State Of Washington, V Paul L. Teters ( 2019 )

Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
February 20, 2019
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 49357-8-II
Respondent, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
v.
PAUL L. TETERS,
Appellant.
BJORGEN, J.P.T.* — Paul Teters appeals from convictions of one count of attempted
second degree child rape and one count of second degree child molestation.
He argues that (1) the trial court abused its discretion by allowing the prosecution to
amend the information after trial began, (2) his convictions of attempted rape and child
molestation violate double jeopardy, (3) the prosecutor committed misconduct, (4) the trial court
violated his right to present a defense by refusing to disclose the victim’s therapy records, (5) the
trial court improperly imposed conditions of community custody, and (6) he received ineffective
assistance of counsel.
We affirm Teters’ conviction of attempted second degree child rape, vacate his
conviction of second degree child molestation on double jeopardy grounds, and remand for the
*
Judge Bjorgen is serving as a judge pro tempore for the Court of Appeals, pursuant to RCW
2.06.150.
No. 49357-8-II
trial court to resentence Teters on his conviction of attempted second degree child rape and to
revise his conditions of community custody consistently with this opinion.
FACTS
In 2014, HL,1 a 12 year old girl, attended a Fourth of July party at the home of a relative
of her mother’s boyfriend, Patrick Teters. There were about 100 people at the party with a lot of
activities. HL spent most of the day hanging out with the other children, but some of the time
she was with Patrick Teters’ brother, Paul Teters (the defendant, whom we refer to as Teters).
HL described several incidents throughout the day with Teters that made her feel
uncomfortable. In one, HL testified that she rode on the back of Teters’ all-terrain vehicle and
was uncomfortable when he drove fast and told her to hold on tighter. At another time, HL was
downstairs in the house charging her phone when Teters entered the room and playfully took her
phone and tried to look through her pictures. HL thought that during this time, Teters was
pushing her with his hand on the zipper of her pants, which seemed to be “really inappropriate,”
but she also admitted that she thought at the time it might have been an accident. Verbatim
Report of Proceedings (VRP) (Vol. III) at 345.
HL said that at another time that day, Teters asked her to show him her routine from her
dance team. She did and it included a move that showed her underwear, about which Teters
made some comments as to how it was “adult underwear” and not “appropriate” of her to be
“wearing scandalous things.” VRP (Vol. III) at 348. At another time, Teters offered to help HL
do some pull-ups; she testified that he kept “grabbing [her] right there,” putting his hand on her
1
See Division II General Order 2011-1, In re the Use of Initials or Pseudonyms For Child
Witnesses in Sex Crime Cases.
2
No. 49357-8-II
buttocks and in between her legs helping her do the pull-ups. VRP (Vol. III) at 346-47. HL said
she wanted it to stop, but did not say anything about these incidents and did not believe someone
would try to do something like that.
After watching the fireworks, HL went into a room with some other kids to watch
television. HL was going to sleep on the bed in the room while her mother and Patrick were
sleeping on the floor. Teters came in and started watching the movie, sitting on the edge of the
bed; HL was under the blanket and he was by her feet. Sometime after Teters sat down next to
her, HL fell asleep. At some point, HL said that she woke up when she felt someone’s hand in
her pants, “trying to move his hands around.” VRP (Vol. III) at 359.2 She said that when she
woke up, Teters’ hand was inside her underwear, touching her vagina, “moving around” and
“trying to feel [her].” VRP (Vol. III) at 360. HL said he “tried to go inside” but she kept moving
away. VRP (Vol. III) at 360-61. When asked if his finger ever went inside, she responded, “I
felt that it did, but I just moved away.” VRP (Vol. III) at 361.
HL explained that she did not yell or wake her mom because she did not want to cause a
scene. She said that she told Teters to stop, leave the room and go to bed, but he did not respond.
HL said that after she became louder and pushed him away more, he pretended like he just woke
up, mumbled an apology about having fallen asleep, and walked out of the room.
HL’s mother woke up and started comforting her and asking her what happened. HL
started crying and told her mother that Teters was trying to touch her, but was not specific about
where or how she had been touched. HL later gave inconsistent accounts in an interview with
defense counsel and, in her testimony at trial as to whether Teters ever penetrated her vagina, she
2
Several of the witness’s references in describing this episode are to “he,” “him,” or “his.” The
context is clear that she is referring to Teters.
3
No. 49357-8-II
admitted that she was “confused on what happened.” VRP (Vol. III) at 385-87. HL’s mother
testified that she saw Teters lying next to HL, but could not see his hands or determine for sure
whether he was touching HL.
HL’s mother called the police, telling them that she thought Teters had been touching her
daughter “on her vagina.” VRP (Vol. IV) at 485. The police arrived in the early morning, and a
detective “bagged”3 Teters’ hands to preserve possible DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) evidence
soon after his arrival at the house around 2:30 a.m. VRP (Vol. IV) at 494-95. Teters was in an
agitated state when the police woke him up, which he explained was due to PTSD (post-
traumatic stress disorder). The detective did not obtain swabs from HL’s genital area, nor were
such swabs obtained at a forensic interview about three weeks later.
Dr. Erin Meadows conducted the examination of HL on July 5, 2014. Meadows asked
HL what happened, and HL said someone had touched her and “put his hands into her pants and
felt her genitalia with his fingers.” VRP (Vol. V) at 671. Meadows indicated in her chart that
the concern was for sexual assault and that HL did not complain of any pain but “had included a
foreign body penetration.” VRP (Vol. V) at 671.
At trial, Wendy Kashiwabara, who had previously worked at the state forensic lab,
described how DNA can be transferred either by direct physical contact or “secondary” contact;
for example, from two people touching the same item. VRP (Vol. IV) at 556-57. She noted that
the DNA would be the same in each situation but that there would be a higher likelihood of DNA
transfer if there was a bodily fluid involved. A swab of Teters’ left finger revealed DNA
consistent with both Teters and HL.
3
This essentially involves wrapping the subject’s hands in a bag to prevent DNA evidence from
being contaminated, washed off, or destroyed.
4
No. 49357-8-II
Teters’ jury trial was held on May 16, 2016. Just before trial began, the State filed an
amended information charging two counts in the alternative: count 1, second degree child rape,
and count 2, second degree child molestation. After the testimony of several witnesses,
including HL, the State moved to amend the information again to charge three separate counts:
one count of second degree child rape, one count of attempted second degree child rape, and one
count of second degree child molestation. Defense counsel objected, but the trial court accepted
the second amended information. Defense counsel expressed concern about the potential for
three convictions for one incident, but the State and trial court assured him that the matter would
be resolved at sentencing because the potential convictions would be treated as the same criminal
conduct.
Teters testified on his own behalf and denied touching HL inappropriately. He
specifically denied ever reaching under the covers, touching HL’s vagina, or trying to molest her
or engage in any intentional sexual conduct.
Prior to the incident, HL was diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. HL testified that
although she would get a little “antsy” or “nervous,” it had never caused her to think something
happened that had not. She stated that she never had “super vivid nightmares,” nor had she ever
been unable to distinguish between a nightmare and something that actually happened. HL said
that her anxiety had previously caused her to cry, and her mother testified that sometimes HL
would express her anxiety by crying.
Teters moved to disclose HL’s confidential therapy and mental hospital records, but the
trial court denied the motion. The trial court conducted an in camera review of the records,
ruling that they did not contain any “discoverable relevant evidence to support a violation of the
privileges contained in the documents.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 189-90.
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No. 49357-8-II
Teters presented considerable evidence of his PTSD. During her closing argument, the
prosecutor suggested that Teters relied heavily on evidence of his PTSD and war service history
to “distract” the jury from “the real issue”: whether he touched HL. VRP (Vol. VII) at 905.
Teters objected to this comment but was overruled.
The prosecutor also asked the jurors to ask themselves why HL would “make this up”
and what she would have to gain from making it up. VRP (Vol. VII) at 892-94. The prosecutor
also stated several times that HL had told the jury what had happened to her. She later stated that
the victim was interviewed prior to trial by the defense attorney and that she came to court to
testify, even though it was difficult for her. At one point, after discussing the elements of the
charged crimes, the prosecutor stated that the State did not have to prove why Teters committed
those crimes. Teters did not object to any of these statements or request any curative
instructions, and the trial court later instructed the jury that attorneys’ remarks are not evidence.
The jury could not reach a verdict on the second degree child rape charge, but found
Teters guilty of attempted second degree child rape and second degree child molestation. At
sentencing, the trial court imposed standard range sentences on both counts, including an
indeterminate sentence.
The trial court also imposed several community custody conditions on Teters. These
included conditions (1) prohibiting him from entering into or frequenting business
establishments or locations that cater to minor children or locations where minors are known to
congregate, without prior approval, (2) prohibiting him from consuming alcohol, (3) requiring
that he submit to urine, breath, or other alcohol monitoring, (4) prohibiting him from possessing
drug paraphernalia, and (5) prohibiting him from viewing or possessing sexually explicit
material.
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Teters appeals.
ANALYSIS
I. AMENDMENT OF INFORMATION DURING TRIAL
Teters argues that the trial court erred in allowing the State to amend the information
after presenting the testimony of several witnesses, including the victim. The second amended
information (1) added attempted second degree child rape as a stand-alone count in addition to
the preexisting second degree child rape charge and (2) removed language showing second
degree child molestation as an alternative to the second degree child rape charge, instead
charging it as another stand-alone count.4 We hold that the trial court did not err in accepting the
second amended information.
A. Legal Principles and Standard of Review
A defendant must be informed of the charges against him and cannot be tried for uncharged
offenses. State v. Carr, 97 Wash. 2d 436, 439, 645 P.2d 1098 (1982). We review a trial court’s
decision to allow the State to amend the information for abuse of discretion. State v. Haner, 95
Wash. 2d 858, 864, 631 P.2d 381 (1981).
4
The original amended information contained one count of second degree child rape and, in the
alternative, one count of second degree child molestation. The second amended information had
three separate charges: (1) second degree child rape, (2) attempted second degree child rape, and
(3) second degree child molestation.
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No. 49357-8-II
CrR 2.1(d) allows for amendment of the information at any time before the verdict, as long
as the amendment does not prejudice the “substantial rights of the defendant.” 5 This rule “is
intended to fulfill the state constitution’s notice provision by allowing a defendant the opportunity
to adequately defend him or herself.” State v. Hakimi, 124 Wash. App. 15, 28, 98 P.3d 809 (2004).
Prejudice can be demonstrated, for example, through a showing of unfair surprise or inability to
prepare a defense. State v. James, 108 Wash. 2d 483, 489, 739 P.2d 699 (1987). However, the
possibility of a harsher penalty, standing alone, cannot constitute specific prejudice. Id. at 489-90.
The defendant bears the burden of showing prejudice. State v. Ziegler, 138 Wash. App. 804, 809,
158 P.3d 647 (2007).
B. Prejudice
Teters first argues that adding the attempted second degree child rape charge as a stand-
alone offense was inherently prejudicial because it increased the charges against him mid-trial,
after several witnesses had testified and had been cross-examined. The State counters that, even
without the second amended information, the jury still could have considered attempted second
degree child rape in addition to the second degree child rape count charged in the original
amended information. The State reasons that the attempted second degree child rape charge
could have gone to the jury regardless as a lesser included offense of second degree child rape
5
State v. Pelkey limited the State’s ability to amend the information after resting its case in chief,
holding that the State can only amend after resting if it amends to a lesser degree of the same
charge or to a lesser included offense. 109 Wash. 2d 484, 745 P.2d 854 (1987). Our Supreme
Court has declined to extend Pelkey’s per se rule to encompass amendments made during the
State’s presentation of its case in chief. See State v. Schaffer, 120 Wash. 2d 616, 845 P.2d 281
(1993); State v. Vangerpen, 125 Wash. 2d 782, 888 P.2d 1177 (1995). The test remains whether the
defendant can show prejudice resulting from the amendment. See State v. Hakimi, 124 Wash. App.
15, 26-27, 98 P.3d 809 (2004).
8
No. 49357-8-II
under RCW 10.61.003, which provides that the jury may find the defendant guilty of an attempt
to commit the offense charged.
Hence, Teters was always on notice that he could be convicted of attempted second
degree child rape, despite only being charged originally with second degree child rape. See
Hakimi, 124 Wash. App. at 28. As the State points out, Teters hardly would have been better off if
the trial court had rejected the amendment and instead instructed on the lesser-included offense
of attempted second degree rape pursuant to RCW 10.61.003. The outcome would have been the
same either way: a conviction of attempted second degree child rape. Teters thus has not met
his burden of demonstrating that the additional attempted second degree rape charge surprised
him or affected his ability to prepare his defense. James, 108 Wash. 2d at 489; Ziegler, 138 Wn.
App. at 811.6 Adding the charge of attempted second degree child rape during the prosecution’s
case in chief did not prejudice Teters.
Teters also contends that the amendment was improper because it removed the “in the
alternative” language relating to the second degree child molestation count, thereby exposing
him to additional criminal charges. Br. of Appellant at 24-25. In State v. Aho, the court held that
there was no prejudice from a mid-trial amendment from child rape to child molestation. 89 Wn.
App. 842, 849-50, 954 P.2d 911 (1998), reversed on other grounds, 137 Wash. 2d 736 (1999). The
6
Teters relies on Ziegler for the proposition that the addition of criminal charges after the victim
has testified and been cross-examined is unmistakably prejudicial. But in Ziegler the additional
charges were for two additional rape counts involving two additional victims, both of whom had
already testified. 138 Wash. App. at 806-07. The court said nothing of “unmistakable prejudice,”
but rather vacated the additional rape convictions because those counts represented entirely new
charges the defendant had to respond to that would have completely changed his trial strategy
and plea negotiations had he known about them ahead of time. Id. at 811. Here, on the other
hand, Teters’ strategy in defending the rape charge likely would not have changed had the new
attempted rape charge been added earlier, as it was a lesser included offense of the original rape
charge.
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No. 49357-8-II
Aho court reasoned that the critical difference between rape and molestation was whether
penetration occurred, so the defendant’s case was not affected by the amendment and additional
discovery or continuance would not have impacted his rights. Id. at 849. The fact that in this
case the second degree child molestation charge was included in addition to the second degree
rape charge, rather than substituting for it, does not materially affect the analysis because
additional discovery or continuance would not have affected Teters’ rights. See id. Indeed,
Teters could hardly have been unfairly surprised by the new count of second degree child
molestation, because it was already included as an alternative to his second degree child rape
charge in the original amended information. See James, 108 Wash. 2d at 489-90.
Moreover, the fact that Teters did not request a continuance when the trial court allowed
the State’s amendment is evidence supporting that the amendment was not prejudicial. See
Ziegler, 138 Wash. App. at 810.
For these reasons, we hold that Teters failed to meet his burden of demonstrating
prejudice from either the addition of the attempted second degree child rape charge or the
removal of the “in the alternative” language for the second degree child molestation charge.
II. DOUBLE JEOPARDY
Teters argues that his convictions of second degree child molestation and attempted
second degree child rape violated his right against double jeopardy. Br. of Appellant at 27. We
agree.
A. Legal Principles and Standard of Review
The state and federal double jeopardy clauses protect against multiple punishments for
the same offense, as well as against a subsequent prosecution for the same offense after acquittal
or conviction. In re Pers. Restraint of Orange, 152 Wash. 2d 795, 815, 100 P.3d 291 (2004). At
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No. 49357-8-II
issue in any double jeopardy analysis of the first type is whether the legislature intended to
impose multiple punishments for the same offense. Id. at 815. We review alleged violations of
double jeopardy de novo. State v. Villanueva-Gonzalez, 180 Wash. 2d 975, 979-80, 329 P.3d 78
(2014).
When legislative intent is not clear, the court applies the Blockburger7 “same evidence”
test. State v. Freeman, 153 Wash. 2d 765, 776, 108 P.3d 753 (2005). Blockburger states that if the
crimes, as charged and proved, are the same in law and in fact, they may not be punished
separately absent clear legislative intent to the contrary. Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S.
299, 304, 52 S. Ct. 180, 76 L. Ed. 306 (1932). In other words, “[i]f there is an element in each
offense which is not included in the other, and proof of one offense would not necessarily also
prove the other, the offenses are not constitutionally the same and the double jeopardy clause
does not prevent convictions for both offenses.” State v. Vladovic, 99 Wash. 2d 413, 423, 662 P.2d
853 (1983) (emphasis added).
Under this test, multiple convictions based on a single act violate double jeopardy if the
evidence required to support a conviction for one offense is sufficient to support a conviction for
the other. Orange, 152 Wash. 2d at 816. “In other words, if the evidence to prove one crime would
also completely prove a second crime, the two crimes are the same in law and fact.” State v.
Walker, 143 Wash. App. 880, 886, 181 P.3d 31 (2008). Washington courts have stated the test as
having one prong for elements and one for proof: “We are to consider the elements of the crimes
both as charged and as proved.” State v. Nysta, 168 Wash. App. 30, 46-47, 275 P.3d 1162 (2012).
Hence it is possible for two convictions to violate double jeopardy when they are the same “in
fact” even if not the same “in law” in the abstract. Id. at 48 (summarizing the holding of
7
Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S. Ct. 180, 76 L. Ed. 306 (1932).
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No. 49357-8-II
Orange). “However, the mere fact that the same conduct is used to prove each crime is not
dispositive.” Freeman, 153 Wash. 2d at 777.
B. Same in Law and Fact
In applying the test in Orange, several courts have held that a single incident may support
convictions for both child rape and child molestation without offending double jeopardy. State v.
Land, 172 Wash. App. 593, 600, 295 P.3d 782 (2013); State v. French, 157 Wash. 2d 593, 611, 141
P.3d 54 (2006); State v. Wilkins, 200 Wash. App. 794, 808, 403 P.3d 890 (2017), review denied,
190 Wash. 2d 1004 (2018). Wilkins reasoned that the two crimes were not the same in law and fact
because the molestation occurred when the defendant had sexual contact with the victim for
sexual gratification, whereas the rape occurred when there was penetration. Id. Despite arising
out of the same incident, they were two separate offenses requiring proof of a fact that the other
did not. Id.
The State relies on Wilkins to argue that we should reach the same conclusion: the
molestation occurred when Teters touched HL for sexual gratification, and the attempted rape
occurred when he took a substantial step toward having sexual intercourse with her. But as
Teters rightly points out, this double jeopardy claim involves child molestation and attempted
rape, not completed rape. Attempted rape, unlike rape, does not require actual penetration, only
a substantial step toward penetration with the intent to penetrate. See RCW 9A.28.020(1); RCW
9A.44.076; RCW 9A.44.010(1).
Here, the prosecution relied on the same act for both offenses for which Teters was
convicted. The child molestation occurred when Teters touched HL on her vagina for the
purpose of sexual gratification. The attempted rape occurred when Teters took a substantial step
toward the commission of rape by touching HL on her vagina, “moving around” and “trying to
12
No. 49357-8-II
feel [her]” and “go inside.” VRP (Vol. III) at 360-61. Unlike in Wilkins, here the two offenses
occurred in the same moment with the same act: when Teters touched HL on her vagina, moving
his finger around and trying to go inside her vagina. The evidence required to support a
conviction of attempted second degree child rape was sufficient to support a conviction of
second degree child molestation, so the two crimes as proved are the same in law and fact.
Orange, 152 Wash. 2d at 816, 820.
Under the specific facts of this case, Teters’ attempted second degree child rape and
second degree child molestation crimes as proved were the same in law and fact. We
accordingly hold that receiving convictions for both crimes violated his constitutional protection
against double jeopardy. We accordingly vacate the conviction for the crime that forms part of
the proof of the other: in this case, Teters’ conviction for second degree child molestation. See
Freeman, 153 Wash. 2d at 775.
III. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT
Teters argues that several instances of prosecutorial misconduct require reversal and a
remand for a new trial. We disagree.
A. Legal Principles and Standard of Review
To prevail on a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, a defendant must establish that the
prosecutor’s alleged misconduct was “‘both improper and prejudicial in the context of the entire
record and the circumstances at trial.’” State v. Magers, 164 Wash. 2d 174, 191, 189 P.3d 126
(2008) (quoting State v. Hughes, 118 Wash. App. 713, 727, 77 P.3d 681 (2003)). “Prejudice is
established only if there is a substantial likelihood the instances of misconduct affected the jury’s
verdict.” State v. Pirtle, 127 Wash. 2d 628, 672, 904 P.2d 245 (1995).
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No. 49357-8-II
We view any allegedly improper comments in the context of the total argument, the
issues in the case, the evidence addressed in the argument, and the jury instructions. State v.
Dhaliwal, 150 Wash. 2d 559, 578, 79 P.3d 432 (2003). During closing argument, prosecutors have
“‘wide latitude in making arguments to the jury and prosecutors are allowed to draw reasonable
inferences from the evidence.’” State v. Fisher, 165 Wash. 2d 727, 747, 202 P.3d 937 (2009)
(quoting State v. Gregory, 158 Wash. 2d 759, 860, 147 P.3d 1201 (2006)). In arguing the law,
prosecutors are “confined to the law as set forth in the instructions of the court.” State v. Estill,
80 Wash. 2d 196, 199, 492 P.2d 1037 (1972).
If the defendant objected to the alleged misconduct, we evaluate (1) whether the
prosecutor’s comments were improper and (2) whether a substantial likelihood exists that the
improper statements affected the jury’s verdict. Magers, 164 Wash. 2d at 191. If the defendant did
not object, the challenge to the alleged misconduct is waived unless the remark is “so flagrant
and ill intentioned that an instruction could not have cured the resulting prejudice.” State v.
Emery, 174 Wash. 2d 741, 760-61, 278 P.3d 653 (2012). The defendant bears the burden of
showing both prongs of prosecutorial misconduct. Magers, 164 Wash. 2d at 191.
B. Prosecutor’s Statements not Improper and Prejudicial
Teters’ first argument is that the prosecutor denigrated the defense by suggesting that
Teters relied heavily on evidence of his PTSD and war service history to “distract” the jury from
“the real issue,” which is whether he touched HL. Br. of Appellant at 35-36. Teters’ objections
to this comment were overruled at trial.
Teters likens the prosecutor’s comment to the statements held improper in State v.
Gonzales, 111 Wash. App. 276, 45 P.3d 205 (2002) and State v. Negrete, 72 Wash. App. 62, 863
P.2d 137 (1993). In Gonzales, the prosecutor argued that he had a “very different job than the
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No. 49357-8-II
defense attorney,” because the defense attorney had an obligation to his client, whereas the
prosecutor had an obligation “to see that justice is served.” 111 Wash. App. at 283. In Negrete,
the prosecutor told the jury that defense counsel was “being paid to twist the words of the
witnesses” by the defendant. 72 Wash. App. at 66 (emphasis omitted).
Here, unlike in Gonzales, the prosecutor did not seek “‘to draw the cloak of righteousness
around [herself] in [her] personal status as government attorney and impugn[] the integrity of
defense counsel.’” 111 Wash. App. at 283 (quoting United States v. Frascone, 747 F.2d 953, 957-
58 (5th Cir. 1984)). She made no suggestions that she and defense counsel had different jobs or
that she was more trustworthy by virtue of her position. Nor did she suggest that the defense
counsel was untrustworthy because of his obligation to the defendant, as the prosecutor did in
Negrete. 72 Wash. App. at 66. The prosecutor should not have suggested that defense counsel’s
motivation was to distract the jury as part of her argument. Nonetheless, the weight of her
argument, including the remark about distracting, was that the defense was relying on evidence
that was irrelevant to the merits of the case. We hold that this remark was proper.
Second, Teters argues that the prosecutor improperly suggested that the jury had to find
the victim was lying in order to acquit. It is improper for a prosecutor to argue that the jury must
find the victim is lying in order to acquit. See State v. Casteneda-Perez, 61 Wash. App. 354, 362-
63, 810 P.2d 74 (1991). In closing, the prosecutor asked the jurors to ask themselves why HL
would “make this up” and what she would have to gain from making it up. VRP (Vol. VII) at
892-94. We disagree with Teters that this amounts to telling the jury that it had to find HL was
lying in order to acquit. It is not misconduct for a prosecutor to urge the jury to consider the
evidence and motives of the parties in determining the victim’s credibility. We hold this
comment was proper.
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No. 49357-8-II
Third, Teters contends that the prosecutor misstated the law in arguing that the State did
not have to prove why he committed the crime. A prosecutor commits misconduct by misstating
the standard upon which the jury could find guilt. State v. Allen, 182 Wash. 2d 364, 373-74, 341
P.3d 268 (2015), aff’d, 431 P.3d 117 (2018). Teters reasons that because child molestation
requires proof of intent of sexual gratification, and attempted rape requires proof of intent to
commit rape, the State misstated the law by saying it did not have to prove why he committed
the crimes. We assume without deciding that this statement was improper. Because Teters did
not object at trial, he must show that this statement was so flagrant and ill-intentioned that an
instruction could not have cured the resulting prejudice. Emery, 174 Wash. 2d at 760-61. He has
not done so. The trial court’s instructions on the elements of the crimes were sufficient to
neutralize any potential prejudice. We accordingly hold that Teters has waived his challenge to
any alleged misconduct.
Fourth, Teters argues the prosecutor improperly commented on his rights to counsel and
to trial when she stated that HL had to tell her defense attorney, the jury, and everyone else in the
courtroom what had happened. Teters claims this statement effectively drew a negative
inference from Teters exercising his constitutional rights to counsel and to trial. These remarks,
however, were a legitimate manner of supporting the victim’s credibility. We hold that the
prosecutor’s comment was proper.
Finally, Teters argues that the prosecutor improperly vouched for and bolstered HL by
conveying a personal opinion as to HL’s veracity. The prosecutor stated several times that HL
had told the jury what had happened to her, which Teters contends amounted to giving the jury
her own personal opinion that what HL said happened was indeed the truth. Teters did not object
to any of those statements.
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No. 49357-8-II
A prosecutor commits misconduct by giving an improper personal opinion when “it is
clear and unmistakable” that she is not arguing an inference from the evidence, but expressing a
personal opinion. State v. Papadopoulos, 34 Wash. App. 397, 400, 662 P.2d 59 (1983); State v.
Brett, 126 Wash. 2d 136, 175, 892 P.2d 29 (1995). A prosecutor has wide latitude to argue
reasonable inferences from the evidence, including evidence respecting the credibility of
witnesses. State v. Thorgerson, 172 Wash. 2d 438, 448, 258 P.3d 43 (2011). We examine “the
entire argument,” rather than just “highlighted snippets” taken out of context. State v. Jackson,
150 Wash. App. 877, 884, 209 P.3d 553 (2009). In Jackson, the court concluded that the
prosecutor’s statement that a police officer’s testimony was “accurate and true” did not amount
to vouching for the officer’s credibility, but rather in the context of his entire argument simply
argued that the evidence “could support the jury’s conclusion that the officers were credible.”
Id. at 884-85.
Here, the prosecutor did not say that she believed HL or offer a personal opinion as to her
credibility. See State v. Sargent, 40 Wash. App. 340, 343-44, 698 P.2d 598 (1985) (concluding
that the prosecutor’s statement, “I don’t believe Jerry Lee Brown,” was improper). Rather, the
prosecutor argued that HL had testified as to what happened to her and drew reasonable
inferences about what that meant for the credibility of witnesses and the persuasiveness of the
State’s evidence. Teters fails to show that it was “clear and unmistakable” that the prosecutor
was expressing a personal opinion. Brett, 126 Wash. 2d at 175. The prosecutor’s comments were
not improper.
IV. DISCOVERY OF HL’S THERAPY RECORDS
Teters argues that his rights to present a defense and to confront the witnesses against
him were violated when the trial court did not order the disclosure of the victim’s therapy and
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No. 49357-8-II
mental hospital records after the court conducted an in camera review of those records. Teters
asks us to conduct an independent review of those records to determine whether the trial court
acted properly. The State also welcomes us to conduct this review.
A. Legal Principles and Standard of Review
Although Teters bases his challenge on constitutional rights to present a defense and to
confront witnesses, our Supreme Court has stated that traditional due process analysis is a more
appropriate framework for discovery issues. State v. Knutson, 121 Wash. 2d 766, 771-72, 854 P.2d
617 (1993). Due process affords a defendant the right to access evidence in the possession of the
court that is “‘both favorable to the accused and material to guilt or punishment.’” Id. at 772
(quoting Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 57, 107 S. Ct. 989, 94 L. Ed. 2d 40 (1987)). This
rule of disclosure applies equally to substantive evidence and to impeachment evidence. Id.
Evidence is material if there is a reasonable probability that it would change the outcome
of the proceeding. Id. at 772-73. A “‘reasonable probability’” is “‘a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome.’” Id. at 773 (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of Rice, 118
Wash. 2d 876, 887, 828 P.2d 1086 (1992)). This requires “more than a ‘mere possibility’ that
evidence ‘might have affected the outcome of the trial.’” Knutson, 121 Wash. 2d at 773 (quoting
State v. Mak, 105 Wash. 2d 692, 704-05, 718 P.2d 407 (1986)).
Where the prosecution attempts to prevent defense access to privileged or confidential
files, the defendant may request that the trial court conduct an in camera review of the
documents. See CrR 4.7(h)(6); State v. Mines, 35 Wash. App. 932, 938-39, 671 P.2d 273 (1983).
“Upon a showing of materiality to the preparation of the defense, and if the request is reasonable,
the court in its discretion may require disclosure to the defendant” of “relevant material and
information.” CrR 4.7(e)(1). A defendant must make a particularized showing that the records
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No. 49357-8-II
are likely to contain evidence material to the defense. State v. Kalakosky, 121 Wash. 2d 525, 550,
852 P.2d 1064 (1993) (addressing Victims of Sexual Assault Act, chapter 70.125 RCW).
“There is no right to discover evidence that is privileged.” Mines, 35 Wash. App. at 939.
Defense counsel has a duty to ferret out all relevant evidence, “but may not perform this duty by
breaching the physician-patient privilege.”8 Id. Communications from a patient to a physician
are privileged if necessary to obtain professional advice or treatment, and “[t]he fact that the
statements were necessary to receive treatment may be inferred from the circumstances without
formal proof.” State v. Gibson, 3 Wash. App. 596, 598, 476 P.2d 727 (1970). Hospital records are
also privileged if they contain information supplied by the patient. Randa v. Bear, 50 Wash. 2d
415, 421, 312 P.2d 640 (1957).
The scope of discovery of privileged records is within the discretion of the trial court,
subject to review only for manifest abuse of discretion. Gregory, 158 Wash. 2d at 791.
B. No Abuse of Discretion
The trial court conducted an in camera review of HL’s therapy and mental hospitalization
records, and held that they contained “no discoverable relevant evidence to support a violation of
the privileges contained in the documents.” CP at 189-90. Although the scope of discovery is
within the trial court’s discretion, we do not “act as a rubber stamp for the trial court’s in camera
hearing process.” State v. Wolken, 103 Wash. 2d 823, 829, 700 P.2d 319 (1985). We have
conducted a review of the records reviewed in camera by the trial court. In so doing we
recognize the importance impeachment evidence can have in a sexual assault case. See Knutson,
121 Wash. 2d at 775.
8
The physician-patient privilege is codified in former RCW 5.60.060(4) (2012). Although this
is a civil statute, it has been held to apply to criminal cases by virtue of RCW 10.58.010. State v.
Gibson, 3 Wash. App. 596, 598, 476 P.2d 727 (1970).
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No. 49357-8-II
Our review of the records revealed no evidence raising a reasonable probability that their
admission would have changed the outcome of the trial. Knutson, 121 Wash. 2d at 772-73. Hence,
the records do not contain evidence material to Teters’ guilt or punishment, and his due process
rights were not violated by their exclusion. See id. at 772. We accordingly hold that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in declining to disclose the sealed records.
V. CONDITIONS OF COMMUNITY CUSTODY
Teters argues that the trial court improperly imposed four conditions of community
custody. Specifically, he argues the court erred in prohibiting him from entering business
establishments or locations that cater to minor children or from frequenting locations where
minors are known to congregate (condition 3), requiring that he submit to urine, breath, or other
alcohol monitoring (condition 6), prohibiting him from possessing drug paraphernalia (condition
7), and prohibiting him from viewing or possessing sexually explicit material (condition 11).
The State argues that condition 3 should be upheld, but agrees that conditions 6, 7, and 11 should
be stricken. The State also takes the position that condition 5, prohibiting Teters from
consuming alcohol, should be stricken.
A. Legal Principles and Standard of Review
Under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981, chapter 9.94A RCW, a sentencing court may
not impose conditions of sentence unless they are authorized by statute. See State v. Zimmer,
146 Wash. App. 405, 412-13, 190 P.3d 121 (2008). A person convicted of attempted second
degree child rape shall be sentenced to community custody under the supervision of the
Department of Corrections for any time he is released from total confinement before expiration
of the maximum sentence. RCW 9.94A.507(5). A trial court may impose crime-related
prohibitions, affirmative conditions, and statutorily authorized infringements of some
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No. 49357-8-II
constitutional rights as part of an offender’s probation. Former RCW 9.94A.505(9) (2012);
former RCW 9.94A.703(3)(f) (2009); State v. Bahl, 164 Wash. 2d 739, 744, 193 P.3d 678 (2008).
A condition is only “crime-related” if it is “an order of a court prohibiting conduct that directly
relates to the circumstances of the crime for which the offender has been convicted.” Former
RCW 9.94A.030(10) (2012). While there need not be proof of a causal link, there must be
sufficient evidence of a factual relationship between the crime and the condition. See State v.
Parramore, 53 Wash. App. 527, 531, 768 P.2d 530 (1989).
An unauthorized condition of community custody is considered void and in excess of the
court’s authority. State v. Hale, 94 Wash. App. 46, 53, 971 P.2d 88 (1999). An illegal or
erroneous condition of a sentence may be raised for the first time on appeal. Bahl, 164 Wash. 2d at
744-45. As the imposition of crime-related prohibitions is “necessarily fact-specific and based
upon the sentencing judge’s in-person appraisal of the trial and the offender, the appropriate
standard of review remains abuse of discretion.” In re Pers. Restraint of Rainey, 168 Wash. 2d
367, 374-75, 229 P.3d 686 (2010).
Limitations on fundamental rights during community custody are constitutional if they
are crime-related and “reasonably necessary to accomplish the essential needs of the state and the
public order.” State v. Riles, 135 Wash. 2d 326, 350, 957 P.2d 655 (1998), abrogated on other
grounds by State v. Valencia, 169 Wash. 2d 782 (2010). Courts have recognized prevention of
harm to children as a compelling state interest justifying limitation of one’s rights. State v.
Letourneau, 100 Wash. App. 424, 439, 997 P.2d 436 (2000). For a person under community
custody, this can include limitations on his rights to movement or freedom of association. In re
Pers. Restraint of Waggy, 111 Wash. App. 511, 517, 45 P.3d 1103 (2002). But when a condition
affects materials or actions protected by the First Amendment, a stricter standard of definiteness
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No. 49357-8-II
is required. Bahl, 164 Wash. 2d at 753. Finally, a community custody condition is
unconstitutionally vague if it fails to (1) provide ordinary people fair warning of the proscribed
conduct and (2) have standards that are definite enough to “‘protect against arbitrary
enforcement.’” Id. at 752-53 (quoting City of Spokane v. Douglass, 115 Wash. 2d 171, 178, 795
P.2d 693 (1990)).
B. Community Custody
Teters argues that because the crime did not occur in a business establishment or place
that caters to minor children, condition 3 is not crime-related. He further argues that this
condition is constitutionally vague because it contains a list of examples that is not exhaustive
and covers “any areas routinely used by minors as areas of play/recreation.” CP at 391. The full
condition imposed by the trial court states:
You shall not enter into or frequent business establishments or locations that cater
to minor children or locations where minors are known to congregate without prior
approval of DOC. Such establishments may include but are not limited to video
game parlors, parks, pools, skating rinks, school grounds, malls or any areas
routinely used by minors as areas of play/recreation.
CP at 391.
Because Teters was convicted of committing sex crimes against a child, protecting other
children from him is a compelling state interest. Letourneau, 100 Wash. App. at 439. There is
sufficient evidence of a factual relationship between Teters’ crimes and this condition; he was
convicted of sex crimes against a child, and this condition aims to limit his future contact with
children. Parramore, 53 Wash. App. at 531. Thus, condition 3 is crime-related.
As to Teters’ argument that this condition is unconstitutionally vague for failing to
provide him sufficient notice of what was prohibited, we agree with Teters. In State v. Irwin,
Division One of our court struck down a community custody condition that stated simply: “Do
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No. 49357-8-II
not frequent areas where minor children are known to congregate, as defined by the supervising
[community corrections officer].” 191 Wash. App. 644, 652, 364 P.3d 830 (2015). The court
reasoned that “[w]ithout some clarifying language or an illustrative list of prohibited locations
(as suggested by trial counsel), the condition does not give ordinary people sufficient notice to
‘understand what conduct is proscribed.’” Id. at 655 (quoting Bahl, 164 Wash. 2d at 753).
Furthermore, allowing the community corrections officer to set such locations at a later date left
the condition vulnerable to arbitrary enforcement. Irwin, 191 Wash. App. at 655.
We recently held in State v. Wallmuller that the phrase “places where children
congregate” in a condition of community custody was unconstitutionally vague. 4 Wash. App. 2d
698, 703-04, 423 P.3d 282 (2018), review granted, ___ P.3d ___ (Wash. 2019). The fact that the
condition also contained an illustrative list did not cure the phrase’s vagueness, because the
inclusion of the words “such as” before that list indicated that frequenting more places than just
those listed would violate the condition. Id.
In this case, the condition includes an illustrative list of prohibited locations, and so
provided Teters with more sufficient notice of the proscribed conduct than did the condition in
Irwin. 191 Wash. App. at 655. However, like the list in Wallmuller, this condition uses the vague
phrase “where children congregate” and includes a nonexhaustive list that leaves unanswered
questions about what other locations might be prohibited.9 For example, if parks are off limits,
what about a professional baseball stadium; if pools are prohibited, what about beaches? As in
Wallmuller, this condition “invites a completely subjective standard” for interpreting which
9
We note that several unpublished opinions in all three divisions of the Court of Appeals have
addressed similar community custody conditions in recent years, and we recognize that some of
these opinions reach different conclusions regarding the vagueness of such conditions. However,
as a published opinion, Wallmuller is authoritative and controlling here.
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No. 49357-8-II
locations are off limits to Teters. Wallmuller, 4 Wash. App. 2d at 703. Moreover, the fact that
Teters must obtain approval from DOC to visit one of these locations “virtually acknowledges
that on its face [the condition] does not provide ascertainable standards for enforcement.” Bahl,
164 Wash. 2d at 758. For these reasons, we hold that condition 3 is unconstitutionally vague.
Teters also challenges condition 3’s prohibition on visiting “locations that cater to minor
children” as vague. Br. of Appellant at 49. Like the “known to congregate” clause, this
prohibition is similarly vulnerable to differing subjective interpretations because it is not clear
that an ordinary person would know which other places would be included. For example,
McDonald’s clearly caters to children because it has a clown mascot and its locations typically
have a play area for children. Does a department store or supermarket also “cater to minor
children” if it contains a small play area where parents can leave their children while they shop?
Does a nice sit-down restaurant “cater to minor children” if it has a children’s menu? The “cater
to minor children” clause “invites a completely subjective standard” for interpreting which
locations are off limits to Teters. Wallmuller, 4 Wash. App. 2d at 703. Accordingly, we hold it is
unconstitutionally vague.
Teters next argues that because the incident did not involve controlled substances, and the
trial court was unconvinced alcohol played a significant role, conditions 6 and 7 (requiring
Teters to submit to breath and urine monitoring and prohibiting him from possessing drug
paraphernalia) are not crime-related and must be struck down. A condition regarding drug
paraphernalia is not “crime-related” when the State presents “no evidence or argument that drug
use, or possession of drug paraphernalia, bore any relation to [the] offense. Land, 172 Wash. App.
at 605. “‘[P]ersons may be punished for their crimes and they may be prohibited from doing
things which are directly related to their crimes, but they may not be coerced into doing things
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No. 49357-8-II
which are believed will rehabilitate them.’” State v. Riley, 121 Wash. 2d 22, 36-37, 846 P.2d 1365
(1993) (quoting D. BOERNER, Sentencing in Washington, § 4.5, at 4-7 (1985)).
The State agrees with Teters, noting also that condition 5 (prohibiting Teters from
consuming alcohol) should also be struck down because it contradicted the trial court’s statement
at sentencing that conditions related to alcohol would not be included in the community custody
conditions. The State contends that conditions 5, 6, and 7 were mistakenly included in the
written judgment and sentence and should be stricken. There was no evidence that drugs or
alcohol played any role in the crimes; indeed the trial court explicitly determined at sentencing
that alcohol did not play a significant role and should not be included in the custody conditions.
We agree that conditions 5, 6, and 7 are not crime-related.
Teters and the State also agree that condition 11, prohibiting Teters from using sexually
explicit materials, is not crime-related and must be stricken. We disagree.
Although there is no evidence that Teters’ crimes directly relate to use or possession of
sexually explicit materials, our Supreme Court has recently explained that “the State need not
establish that access to ‘sexually explicit materials’ directly caused the crime of conviction,” but
rather that it was “reasonably related” to the crime. State v. Nguyen, 191 Wn.2d. 671, 685, 425
P.3d 847 (2018). That court concluded that it was “both logical and reasonable to conclude that
a convicted person who cannot suppress sexual urges should be prohibited from accessing
‘sexually explicit materials,’ the only purpose of which is to invoke sexual stimulation.” Id. at
686. Hence, we hold that condition 11 is reasonably related to Teters’ crimes of conviction.
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No. 49357-8-II
VI. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
Teters argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney failed
to properly argue (1) against the State’s motion to amend the information and (2) that Teters was
subjected to double jeopardy. We disagree.
A. Legal Principles and Standard of Review
Both the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 22 of
the Washington Constitution guarantee the right of a criminal defendant to effective assistance of
counsel. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 685-86, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674
(1984); State v. Thomas, 109 Wash. 2d 222, 229, 743 P.2d 816 (1987). Ineffective assistance of
counsel is a mixed question of law and fact and is reviewed de novo. State. v. Sutherby, 165
Wash. 2d 870, 883, 204 P.3d 916 (2009). However, in evaluating ineffectiveness claims, we must
be highly deferential to counsel’s decisions. State v. Michael, 160 Wash. App. 522, 526, 247 P.3d
842 (2011).
Washington follows the Strickland test: the defendant must show both that (1) counsel’s
performance was deficient and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. 466 U.S. at
687; State v. Cienfuegos, 144 Wash. 2d 222, 226, 25 P.3d 1011 (2001) (stating Washington had
adopted the Strickland test).
Deficient performance requires errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the
“counsel” as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. A trial counsel’s
performance is deficient if it falls “below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Id. at 688.
There is a “strong presumption that counsel’s performance was reasonable.” State v. Kyllo, 166
Wash. 2d 856, 862, 215 P.3d 177 (2009). A defendant bears the burden of establishing deficient
performance. State v. McFarland, 127 Wash. 2d 322, 335, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). A defendant can
26
No. 49357-8-II
rebut this presumption by demonstrating that “there is no conceivable legitimate tactic explaining
counsel’s performance.” State v. Reichenbach, 153 Wash. 2d 126, 130, 101 P.3d 80 (2004). That
said, the “relevant question is not whether counsel’s choices were strategic, but whether they
were reasonable.” Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 481, 120 S. Ct. 1029, 145 L. Ed. 2d 985
(2000).
To show prejudice, the defendant must show that counsel’s errors were “so serious as to
deprive the defendant of a fair trial.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. In other words, within a
reasonable probability, “but for counsel’s deficient performance, the outcome of the proceedings
would have been different.” Kyllo, 166 Wash. 2d at 862. “‘A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’” Thomas, 109 Wash. 2d at 226
(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).
B. No Deficient Performance
In this case, Teters argues his counsel was deficient because he did not make a detailed
argument to the court on the relevant law governing the amended information and only filed a
pro forma motion objecting to it. We disagree.
Teters’ attorney objected to the second amended information, thereby preserving the
issue for appeal. In addition, he continued discussing the matter with the trial judge to ensure
that the existence of three separate charges would not expose his client to three separate
convictions or an increased sentence. Teters has failed to meet his burden to show his attorney’s
objection to the second amended information was deficient.
Teters also argues his trial counsel was deficient for failing to argue the issue of double
jeopardy when objecting to the amendment. His attorney expressed concerns that the amended
information was exposing his client to multiple convictions and a harsher sentence, ultimately
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No. 49357-8-II
agreeing with the trial court that those issues would be resolved at sentencing and that Teters
could not actually be convicted of all three crimes. Hence, there was little for defense counsel to
accomplish by preemptively litigating the double jeopardy issue. Teters has not shown his
attorney’s handling of the double jeopardy issue was deficient.
We hold that Teters has not demonstrated that his counsel’s performance was deficient.
VII. STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL GROUNDS (SAG)
Teters argues in his SAG that the trial court erred in its evidentiary rulings and reiterates
his appellate counsel’s arguments with respect to prosecutorial misconduct and the amended
information. Each of these arguments fails.
A. Evidentiary Rulings
Admission of evidence is within the trial court’s sound discretion, which we will not
disturb on review absent a showing of abuse of discretion. State v. Stubsjoen, 48 Wash. App. 139,
147, 738 P.2d 306 (1987). The appellant bears the burden of proving abuse of discretion. State
v. Hentz, 32 Wash. App. 186, 190, 647 P.2d 39 (1982), reversed on other grounds, 99 Wash. 2d 538
(1983). Erroneous admission of evidence is not grounds for reversal “unless, within reasonable
probabilities, the outcome of the trial would have been materially affected had the error not
occurred.” State v. Tharp, 96 Wash. 2d 591, 599, 637 P.2d 961 (1981).
Teters first argues that the trial court improperly sustained an objection to his question of
Kashiwabara that had already been asked and answered. It was within the trial court’s discretion
to sustain this objection under ER 402.
Teters also argues he was unfairly prejudiced when the photographs of him in police
custody were used at trial. Referring to booking photographs may raise a prejudicial inference of
criminal propensity. State v. Sanford, 128 Wash. App. 280, 286, 115 P.3d 368 (2005). Even
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No. 49357-8-II
assuming the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the photograph, Teters has not made a
sufficient showing that “within reasonable probabilities, the outcome of the trial would have
been materially affected” had the trial court excluded the booking photograph. Tharp, 96 Wash. 2d
at 599.
He contends that the photographs depict him “in a prejudiced tone” because they showed
him “in police custody, [his] hands bagged, at 2:00 [a.m.] in the morning after a panic attack.”
SAG at 6. While such a photograph might paint a defendant in a negative light, it does not
follow that the photographs’ exclusion would have materially affected the outcome of Teters’
trial. See Tharp, 96 Wash. 2d at 599. There is no indication that these routine booking
photographs, taken during Teters’ arrest for the crimes at issue in this case, constituted such an
unfairly negative portrayal of Teters that they swayed the opinions of the jurors. We accordingly
hold that Teters has not shown prejudice.
B. Prosecutorial Misconduct and Amended Information
Teters reiterates his appellate counsel’s arguments that the prosecutor engaged in
misconduct through the statement relating to his PTSD and by misstating the law. Teters also
reiterates his counsel’s arguments on the amended information. These issues are addressed
above.
CONCLUSION
We affirm Teters’ conviction of attempted second degree child rape. We reverse Teters’
conviction of second degree child molestation. We remand for the trial court to vacate Teters’
conviction of second degree child molestation, to resentence Teters on his conviction of
attempted second degree child rape, to strike conditions 5, 6, and 7 from Teters’ conditions of
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No. 49357-8-II
community custody, and to modify condition 3 consistently with this opinion.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
Bjorgen, J.
Maxa, C.J.
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No. 49357-8-II
Lee, J. (concur in part and dissent in part) – I concur with the majority’s opinion in all
respects except for the majority’s holding that the community custody condition prohibiting Teters
from frequenting places that cater to minor children or locations where minors are known to
congregate is unconstitutionally vague. For the same reasons articulated in my dissent in State v.
Wallmuller, 4 Wash. App. 2d 698, 423 P.3d 282 (2018) , review granted, ___ P.3d ___ (Wash. 2019),
I respectfully disagree with the majority and would hold that the condition was not
unconstitutionally vague.
_______________________________
Lee, J.
31