offender to cooperate with random drug tests to ensure
compliance with a community custody condition is beneficial to the offender and is
therefore valid.
Here, the circumstance of the crime involved possession of methamphetamine, not
alcohol. However, a trial court may always order a prohibition on possessing or
consuming alcohol. RCW 9.94A.703(3)(e). A trial court also has the authority to enforce
conditions that it imposes. State v. Vant, 145 Wash. App. 592, 603-04, 186 P.3d 1149
(2008) (discussing former statute). Requiring Ms. Davis to submit to random alcohol
testing ensures compliance with the condition it imposed on her prohibiting her from
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No. 34766-4-III
State v. Davis
possessing or consuming alcohol.
B. LEGAL FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS
Ms. Davis argues the trial court erred because it did not sufficiently consider her
present or future ability to pay before imposing discretionary LFOs. She further argues
that the unrebutted evidence was that she was physically disabled because of arthritis and
supporting herself and her grandson on a fixed monthly disability benefit.
The State first argues that Ms. Davis failed to preserve this issue for review. We
disagree. Ms. Davis argued, especially at the second hearing, that she could not afford to
pay the legal financial obligations. She emphasized that her conviction caused her to lose
her housing subsidy, that she was on a fixed disability income, and that she was
supporting herself and her grandson. In response, the trial court did not impose
discretionary witness fees, and reduced the required monthly payment to $15. In doing
so, the trial court did not explicitly find that Ms. Davis could either pay $15 per month or
that she could eventually pay the total judgment including interest.
In Wakefield, our Supreme Court emphasized that trial courts should "' seriously
question'" whether a person, indigent for purposes of GR 34, has the ability to pay LFOs.
186 Wash. 2d at 607 (quoting State v. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d 827,839,344 P.3d 680 (2015)).
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The Wakefield court further admonished courts against imposing miniscule monthly
payments that will not even pay the judgment principal. Id.
Here, the trial court found that Ms. Davis was indigent for purposes of GR 34.
Ms. Davis's total judgment is $1,650. At 12 percent interest per year, such a judgment
accrues monthly interest of $16.50. Even if Ms. Davis could pay $15 per month, a
finding that the trial court did not make, that amount would be insufficient to pay the
interest on the judgment. We conclude the trial court erred in ordering Ms. Davis to pay
discretionary LFOs.
In conclusion, we remand for the trial court to strike ( 1) the prohibition against
frequenting places whose primary source of income is the sale of alcoholic beverages and
(2) discretionary LFOs.
Affirmed in part and remanded.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
WE CONCUR:
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Fearin~'
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