State Of Washington v. D.c.d. ( 2013 )

c
85 UlC·
--{c
f..t.) ~::;:.
::n: en. -"-!
~ of? __"
·I
-,~
~ ~g;['
zr
--.1 :::-> :.f)
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON ;_;, ?.c;::
STATE OF WASHINGTON, )
) No. 68631-3-1
Respondent, )
) DIVISION ONE
v. )
)
D.C. D., ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
Appellant. ) FILED: March 11. 2013
SPEARMAN, A.C.J.- Juvenile respondent D.O. (0.0.8.: 12/30/94) was
adjudicated guilty of burglary in the second degree. On appeal, he claims the
juvenile court committed reversible error in denying his motion to suppress
evidence of a witness's show-up identification and the subsequent identification
at trial. We conclude the evidence was properly admitted because the
identification procedure was not unduly suggestive and, even if it was, it did not
create a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification. We affirm.
FACTS
On Sunday, October 23, 2011, at approximately 11:48 a.m., a silent alarm
was activated at Meany Middle School, located at 301 21st Avenue East in
Seattle. The school building was secured, nobody had permission to be inside,
No. 68631-3-1/2
and no activities were scheduled for that day. 1 Security response specialist Fiafia
Faletogo arrived within 15 to 20 minutes. Inside the building, he discovered
broken glass on the floor outside the office and saw that the office's reception
window had been broken.
Faletogo looked through the window into the office and saw a black male
in his late teens, wearing a white, long-sleeved top. The youth was looking
through cabinets. Faletogo used his radio to call the alarm desk monitor, who
patched in a 911 operator. He kept his voice low, exited the building, and stood
outside a security door, which had a large window. Looking through the window,
he saw the same youth and another youth casually walk by, two to four feet away
from him. The second youth was wearing a dark blue or black zip-up windbreaker
or jacket. 2 . Faletogo estimated both youths to be between six feet to six feet two
inches in height. At 12:17 p.m., he described them to the 911 operator as "two
black males, one wearing white, one wearing black, late teens." Verbatim Report
of Proceedings (VRP) 2VRP at 55; Ex. 48. Faletogo made eye contact with the
youths for three to five seconds. The youths ran north up the hallway and out of
sight.
The police soon responded to the area and observed two young men who
matched the description of the suspects walking within blocks of the school. The
1
This brief refers to the verbatim report of proceedings as follows: 1VRP-3/12/2012;
2VRP-3/13/2012; 3VRP-3/16/2012.
2
Faletogo variously described the jacket as "dark blue," "black," and "dark." 2VRP at 16,
46 (testifies it was dark blue); 2VRP at 54-55 (tells dispatcher it is black); 2VRP at 59 (states
"dark top" to police).
2
No. 68631-3-113
officers lost sight of them but soon saw them again. After a brief foot chase, the
officers detained the young men, later identified as D.O. and D.J.
The officers transported Faletogo by car to the locations of both suspects,
who were separately detained several blocks from the school. They told
Faletogo that two people has been stopped and they needed him to determine
whether the two were the same people he had seen in the school. One of the
officers may have mentioned that the two young men had run from the police.
Faletogo was first asked to view D.J., whom he positively identified as the youth
wearing white. He was then taken to view D. D., who was handcuffed by a patrol
car and standing with at least one officer. Faletogo positively identified D.O. as
the second male he had seen in the school. He recognized D.O.'s face, height,
complexion, and jacket. The show-up identification of D.O. was done at 12:29
p.m.
A search incident to arrest of D.O. revealed a screwdriver and a package
of Hi-Chew candy on his person. A search of D.J. revealed he also had a
package of Hi-Chew. Multiple boxes of Hi-Chew-sold by the school's student
association for fund raising-were located inside the school near the scene of the
burglary. D.J.'s fingerprints were lifted from an empty bag of chips found in a
garbage can at the school.
The State charged D.O. with one count of burglary in the second degree.
D.O. moved to suppress evidence of Faletogo's show-up and in-court
identifications, arguing the procedures used by police were impermissibly
3
No. 68631-3-1/4
suggestive and violated due process. The motion was denied. The juvenile court
made CrR 3.6 findings of fact and the following conclusions of law:
a. The show-up was suggestive based on the fact [D.O.] was in
handcuffs during the show-up and the fact [D.O.] was standing
next to a patrol car during the show-up.
b. The totality of circumstances evidences the show-up was not
impermissibly suggestive.
c. Even if the show-up was impermissibly suggestive, Faletogo's
identification of [D.O.] at the show-up was reliable based on the
fact that (1) Faletogo had sufficient opportunity to view [D.O.] at
the time of the crime, (2) Faletogo was focusing his full attention
on the two males in the hallway, (3) Faletogo accurately
described [D.O.'s] race, age and clothing to the 911 dispatcher,
(4) Faletogo was absolutely sure at that show-up that [D.O.] was
the second male inside the school, and (5) only twelve minutes
passed between the 911 call and the show-up with [D.O.].
Clerk's Papers (CP) at 26-29. At trial, Faletogo identified D.O. as the second
individual he saw in the school. D.O. testified in his own defense. 3 The trial court
adjudicated D.O. guilty. D.O. timely appeals.
DISCUSSION
We review the trial court's determination on a motion to suppress for
substantial evidence and to see if the findings support the conclusions of law.
State v. Schlieker, 115 Wn. App. 264, 269, 62 P.3d 520 (2003). Unchallenged
3
D. D. denied entering the school that day. He testified that on the morning of October 23,
2011, he was playing basketball at the Miller Community Center (adjacent to Meany Middle
School) with D.J. and a third young man, whom D.O. did not know. D.J. and the other male left,
indicating they would be right back. The other male was African-American and approximately
D.O.'s age and height. D.O. was sweaty and removed his shirt. After 15 to 20 minutes, only D.J.
returned and he was frantic. D.J. was running and shouted at D. D. to "[r]un, bro, run." 3VRP at
17, 25. The two ran several blocks before stopping to catch their breath. D.J. noticed D.O. was
not wearing a shirt and gave him his black jacket to wear. D.O. saw a pursuing police officer and,
due to his fear of police, started running again. He stopped when an officer drew his gun. D. D.
testified that he had bought the Hi-Chew earlier in the day and used exact change; he did not
carry a wallet or have any cash or coins on his person at the time of his arrest. D. D. stated that
the screwdriver in the jacket pocket belonged to D.J.
4
No. 68631-3-1/5
findings are verities on appeal. State v. Hill, 123 Wn.2d 641, 644, 870 P.2d 313(1994). Evidence is substantial if it is sufficient to persuade a fair-minded, rational
person. kL We review a trial court's conclusions of law de novo. State v.
Armenta, 134 Wn.2d 1, 9, 948 P.2d 1280 (1997).
An out-of-court identification procedure satisfies due process if it is not so
impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to "'a substantial likelihood of irreparable
misidentification."' State v. Linares, 98 Wn. App. 397,401, 989 P.2d 591 (1999)
(citing State v. Vaughn, 101 Wn.2d 604, 682 P.2d 878 (1984)). A defendant
claiming a due process violation must first establish that the identification
procedure was unduly suggestive. kL If this threshold burden is satisfied, the
court then determines whether, under the totality of the circumstances, the
procedure was so suggestive as to create a substantial likelihood of irreparable
misidentification. kL The key inquiry in determining admissibility is whether the
identification is reliable despite any suggestiveness. State v. Rogers, 44 Wn.
App. 510, 515-16, 722 P.2d 1349 (1986) (citing Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S.
98, 114, 97 S.Ct. 2243, 2253, 53 L.Ed.2d 140 (1977)). Generally, a show-up
identification held shortly after a crime and in the course of a prompt search for
the suspect is permissible. State v. Springfield, 28 Wn. App. 446, 447, 624 P.2d
208 (1981), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Freeman, 153 Wn.2d
765, 108 P.3d 753 (2005).
Suggestiveness of Procedure
D.D. contends the procedure was impermissibly suggestive because (1)
D.D. was handcuffed, standing near a police car, and in the presence of at least
5
No. 68631-3-1/6
one officer; (2) a police officer may have told Faletogo that the two suspects he
was about to view had run from police; and (3) just before looking at D.O.
Faletogo correctly identified D.J. as the first person he saw. As to the last point,
D.O. contends this would have suggested to Faletogo that the next person he
was about to view was the second person he had seen in the school.
We disagree. Although there was some suggestiveness to the procedure,
the juvenile court did not err in concluding it was not impermissibly suggestive.
As to D.O.'s first point, the court in State v. Guzman-Cuellar, 47 Wn. App. 326,
335-36, 734 P.2d 966 (1987) held the fact that a suspect is handcuffed and
standing near a police car alone is not enough to demonstrate impermissible
suggestiveness. Regarding the second point, assuming police told Faletogo the
suspects had run from them, 4 this would have been somewhat suggestive.
However, the officers made no remarks to Faletogo concerning D.O.'s
involvement in the specific crime being investigated and did not suggest that
Faletogo had to positively identify the detained suspects. As to D.O.'s third point,
it is unclear how Faletogo's own identification of the first suspect impermissibly
influenced his own identification of the next suspect. D.O. cites no authority in
support. Moreover, Faletogo expressed no doubts about his identification of D.O.,
saying he was absolutely sure D.O. was the second person he had seen in the
school.
4
The police officer who drove Faletogo to the show-up identifications testified that he did
not recall with certainty but that he "may have said something to the effect of, we've detained two
people that had run from us." 2VRP at 97. The juvenile court made no finding as to whether the
officer made this statement.
6
No. 68631-3-1/7
Substantial Likelihood of Irreparable Misidentification
The juvenile court also found that even if the show-up identification was
impermissibly suggestive, the circumstances surrounding Faletogo's
identification show that it was sufficiently reliable. We agree.
Factors to be considered in determining reliability of the identification
include (1) the opportunity of the witness to observe the suspect at the time of
the crime; (2) the witness's degree of attention; (3) the accuracy of the witness's
prior description of the suspect; (4) the level of certainty demonstrated at the time
of the identification; and (5) the time between the crime and the confrontation.
Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 114, 97 S.Ct. 2243, 53 L.Ed.2d 140 (1977);
Linares, 98 Wn. App. at 401.
With respect to the first factor, D.O. assigns error to the juvenile court's
finding that Faletogo had sufficient opportunity to view D.O.'s jacket and face. He
contends this finding is not supported by substantial evidence because Faletogo
made eye contact with the two youths for only three to five seconds. But Faletogo
observed the youths for more than those few seconds of direct eye contact; was
only several feet from them; viewed their faces through a clear glass window;
and testified he had a clear opportunity to view them. Furthermore, his
identification of the youths was based on more than their faces, and included
characteristics such as their height, complexion, and clothing. The juvenile
court's finding is supported by substantial evidence.
Second, Faletogo focused his full attention on the two youths. He was
tasked with determining the reason for the alarm, and his responsibilities include
7
No. 68631-3-1/8
reporting criminal activity and relaying descriptions of suspects. He testified that
he focused on D. D.'s face because he had already seen D.J.'s face and wanted
to be able to identify D. D. D.O. contends Faletogo was distracted because he
was on the radio reporting what he had seen. But the court properly found based
on the evidence that Faletogo was not distracted by being on the radio, because
his purpose for being on the radio was to give descriptions.
Third, Faletogo accurately described D.O.'s race, age, and clothing to the
911 dispatcher. Faletogo reported seeing two black males in their late teens, one
wearing white and one wearing black. D.O. is a black male in his late teens and
was wearing a black jacket when he was apprehended by police. 5 D.O. first
contends Faletogo's description was too general. But Faletogo testified that he
gave brief descriptions because he wanted the police to be dispatched quickly.
D. D. also contends details Faletogo gave were not entirely accurate, disputing
that the jacket he was wearing was a windbreaker-type jacket worn by athletes
and noting that while Faletogo described the youths as "six feet to six feet two
inches", he is six feet and D.J. is shorter than him. But a photograph of the jacket
shows it is not inconsistent with Faletogo's description, and D.O. does not
dispute that his height is in the range given by Faletogo.
Fourth, at the time of the show-up identification, Faletogo expressed no
uncertainty or hesitation and was certain in his identification of D. D. as the
second youth he had seen.
5
The court found that any discrepancy in the color of D.O.'s jacket-whether dark blue,
dark, or black-was minor.
8
No. 68631-3-1/9
Finally, as to the fifth factor, only 12 minutes elapsed between Faletogo's
observation of D.O. at the school and the show-up identification. This is well
within the permissible range for show-up identifications. See State v. Rogers, 44
Wn. App. 510, 516, 722 P.2d 1349 (1986) (six hours within permissible range);
Springfield, 28 Wn. App. at 448, overruled on other grounds by Freeman, 153
Wn.2d 765 (2005) (17 hours permissible).
The juvenile court properly admitted evidence of Faletogo's show-up and
in-court identifications.
Affirmed.
WE CONCUR:
Sf