Lisa R. Pascale, Resp. v. Michael J. Pascale, App. ( 2013 )

FILED
rnURT OF APPEALS D!Vi
STATE OF WASHINGTON
2013 FEB 25 AH 11= 27
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
In the Matter of the Marriage of: DIVISION ONE
LISA R. PASCALE, No. 68103-6-1
Respondent,
PUBLISHED OPINION
and
MICHAEL J. PASCALE,
Appellant. FILED: February 25, 2013
Dwyer, J. — The uniform arbitration act (UAA) stipulates that a "court may
not refuse to order arbitration because the claim subject to arbitration lacks merit
orgrounds for the claim have not been established." RCW 7.04A.070(3).
Instead, when determining whether a dispute must be arbitrated, the court must
limit its inquiry to the question ofwhether that dispute falls within the scope of the
parties' agreement to arbitrate. If it can be fairly said thatthe arbitration
agreement covers the dispute, arbitration is required.
Here, the trial court improperly reached the merits ofthe parties' dispute in
refusing to order arbitration. Moreover, because the subject of that dispute
clearly fell within the scope of the broad arbitration provision to which the parties
contracted, arbitration was in fact required. Accordingly, we reverse and remand.
No. 68103-6-1/2
I
Lisa Pascale and Michael Pascale1 filed a joint petition for dissolution of
their marriage on February 15, 2011. On September 6, 2011, the parties
participated in mediation before Harry R. Slusher. At the conclusion of the one-
day mediation, they executed a "stipulation and agreement" pursuant to Civil
Rule (CR) 2A. The CR 2A agreement, which was signed by Lisa and Michael,
their attorneys, and Slusher, included sections pertaining to a parenting plan for
the parties' two sons, child support, spousal maintenance, and the division of
property. Section 13(g) of the agreement—relating to the issue of spousal
maintenance—was hand-drafted by Slusher. This section, which is reproduced
below, stated that Michael would pay to Lisa the following:2
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The CR 2A agreement further specified that "[ejach party understands that
even though final documents yet need to be prepared this stipulation and
11n order to avoid confusion, Lisa Pascale and Michael Pascale are referred to as Lisa
and Michael, respectively.
2In addition, in order "[t]o settle all aspects of this case," the CR 2A agreement stipulated
that Michael would payto Lisa $1,666 per month for 29 months beginning at the conclusion ofthe
spousal maintenance schedule set forth in section 13(g). The agreement noted that"[f]or tax
purposes, this will also be spousal maintenance." There is no challenge pertaining to this
component of the spousal maintenance agreement.
No. 68103-6-1/3
agreement is effective and binding upon execution and enforceable in court." In
addition, the agreement contained an arbitration clause stipulating that "[a]ny
disputes in the drafting of the final documents or any other aspect of this
agreement (form or substance), or any issue not discussed shall be submitted to
Harry R. Slusher for binding arbitration."
As contemplated by the CR 2A agreement, following the conclusion of the
mediation, Michael drafted the final documents and submitted them to Lisa to be
entered in court. However, because Lisa did not agree that the proposed
documents embodied the agreement of the parties as set forth in the settlement
agreement, she did not present the documents to the court for entry. Instead,
Lisa filed a motion to enforce the CR 2A agreement in superior court.
In her motion to enforce, Lisa alleged that Michael had misrepresented the
parties' agreement regarding the duration of spousal maintenance. As drafted by
Michael, the section pertaining to maintenance stated:
Spousal maintenance shall be provided as follows:
Amount Duration
$9500 22 months
then $7500 14 months
then $5000 12 months
TOTAL 48 months
In contrast to the four years (48 months) of maintenance specified in Michael's
proposed final dissolution documents, Lisa asserted that section 13 of the CR 2A
agreement in fact provided for eight years (96 months) of spousal maintenance.
She contended that the draft proposed by Michael eliminated the first 48 months
No. 68103-6-1/4
of maintenance at $9,500 per month. Thus, she asked the court to approve entry
of final dissolution documents awarding her eight years of maintenance.
Michael thereafter filed a cross-motion asking the court to order the parties
to binding arbitration or, in the alternative, to enter the final documents that he
had proposed. In addition, he sought an award of attorney fees against Lisa
pursuant to CR 11, alleging that her motion to enforce was made in bad faith.
Lisa, in turn, requested an award of attorney fees based upon having to respond
to Michael's motion.
The trial court granted Lisa's motion to enforce the CR 2A agreement,
ruling that section 13 of the agreement awarded 96 months of maintenance. The
court explained that "[t]he written document is clear on its face. Extrinsic
evidence may not be used to modify an agreement that is clear on its face."
Based upon this determination, the court also denied Michael's motion to compel
arbitration. The trial court explained that "[tjhere is no arbitrable dispute because
of the Court's findings and conclusions regarding the CR 2A Agreement." The
court thereafter awarded attorney fees to Lisa, explaining that her motion "was
warranted by the facts and law."
Michael appeals.
II
Michael first contends that, because a court is not permitted to consider
the underlying merits of a dispute in determining the arbitrability of that dispute,
the trial court erred by denying his motion to compel arbitration based upon its
determination that the spousal maintenance provision was clear on its face. We
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No. 68103-6-1/5
agree.
Normal contract principles apply to the interpretation of a CR 2A
agreement. Morris v. Maks. 69 Wash. App. 865, 868, 850 P.2d 1357 (1993). We
review de novo a trial court's interpretation of the language of a contract.
Knipschield v. C-J Recreation, Inc., 74 Wash. App. 212, 215, 872 P.2d 1102
(1994). A trial court's determination regarding the arbitrability of a dispute is also
reviewed de novo. Heights at Issaquah Ridge Owners Ass'n v. Burton
Landscape Grp., Inc., 148 Wash. App. 400, 404, 200 P.3d 254 (2009); Stein v.
Geonerco. Inc., 105 Wash. App. 41, 45, 17 P.3d 1266 (2001).
"Washington law vests courts with the power to determine 'whether... a
controversy is subject to an agreement to arbitrate.'" Saleemi v. Doctor's
Assocs.. Inc. Wn.2d , 292 P.3d 108, H13 (2013) (quoting RCW
7.04A.060(2)). The arbitrability of a dispute is determined by examining the
arbitration agreement between the parties. Heights, 148 Wash. App. at 403. If the
reviewing court "can fairly say that the parties' arbitration agreement covers the
dispute, the inquiry ends because Washington strongly favors arbitration." Davis
v. Gen. Dynamics Land Svs.. 152 Wash. App. 715, 718, 217 P.3d 1191 (2009);
Mendez v. Palm Harbor Homes. Inc.. 111 Wash. App. 446, 454, 45 P.3d 594
(2002). Any doubts regarding the applicability of an arbitration agreement
"should be resolved in favor of coverage." Heights. 148 Wash. App. at 405 (citing
Peninsula Sch. Dist. No. 401 v. Pub. Sch. Emps. of Peninsula. 130 Wash. 2d 401,
413-14, 924 P.2d 13(1996)).
Furthermore, as the UAA makes clear, a court "may not refuse to order
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No. 68103-6-1/6
arbitration because the claim subject to arbitration lacks merit or grounds for the
claim have not been established." RCW 7.04A.070(3). "'Although it is the court's
duty to determine whether the parties have agreed to arbitrate a particular
dispute, the court cannot decide the merits of the controversy, but may determine
only whether the grievant has made a claim which on its face is governed by the
contract.'" Peninsula. 130 Wash. 2d at 413 (alteration in original) (quoting Council
of County & City Emps. v. Spokane County. 32 Wash. App. 422, 424-25, 647 P.2d
1058 (1982)). As our Supreme Court first explained in 1961:
[l]f the parties have promised to submit the subject matter to
arbitration, the court should not consider the merits, but should
enforce the mutual promises and leave consideration even in the
clearest cases to the arbitrator. It is the evaluation and conclusion
of the arbitrator, and not those of the courts, that the parties have
promised to abide by. There is no reason why, in the face of their
solemn agreement, the parties should be given an alternative of
invoking the time consuming and costly machinery of the courts in
lieu of the relative expedience of an arbitration proceeding. ... If
the parties have promised to arbitrate, the court should not refuse
to enforce the contract because the solution seems simple.
Hanford Guards Union of Am.. Local 21 of Int'l. Guards Union of Am. v. Gen.
Elec. Co.. 57 Wash. 2d 491, 498, 358 P.2d 307 (1961) (citations omitted).
Here, the trial court determined that "a dispute arose between the parties
regarding . . . Section 13 ofthe CR 2A Agreement relating to spousal support."
As the court characterized it, this dispute involved the "wifefs] assertion] that the
agreement requires the husband to pay spousal support in decreasing amounts
for a total of 96 months" and "the husband['s] contention] that the parties'
agreement was that he would pay spousal support for only 48 months." The trial
court then determined that the dispute was not arbitrable because "[t]he written
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No. 68103-6-1/7
document is clear on its face."
In so ruling, however, the trial court improperly examined the merits of the
controversy. As noted above, a court must resolve "the threshold legal question
of arbitrability of the dispute by examining the arbitration agreement without
inquiry into the merits of the dispute." Heights. 148 Wash. App. at 403. Here, the
subject of the parties' dispute was the meaning of the CR 2A agreement's
spousal maintenance provision. However, in determining the arbitrability of that
dispute, the trial court turned, not to the arbitration agreement, but directly to the
language of the spousal maintenance provision. Because, the trial court
concluded, this language was "clear on its face," the court determined that there
was no dispute subject to the agreement to arbitrate.
This was error. Where the parties have agreed to arbitrate a matter, a
court must "leave consideration even in the clearest cases to the arbitrator."
Hanford Guards. 57 Wash. 2d at 498. A court may not refuse to order arbitration on
the basis that the claim lacks merit. RCW 7.04A.070(3). Here, because the trial
court chose to examine the merits of the parties' dispute in determining the
threshold question of arbitrability, the court's method of analysis was erroneous.
Instead, in determining the arbitrability of this dispute, the proper question
is only whether the dispute regarding the spousal maintenance provision falls
within the scope of the arbitration provision. That question must be resolved by
examining the language of the arbitration agreement itself. Heights. 148Wn.
App. at 403. Here, the CR 2A agreement provides that "[a]ny disputes in the
drafting ofthe final documents or any other aspect of this agreement (form or
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No. 68103-6-1/8
substance), or any issue not discussed shall be submitted to Harry R. Slusher for
binding arbitration." At minimum, this provision requires the arbitration of
disputes pertaining to the drafting of the final documents, disputes as to either
the "form or substance" of the CR 2A agreement, and disputes pertaining to any
issue not discussed by the parties during the mediation.
The parties' dispute clearly falls within the broad scope of this arbitration
provision. This dispute pertains both to the drafting of the final documents and to
the substance of the CR 2A agreement. Lisa's disagreement with Michael arose
from his allegedly improper drafting of the final dissolution documents, a matter
that is expressly encompassed within the agreement to arbitrate. Moreover, it is
the meaning of the spousal maintenance provision—a matter pertaining to the
"substance" of the CR 2A agreement—that lies at the heart of the dispute. Given
that any doubts regarding the applicability of the arbitration agreement must be
resolved in favor of coverage, and because it may be fairly said "that the parties'
arbitration agreement covers the dispute," no further inquiry into the merits was
permissible.3 Davis. 152 Wash. App. at 718. Arbitration ofthe dispute was thus
required.
This is a prudent and sensible rule. The primary purposes of arbitration
are "speed and convenience." Saleemi. 292 P.3d 108, at U20. Any inquiry into
3 Lisa contends that the alleged dispute concerns only the enforcement of the CR 2A
agreement, a subjectwhich, she asserts, is expressly excluded from the parties' agreement to
arbitrate. Lisa is correct that the CR 2A agreement specifies that "this stipulation and agreement
is effective and binding upon execution and enforceable in court." However, this case does not
involve the simple matterof enforcing an undisputed contractual term. Instead, the parties'
dispute concerns the meaning of the contractual language contained within theiragreement.
Because this dispute pertains to the substance of the CR 2A agreement—a matterfalling
squarely within the ambitof the arbitration provision—arbitration is required.
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No. 68103-6-1/9
the merits of a dispute necessarily involves "the time consuming and costly
machinery of the courts," Hanford Guards. 57 Wash. 2d at 498—exactly the
outcome that our state's strong presumption in favor of arbitration seeks to avoid.
Indeed, in this case, the trial court's examination of the merits of the dispute well-
illustrates these costs and delays.
Here, the trial court, in its order issued on December 2, 2011, explained
that the spousal maintenance provision was not arbitrable because the contract
language was "clear on its face." Unlike the trial court, however, we discern no
clarity in the handwritten spousal maintenance provision. On the one hand, by
striking only the term "$9500/month" and not the term "48 months" in the first line
of the provision, the parties may have intended, as Lisa asserts, that the term
"$9500/month" in the second line of the provision be multiplied both by the term
"22 months" in the second line and the term "48 months" in the first line. In such
an event, the total period of maintenance would extend for 96 months. On the
other hand, the strikethrough of the term "$9500/month" in the first line of the
provision could indicate, as Michael asserts, that the parties intended that this
line of the provision be stricken in its entirety. Underthis interpretation, the term
"$9500/month" in the second line of the provision would be multiplied only by the
term "22 months" in the second line, and the total period of spousal maintenance
would extend for only 48 months. Given that multiple reasonable interpretations
of the contractual language exist, we cannot say, as the trial court believed, that
the spousal maintenance provision is unambiguous.
Thus, even were we to review the merits in determining the arbitrability of
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No. 68103-6-1/10
the dispute, as Lisa requests, because the agreement is not clear on its face,
arbitration would still be required. And, after more than a year of costly litigation,
the parties would find themselves in exactly the same position in which they
began. Such a result could easily have been avoided had the trial court complied
with the statutory mandate and declined to analyze the merits of the
controversy.4
Because the subjects of the parties' dispute—the drafting of the final
dissolution papers and the meaning of the spousal maintenance provision—
plainly fall within the scope of the arbitration clause, the trial court erred by
determining that there was no arbitrable dispute and denying Michael's motion to
compel arbitration.
Ill
Lisa nevertheless contends that if the spousal maintenance provision does
not unambiguously provide for 96 months of maintenance, as she asserts, then
the CR 2A agreement must be set aside for lack of mutual assent or because it
was unfair at the time of its execution. We disagree.
As an initial matter, the trial court did not reach the question of the CR 2A
agreement's enforceability and the record is largely silent with respect to this
issue. We will not abrogate the written agreement of the parties in the absence
of a developed record. Moreover, because, as discussed above, it is the
4 Indeed, in this case, the arbitrator is uniquely well-situated to resolve this dispute.
Having personally observed the negotiation of the parties during mediation, he is best positioned
to properly discern the intentof the parties regarding the meaning of the spousal maintenance
provision.
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No. 68103-6-1/11
arbitrator who must determine the meaning of the spousal maintenance
provision, any ruling regarding the fairness of that provision would be premature.
More importantly, however, the enforceability of the CR 2A agreement,
like the parties' dispute regarding the substance of the spousal maintenance
provision, is a matter for an arbitrator and not a court. Lisa relies on Nelson v.
Westport Shipyard. Inc.. 140 Wash. App. 102, 163 P.3d 807 (2007), for the
proposition that a court, and not an arbitrator, should determine the enforceability
of a contractual agreement. This reliance, however, is misplaced.
In Nelson. Division Three of this court held that a challenge to the validity
of a contract (based upon allegations of fraud, coercion, and misrepresentation)
was not subject to a provision requiring the arbitration of disputes "'arising out of
[the] Agreement.'" 140 Wash. App. at 113-14. However, the arbitration agreement
considered in Nelson predated the adoption of the UAA, which governs all
arbitration agreements entered into after January 1, 2006. RCW 7.04A.030. The
UAA stipulates that it is the arbitrator who must determine "whether a contract
containing a valid agreement to arbitrate is enforceable." RCW 7.04A.060(3). As
our Supreme Court has observed, unless a challenge relates only and
specifically to the arbitration clause itself, the enforceability of the contract is "'a
matter reserved for the arbitrator.'" Townsend v. Quadrant Corp.. 173 Wn.2d
451,460, 268 P.3d 917 (2012) (quoting Townsend v. Quadrant Corp. 153 Wn.
App. 870, 885, 224 P.3d 818 (2009)).
Here, the arbitration provision requires the arbitration of disputes relating
to any aspect ofthe form or substance ofthe CR 2A agreement. Lisa has lodged
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No. 68103-6-1/12
no challenge to the validity of this broad arbitration provision. Instead, she
challenges the validity of the CR 2A agreement itself. The question of that
agreement's enforceability, however, is a matter for the arbitrator to resolve.
RCW 7.04A.060. Accordingly, Lisa's claims of unfairness and lack of mutual
assent must be addressed by the arbitrator and not by the court.
IV
Michael contends that the trial court erred by awarding attorney fees to
Lisa. Given our resolution of the issues in this case, we agree and, accordingly,
vacate the trial court's award of attorney fees to Lisa. Moreover, we agree that
neither party is entitled to attorney fees on appeal. A meritorious issue has been
raised, and neither party demonstrates an ability to pay that is far exceeded by
that of the other party. Finally, we see no abuse of discretion in the trial court's
decision to deny Michael's request for CR 11 sanctions. Consequently, we will
not disturb that decision.
Reversed and remanded.
We concur:
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