State Of Washington, V Devon Marteen Daniels ( 2015 )

FILED
COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISIONaI
2015 FEB 10
IM 8: 54
BY
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTO
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 44382 -1 - II
Respondent,
v.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
DEVON M. DANIELS,
Appellant.
MAxA, J. — Devon Daniels appeals his convictions of second degree burglary and first
degree theft. We hold that ( 1) the trial court did not err when it dismissed a potential juror for
cause, ( 2) the trial court did not err when it admitted Daniels' s booking photographs into
evidence, and ( 3) there was sufficient evidence to support Daniels' s burglary conviction. We
also reject Daniels' s statement of additional grounds ( SAG) claims challenging the trial court' s
refusal to provide a lesser included jury instruction and arguing that the trial court should have
excluded the victim' s testimony because he lied to the 911 operator. Accordingly, we affirm
Daniels' s convictions.
FACTS
On June 11, 2012, Mark Friesman, the owner of a convenience store in Tacoma, placed a
bank deposit bag containing store receipts totaling over $7, 000 in a locked desk drawer in his
office. Later, the store cashier gave Daniels permission to use the private store bathroom. The
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door to Friesman' s office could be accessed only through the bathroom. According to Friesman
and the clerk, the office door was locked.
When Friesman saw Daniels leave the bathroom, he immediately went into the bathroom
and noticed that the office door was ajar, his desk drawer was open, and the bank deposit bag
was gone. He chased after Daniels, but Daniels ran across the street and disappeared. Friesman
and two store patrons later went looking for Daniels, and found him walking behind a local
business. A police officer searched a residential area where Friesman had seen Daniels walking
and discovered scattered one dollar bills and a jacket. Another officer then searched the area and
recovered the stolen bank deposit bag. The State charged Daniels with second degree burglary
and first degree theft.
During jury voir dire, juror 18. stated that she had witnessed the police do a lot of things
that were not right, and therefore she could not be fair and impartial toward police officers. She
stated: " I don' t believe anything coming out of their mouth." Report of Proceedings ( RP) ( Dec.
10, 2012) at 79. Upon further questioning, juror 18 stated that she could be fair and impartial.
However, she also stated that law enforcement officers would " have to really prove their case"
for her to believe them because of her observing things that were not right. RP ( Dec. 10, 2012)
at 104. She agreed that she would hold police officers to a higher standard of proof and would
need " 100 percent proof' in order for her to believe the testimony of police officers. RP ( Dec.
10, 2012). at 106. She also admitted that if she were the prosecutor she would not want someone
like her on the jury.
Following this examination, the State moved to dismiss juror 18 for cause. The trial
court granted the State' s motion over Daniels' s objection.
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During trial, the State sought to introduce Daniels' s booking photographs taken after his
arrest. The State reasoned that because Daniels had substantially changed his appearance, the
photographs could help identify him as the person seen on the convenience store video
surveillance tapes. Daniels objected, arguing that there was already testimony that he had been
arrested and booked into jail and therefore the photographs were unnecessary to prove any
contested issue. The trial court allowed the State to introduce the photographs.
Daniels requested a lesser included instruction of criminal trespass on the burglary
charge. The trial court denied the instruction, finding that there was no evidence to support it.
The jury found Daniels guilty of both charged offenses. Daniels appeals.
ANALYSIS
A. DISMISSING JUROR FOR CAUSE
Daniels argues that the trial court denied him his right to an impartial and indifferently
chosen jury when the trial court dismissed juror 18 for cause. We disagree.
1. Legal Principles
Both the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and article
I, section 22 of the Washington Constitution guarantee criminal defendants the right to trial by an
impartial jury. State v. Davis, 175 Wash. 2d 287, 312, 290 P.3d 43 ( 2012). Either party may
exercise this right by moving to dismiss any prospective juror for cause where the juror shows
actual bias. RCW 4. 44. 130, . 190. A juror possesses actual bias where he or she evidences a
state of mind ... which satisfies the court that the challenged person cannot try the issue
impartially and without prejudice to the substantial rights" of the party challenging the potential
juror. RCW 4.44. 170( 2).
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We review a trial court' s decision on a challenge for cause for an abuse of discretion.
Davis, 175 Wash. 2d at 312. We give great deference to the trial court because of its ability " `` to
observe the juror' s demeanor [ during voir dire] and, in light of that observation, to interpret and
evaluate the juror' s answers to determine whether the juror would be fair and impartial.' " Id.
quoting State v. Gentry; 125 Wash. 2d 570, 634, 888 P.2d 1105 ( 1995)).
2. Dismissal of Juror 18 For Cause
Juror 18 initially stated that she could not believe anything that police officers said
because she had seen the police do things that were not right, and that this would impact her
ability to be fair and impartial. This statement was sufficient to support a for cause dismissal
based on actual bias under RCW 4. 44. 130 and RCW 4. 44. 170( 2).
Daniels argues that during subsequent questioning, juror 18 was rehabilitated because she
stated that she could be fair and impartial. But the State continued its questioning after juror 18
said she could be fair, and Juror 18 stated that if a police officer was testifying she would have a
higher standard of proof. She stated that there had to be 100 percent proof in order for her to
believe a police officer.
The record indicates that juror 18 was not able to set aside her personal experiences and
render a verdict based on the law and facts presented at trial. The trial court had the benefit of
observing and questioning this potential juror, and decided that dismissal was appropriate. We
hold that this decision was reasonable based on juror 18' s comments.
3. Batson Claim
Daniels argues that he had the right to trial by a jury that is representative of the
community. He cites Batson v. Kentucky, in which the United States Supreme Court held that a
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party cannot exercise a peremptory juror challenge on the basis of race. 476 U.S. 79, 89, 106 S.
Ct. 1712, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69 ( 1986). However, Daniels presents no argument or even allegation
that juror 18 was dismissed because of her race, and does not provide reference to anything in the
record that would support a Batson challenge. Therefore, we need not address Batson.
Daniels further argues that the jury was not .indifferently chosen. However, there is no
indication in the record that juror 18 was dismissed for any reason other than her voir dire
responses, which demonstrated that she would not be able to render a fair and impartial verdict.
We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing juror 18 for cause.
B. ADMISSION OF BOOKING PHOTOGRAPHS
Daniels argues that the trial court erred in allowing the State to admit his booking
photographs. He argues that this created a prejudicial inference of criminal propensity and that
the booking photographs served no substantive purpose in proving the identity of the perpetrator.
We disagree.
We review a judge' s rulings on the admission of evidence for abuse of discretion. State
v. Ruiz, 176 Wn. App. 623, 634, 309 P.3d 700 ( 2013), review denied, 179 Wash. 2d 1015 ( 2014),
cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 69 ( 2014). A court abuses its discretion when its decision is based on
untenable grounds or reasons. Id. Nonconstitutional error is not prejudicial unless, within
reasonable probabilities, the error materially affected the trial outcome. State v. Tharp, 96 Wash.
2d 591, 599, 637 P.2d 961 ( 1981).
The State may introduce a defendant' s booking photograph when the perpetrator' s
identity is a disputed issue at trial, particularly when the defendant materially changes his
appearance between his arrest and his trial. State v. Scott, 93 Wash. 2d 7, 13, 604 P.2d 943 ( 1980).
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Daniels' s case is similar to that in State v. Rivers, 129 Wash. 2d 697, 712, 921 P.2d 495 ( 1996),
where the court held that admitting the defendant' s booking photograph had a proper purpose:
Because Defendant Rivers raised the issue of identity during opening statements,
the photograph of the Defendant on the day of the crime was relevant as it tended
to show that the victim' s description to police matched the man arrested shortly
after the robbery. The admission of the photo was not prejudicial because the jury
knew the Defendant was arrested for the crime on which he was being tried, and
the jury would reasonably have been aware that a booking procedure, including
photographing the Defendant, would have existed.
Id.
Here, the only issue at trial was the perpetrator' s identity. The State showed the jury the
store' s surveillance videos and several witnesses identified Daniels as the perpetrator. The
booking photographs showed Daniels' s appearance at the time of the offenses. And because
Daniels changed his appearance after his booking and before trial, as in Rivers the photographs
were material and not prejudicial. See also State v. Tate, 74 Wash. 2d 261, 267, 444 P.2d 150
1968) ( photograph properly admitted because witness had identified defendant from photograph
and defendant had changed his appearance between his arrest and his trial); State v. McCreven,
170 Wn. App. 444, 485, 284 P.3d 793 ( 2012) ( booking photograph is not necessarily
prejudicial); State v. Wheeler, 22 Wn. App. 792, 796 -97, 593 P.2d 550 ( 1979) ( because
photograph was taken at time of arrest, it did not show criminal propensity and it was properly
admitted to show identity).
We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Daniels' s booking
photographs.
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C. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE As To BURGLARY
Daniels argues that the State failed to prove that he committed second degree burglary.
Specifically, he argues that the evidence did not show that he entered or remained unlawfully in
the store office with intent to commit a crime therein as required under RCW 9A. 52. 030( 1). He
claims that the evidence did not show that he was prohibited from entering the office. We
disagree.
The test for determining sufficiency of the evidence is whether, after viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Rose, 175 Wash. 2d 10, 14, 282 P.3d 1087 ( 2012). In a
sufficiency of the evidence claim, the defendant admits the truth of the State' s evidence and all
reasonable inferences drawn from that evidence. Id. Credibility determinations are made by the
trier of fact and not subject to review. State v. Miller, 179 Wash. App. 91, 105, 316 P.3d 1143
2014). Circumstantial and direct evidence are equally reliable. Id.
The trial court' s unchallenged instruction defined entering and remaining unlawfully: " A
license or privilege to enter or remain in a building that is only partly open to the public is not a
license or privilege to enter or remain in that part of the building that is not open to the public."
Clerk' s Papers at 248. The testimony at trial demonstrated that Daniels did not have a license or
privilege to enter the office. Although Daniels had permission to enter the bathroom, he
exceeded that privilege when he opened the locked office door. Further, there was clear
evidence that Daniels entered the office. The video surveillance tapes show Daniels in the
office, reaching over the desk. He also left his coffee cup on the desk.
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We hold that there was sufficient evidence to support Daniels' s burglary conviction in
that he entered the office unlawfully (without license or privilege) with an intent to commit a
crime therein.
D. SAG CLAIMS
1. Lesser -Included Jury Instruction
Daniels claims that the trial court should have given his proposed lesser included
instruction on criminal trespass for the second degree burglary charge. We disagree.
A defendant is entitled to a lesser included instruction only if (1) each of the elements of
the lesser offense is a necessary element of the offense charged ( legal prong), and ( 2) the
evidence in the case supports an inference that only the lesser crime was committed ( factual
Workman, 90 Wash. 2d 443, 447 -48, 584 P.2d 382 ( 1978). The defendant must
prong). State v.
establish both the legal and factual prongs in order to have a lesser included instruction given at
trial. Id.
For a second degree burglary conviction, RCW 9A.52. 030 requires the State to prove that
the defendant entered or remained unlawfully in a building other than a vehicle or a dwelling
with the intent to commit a crime against a person or property in the building. For a first degree
criminal trespass conviction, RCW 9A.52. 070 requires the State to prove that the defendant
knowingly entered or remained unlawfully in a building.
The legal prong is met here because first degree criminal trespass is a lesser included
offense to a charge of second degree burglary. State v. Soto, 45 Wn. App 839, 841, 727 P.2d 999
1986). However, the factual prong is not met here because there was no evidence that Daniels
committed only the lesser offense. There is no reasonable view of the evidence that Daniels
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simply went into the office to look around without intending to commit a crime. Daniels opened
a locked door to the office, rummaged through the owner' s desk, opened a locked drawer, and
took the bank deposit bag containing the store receipts and money. The surveillance videos
support this as does the evidence linking Daniels to the bank deposit bag found several blocks
away. The only conclusion that can be drawn from the evidence is that Daniels went into the
office with the intent to commit a crime.
We hold that the trial court did not err in denying Daniels' s request for a lesser included
instruction.
2. Witness Credibility
Daniels argues that the trial court should have excluded Friesman as a witness because he
lied to the 911 operator when he said that Daniels had pushed him when leaving the store.
Friesman explained during trial that he exaggerated what had happened because he had learned
from previous situations that if you want the police to prioritize your case, you have to make it
seem more urgent. He admitted at trial that Daniels did not push him and that he did not recall
telling the reporting police officers that Daniels pushed him.
But Friesman' s false statement to the 911 operator did not provide the basis for the trial
court to completely exclude Friesman as a witness. Daniels used Friesman' s statements in his
defense to show that Friesman tended to exaggerate the truth for his own purposes. As a result,
his truthfulness with the 911 operator was a matter for the jury to consider in assessing his
credibility. See State v. Camarillo, 115 Wash. 2d 60, 71, 794 P.2d 850 ( 1990) ( this court does not
assess the credibility of witnesses). We reject Daniels' s claim.
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We affirm Daniels' s convictions.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2. 06. 040, it is so ordered.
We concur:
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