Lisa Buhr v. Stewart Title Of Spokane, LLC ( 2013 )

FILED
August 1, 2013
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
LISABUHR, )
) No. 30355-1-III
Appellant, )
)
v. )
)
STEWART TITLE OF SPOKANE, LLC; ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
and STEWART TITLE COMPANY, )
)
Respondents. )
SIDDOWAY,1. - Lisa Buhr sued her former employer, Stewart Title of Spokane
LLC (Stewart Spokane), and its 51 percent shareholder, Stewart Title Company (Stewart
Co.), for disability discrimination and related claims. Her claims against Stewart Co. and
her reasonable accommodation claim against Stewart Spokane were dismissed on
summary judgment following the completion of discovery. Her remaining claims were
dismissed following a jury verdict in Stewart Spokane's favor.
In this appeal,l she challenges the trial court's summary judgment dismissal of her
reasonable accommodation claim against Stewart Spokane, evidentiary rulings made and
1 Ms. Buhr's appeal of the trial court's dismissal of her claims against Stewart Co.
was filed before this appeal and is addressed by our opinion in that matter, Buhr v.
Stewart Title ofSpokane LLC, No. 30164-8-III (Wash. Ct. App. Aug. 1,2013).
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Buhr v. Stewart Title ofSpokane LLC
jury instructions given at trial, and a sanction imposed for a discovery violation. We find
no error or abuse of discovery and affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
All of the issues raised in this appeal require that we review the evidence in the
light most favorable to Ms. Buhr and, in the case of the dismissal of one of her claims by
summary judgment, that we limit ourselves to the summary judgment record. We
therefore rely on the summary judgment record, largely on excerpts from Ms. Buhr's
deposition. We view any disputed facts in the light most favorable to Ms. Buhr.
Lisa Buhr is disabled. As a young girl, she was diagnosed with a form of cancer
the treatment for which caused a deformity in her left eye and stunted its growth. Her
vision worsened and required surgery in 2001 that removed a large portion of her eye and
replaced it with a prosthetic. The prosthetic and complications from it cause her
migraines and extreme dryness and irritation to her eyelid. Those, in tum, have resulted
in depression, tension, anxiety, trouble sleeping, and social isolation. These issues have
remained constant over her lifetime.
As of June 2006, Ms. Buhr had worked in the title insurance business as a
customer service representative for approximately eight years. She resigned her position
at First American Title Company by choice when the company was going through some
department changes. She was promptly contacted by Anthony Carollo, the president of
Stewart Spokane, who explained that he had heard about her from his employees who
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knew her from First American and spoke highly of her work. Ms. Buhr agreed to
interview with Mr. Carollo for a possible position at Stewart Spokane. During the
interview she informed Mr. Carollo of her medical issues. She explained that she would
quickly use and then exceed the 12 days that Stewart Spokane afforded for sick leave.
She specifically told him that if there was a problem with that, not to hire her. Mr.
Carollo said he would be able to provide that flexibility and offered her a full-time
position. She accepted it.
Stewart Spokane accommodated her need for an unusual number of unpredictable
work absences. For the first year of her employment, it also allowed her to make up
missed time by working through her lunch hours, after hours, and on weekends, if
necessary, in order to achieve a 40-hour work week. In mid-September 2007, however,
Mr. Carollo notified all of the company's employees that reduced business and revenues
required cost-cutting, including that employees get their work done during business
hours. Employees were no longer permitted to work hours other than the regular 8 a.m.
to 5 p.m. office hours without a demonstrated need and advance approval.
On September 22,2007, a Saturday, Ms. Buhr went into the title company offices
to make up work for two days missed during the week. Although she had not received
permission to work on the weekend, she later said she felt she needed to come in to keep
up with her assignments and her clients' needs. She worked almost three hours. She
prepared a time card knowing that she might not get paid for the time worked, but with
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the intention of at least letting her supervisor, Scott Montilla, know that she was doing
everything she could to keep up with work and in hopes she might be paid. Instead of
completing the time card with the close to three hours she had worked, she reported five
hours. She would later explain that this was to compensate her for working through her
lunch hour two times earlier in the week, a practice that she contends was dictated by
management.
Mr. Montilla accepted the time card reflecting the five hours reportedly worked on
the weekend. He said she would be paid for the time.
Unbeknownst to Ms. Buhr, Mr. Carollo had received reports from two employees
that Ms. Buhr may be padding her time card. After learning of her reported work on
Saturday, September 22, Mr. Carollo obtained the records for the building's alarm system
for that day and compared her time card to the times she entered and left as reflected on
the alarm records. After determining that she had been in the office for less than three
hours on Saturday rather than the reported five, he called her into Mr. Montilla's office
and fired her summarily for falsifying her time cards, failing to get permission for
working on the weekend, and stealing from the company.
The employee hired to replace Ms. Buhr is not disabled.
Ms. Buhr sued Stewart Spokane, alleging violations of the Washington Law
Against Discrimination (WLAD), chapter 49.60 RCW. She also asserted claims under
the Washington Family Leave Act, chapter 49.78 RCW; the Washington Minimum Wage
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Act, chapter 49.46 RCW; the Washington wage rebate act, RCW 49.52.050; and for
wrongful discharge in violation of public policy.
Before trial, Stewart Spokane moved for summary judgment dismissing Ms.
Buhr's claims. In support of its argument that her reasonable accommodation claim
should be dismissed, Stewart Spokane presented evidence that Mr. Carollo consistently
allowed Ms. Buhr to take time off as she needed when she was sick. The company
treated her days missed first as sick leave and then as paid vacation leave. Any additional
time off needed would be allowed, but would be unpaid. This was the same policy
applied to all employees. Stewart Spokane presented evidence that it never denied a
request by Ms. Buhr for a day off due to illness and never questioned her regarding the
absences. Ms. Buhr's absences for sickness did not affect her work or become a problem
for the company.
Mr. Carollo agreed that he had offered Ms. Buhr a full-time position but with no
guarantee that she would work 40 hours a week even in weeks when she had to take days
off due to illness. The two never discussed a base work requirement. Mr. Carollo
testified that Ms. Buhr was hired with the expectation that she would work Monday
through Friday, eight to five. Employees were allowed to work outside the standard eight
to five schedule and the company's employee manual allowed for "flex time," but both
required advance authorization or arrangement with an employee's supervisor.
Ms. Buhr's deposition testimony was consistent with Mr. Carollo's. She testified:
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Q. Did you ever have a specific discussion with anybody at Stewart
Title of Spokane about having an accommodation schedule that allowed
you to work different hours, other than regular business hours, prior to
September of 2007?
A. No.
Q. In fact, prior to September 2007, you were expected to work
regular business hours, correct? 8 to 5?
A. Yes.
Q. And to the extent that there was time that needed to be worked
after regular business hours, to discuss that with your supervisor first?
A. Yes.
Clerk's Papers (CP) at 351.
Ms. Buhr also testified concerning her understanding whether she was entitled to
"make up" sick time:
Q. Did you have an ongoing arrangement that you could make up
sick time in any week where you had sick time?
[Objection]
A. No.
Q. Did you have an arrangement with Mr. Carollo that if you took
sick time that was unpaid that you had a right to make up that time during
that same week by working extra hours?
A. No.
Q. Did you have that arrangement with Dave [Chromy]?
A. No.
Q. Okay. Were there times during your employment with Stewart
Title of Spokane where you missed some time due to sickness where you
were permitted to work some additional hours to make up for some of that
time?
A. Yes.
Q. And was that on a case-by-case basis?
A. When I answer case-by-your case-by-case, if it was going to
cause-if the additional hours would not only make up the sick time but
then cause overtime, it depended on if we were approved to work overtime
during certain times or not. We were in communication about issues like
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that because there were very stringent rules when there was to be no
overtime.
Q. And so, before working additional hours in a particular week
outside of regular work hours, was it your practice that you would ask if it
was okay at Stewart Title of Spokane?
A. Yes.
Q. And it was not automatic that it would be permitted, correct?
A. Correct.
Q. It was discretionary on a week-by-week basis at the discretion of
the manager, correct?
A. Correct.
CP at 352.
Given the undisputed evidence that Stewart Spokane had afforded Ms. Buhr
unpaid leave as needed and never questioned or penalized her for taking it, the trial court
dismissed Ms. Buhr's claims that the company violated the WLAD by failing to
reasonably accommodate her disability. Based on other undisputed evidence, it also
dismissed her family leave claim and her claim for wrongful discharge in violation of
public policy. It denied the motion to dismiss her remaining claims.
Trial proceeded in August 2011. Several days into trial, Stewart Spokane moved
to strike Ms. Buhr's economics expert, Erick West. It raised the motion after being
provided for the first time with slides that Ms. Buhr intended to use as illustrative exhibits
during the testimony of Mr. West, whom she planned to call that day. The slides
reflected substantive matters that Stewart Spokane represented had not been provided in
any formal form in response to discovery. After hearing extensive argument from
counsel, the trial court denied the motion to strike Mr. West as a witness but released the
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jury for an hour so that Stewart Spokane's counsel could review the slides and question
Mr. West about them.
Upon reconvening, Stewart Spokane renewed its motion. It reported that the
interview of Mr. West revealed that he had accumulated a large binder of materials over
the prior year including communications and materials provided by Ms. Buhr's lawyer,
his own notes, and other materials he had compiled and relied upon. They had never
been produced in response to discovery.
Ms. Buhr responded that she had fully complied with CR 26(b)(5) by providing
Mr. West's report and that Stewart Spokane never requested his deposition in connection
with which it could have issued a subpoena for his files. Stewart Spokane replied that it
had served an interrogatory and request for production addressing experts' opinions and
materials to which Ms. Buhr had only partially responded, representing that she would
supplement-but then, apparently, did not.
The court found a discovery violation but that it was not willful. It again refused
to strike Mr. West as a witness. It granted a further short continuance in trial, allowing
Stewart Spokane to depose Mr. West over the upcoming weekend. It imposed the limited
sanction' of assessing Stewart Spokane's costs associated with the deposition against Ms.
Buhr's lawyer.
At the conclusion of trial, the jury returned a defense verdict. Ms. Buhr appeals.
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ANALYSIS
Ms. Buhr contends on appeal that the trial court erred in (1) dismissing her
accommodation claim on summary judgment, (2) refusing to instruct the jury on
reasonable accommodation, (3) refusing to extend Ms. Buhr's opportunity for discovery,2
and (4) imposing sanctions on Ms. Buhr's counsel as requested by Stewart Spokane in
connection with the testimony of Mr. West. We address her assignments of error in tum.
1
Ms. Buhr contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment
dismissing her claim that Stewart Spokane failed to reasonably accommodate her known
disability.
The WLAD declares it an unfair practice for an employer to discharge,
discriminate in conditions of employment, or refuse to hire any person on the basis of a
sensory, mental, or physical disability. RCW 49.60.010, .180. Under RCW 49.60.180,
an employee may have a cause of action for two types of discrimination: an employer
who fails to accommodate an employee's disability faces an accommodation claim; an
employer who discharges an employee for a discriminatory reason faces a disparate
2 Ms. Buhr characterizes the third assignment as "abuse[ of] discretion in
terminating Lisa Buhr's right to discovery when discovery had just initiated." Br. of
Appellant at 1. The assignment and issue require reframing, as discussed in more detail
in our opinion in Buhr, No. 30164-8-111, slip op. at 5-6.
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treatment claim. Becker v. Cashman, 128 Wash. App. 79, 84, 114 P.3d 1210 (2005) (citing
Roeber v. Dowty Aerospace Yakima, 116 Wash. App. 127, 135,64 P.3d 691 (2003)).
To establish a prima facie case for failure to accommodate an employee's
disability, the employee must show that he or she (1) had a sensory, mental, or physical
abnormality that substantially limited his or her ability to perform the job; (2) was
qualified to perform the essential functions of the job with or without reasonable
accommodation; (3) gave the employer notice of the disability and its accompanying
substantial limitations; and (4) after notice was given, the employer failed to adopt
measures that were medically necessary to accommodate the disability. Riehl v.
Foodmaker, Inc., 152 Wn.2d l38, 145,94 P.3d 930 (2004); Becker, 128 Wash. App. at 84;
but cf Johnson v. Chevron US.A., Inc., 159 Wn. App. 18,30,244 P.3d 438 (2010)
(suggesting that the 2007 amendment ofRCW 49.60.040 has broadened the fourth
element). If the plaintiff cannot establish a prima facie case, the defendant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. Hill v. BCTI Income Fund-I, 144 Wash. 2d 172, 182,23 P.3d
440 (2001), overruled in part on other grounds by McClarty v. Totem Elec., 157 Wash. 2d
214, 137 P.3d 844 (2006).
In moving for summary judgment, Stewart Spokane did not dispute Ms. Buhr's
contention that she had health conditions that constituted a disability under the WLAD
and was qualified, with the allowance for extraordinary absences that it had provided, to
perform the essential functions of her job. Although she was absent approximately
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16 percent of the regular work days for the period of August 16, 2006 through September
30,2007, her performance remained satisfactory. The company contended instead that
she could not establish that it failed to accommodate her disability. The company
presented evidence, which Ms. Buhr did not dispute, that it allowed her to take time off
as needed. Providing a part-time or reduced schedule is recognized as one type of
reasonable accommodation. WAC 162-22-065(2)( a) (adjusting work schedule is an
example ofa reasonable accommodation); cf 42 U.S.C. § 12111(9)(B) (for purposes of
the ADA,3 "reasonable accommodation" may include part-time or modified work
schedules); accord 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(0)(2)(ii).
On appeal, Ms. Buhr argues that Stewart Spokane's accommodation was
inadequate because an accommodation that resulted in her running out of sick leave and
having to take unpaid leave
affects the employee's ability to perform their job because they get fired for
the next absence. Running out of sick leave affects Buhr's job performance
because she stops being paid for her work ( ditto).
Reply Br. of Appellant at 7-8. But Ms. Buhr presented no evidence that Stewart
Spokane's allowing her to work a reduced work week had resulted in Ms. Buhr being
fired or threatened with being fired for an absence. She presented no evidence that it
stopped paying her for her work.
3 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990,42 U.S.C. §§ 12101-12213.
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An unstated basis of the claim, but an undercurrent of Ms. Buhr's evidence and
argument, was that Stewart Spokane's accommodation reduced her ability to make full-
time earnings. She cites no authority for the proposition that an employer's duty to
accommodate an employee's disability includes figuring out a way that an employee who
needs to miss work days can make the same earnings as an employee who does not. A
number of cases dealing with religious accommodation hold that an employer complies
with its accommodation duty by providing unpaid leave, since "[g]enerally speaking,
'[t]he direct effect of [unpaid leave] is merely a loss of income for the period the
employee is not at work; such an exclusion has no direct effect upon either employment
opportunities or job status.'" Ansonia Bd. ofEduc. v. Philbrook, 479 U.S. 60,70-71,107
S. Ct. 367, 93 L. Ed. 2d 305 (1986) (most alterations in original) (quoting Nashville Gas
Co. v. Satty, 434 U.S. 136, 145,98 S. Ct. 347, 54 L. Ed. 2d 356 (1977)); Tepper v. Potter,
505 F.3d 508, 514 (6th Cir. 2007) (employer's requirement that employee take Saturdays
off from work without pay, "reduc[ing] his annual pay and eventual pension," did not
est~blish discriminatory discipline or discharge even where it reflected a change from
employer's prior policy of scheduling him with Saturdays off). The federal district court
for the Eastern District of Washington has characterized the rationale of the religious
accommodation cases as "equally applicable" to a claim for reasonable accommodation
ofa disability under the WLAD. Barron v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 704 F. Supp. 1555,
1567 (E.D. Wash. 1988).
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Whether an employer's duty to reasonably accommodate a disabled employee
needing exceptional time off includes guaranteeing that he or she will still be able to
make full-time earnings presents a legal question, not a factual one.
The law is well settled. "[T]he scope of an employer's duty to reasonably
accommodate an employee's abnormal condition is limited to those steps necessary to
enable the employee to perform his or her job." Jane Doe v. Boeing Co., 121 Wash. 2d 8,
14, 846 P.2d 531 (1993). "The term 'reasonable' is linked to necessity and limits the
duty to 'removing sensory, mental or physical impediments to the employee's ability to
perform his or her job.'" Riehl, 152 Wash. 2d at 146 (quoting Jane Doe, 121 Wash. 2d at 21).
"An employer need not necessarily grant an employee's specific request for
accommodation. Rather, an employer need only 'reasonably' accommodate the
disability." Pulcino v. Fed. Express Corp., 141 Wash. 2d 629, 643, 9 P.. 3d 787 (2000)
(citing Snyder v. Med. Servo Corp. ofE. Wash., 98 Wash. App. 315, 326, 988 P.2d 1023
(1999), aff'd, 145 Wash. 2d 233, 35 P.3d 1158 (2001)), overruled in part on other grounds
by McClarty, 157 Wash. 2d 214; accord Riehl, 152 Wash. 2d at 146 n.2 (employer does not
have a duty to grant an employee's specific request). Where multiple methods of
accommodation exist, the employer is entitled to select the method; the employee is not.
Frisino V. Seattle Sch. Dist. No.1, 160 Wash. App. 765, 779, 249 P.3d 1044, review denied,
172 Wash. 2d 1013 (2011); Wilson v. Wenatchee Sch. Dist., 110 Wash. App. 265, 270, 40
PJd 686 (2002). Once it is determined that the employer's proposed accommodation is
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reasonable, '''the statutory inquiry is at an end. The employer need not ... show that ...
the employee's alternative accommodations would result in undue hardship.'" Sharpe v.
Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 66 F .3d 1045, 1050 (9th Cir. 1995) (quoting Ansonia, 479 U.S. at
68-69 in the context of a disability discrimination claim asserted under the WLAD).
Undisputed facts demonstrated by Stewart Spokane support the conclusion that
Stewart Spokane made special allowances for Ms. Buhr that enabled her to perform the
job of customer service representative. The trial court did not err in dismissing her
reasonable accommodation claim.
II
After the trial court dismissed Ms. Buhr's reasonable accommodation claim it
granted, in part, Stewart Spokane's pretrial motion seeking to restrict evidence and
argument relating to accommodation. While it did not foreclose all use of the term
"accommodate," the trial court limited Ms. Buhr's references to accommodation to the
"ordinary, everyday parlance," not to denote a legal concept, duty, or right of
accommodation. 1 Report of Proceedings (RP) at 55-59. She argues that this was error,
contending that "[a ]ny disparate treatment claim includes the concept of reasonable
accommodation." Br. of Appellant at 22 (emphasis added).
Her arguments are not persuasive. As earlier discussed, reasonable
accommodation and disparate treatment are distinct theories. A disparate treatment claim
arises when an employer fires or otherwise discriminates against a qualified person
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because of his or her disability. The adverse employment actions by Stewart Spokane
that Ms. Buhr contended were motivated by discriminatory animus were its alleged
refusal to allow her to work outside normal business hours and its discharge of her in
October 2007.
Where, as here, a disparate treatment claim survives a motion for summary
judgment and proceeds to trial, the trier of fact hears and evaluates the parties' dueling
explanations for an employer' s actions and determines whether the employee has carried
her ultimate evidentiary burden of demonstrating that discriminatory animus was more
likely than not a substantial factor precipitating those actions. Hill, 144 Wash. 2d at 186-87
(citing Mackay v. Acorn Custom Cabinetry, Inc., 127 Wash. 2d 302, 311, 898 P .2d 284
(1995)).
The trial court's elements instruction on Ms. Buhr's disparate treatment claim
correctly set forth the law, stating in relevant part:
To establish her claim of discrimination on the basis of her
disability, Lisa Buhr has the burden of proving one of the following
propositions:
(1) That her disability was a substantial factor in Stewart Title of
Spokane's decision to terminate her. Lisa Buhr does not have to prove that
disability was the only factor or the main factor in the decision. Nor does
Lisa Buhr have to prove that she would have been retained but for her
disability; or
(2) That Stewart Title of Spokane treated Lisa Buhr less favorably
in the terms and condition of employment, when compared to other
similarly situated non-disabled employees, and that her disability was a
substantial factor in Stewart Title of Spokane's less favorable treatment of
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No. 30355-1-111
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her. Lisa Buhr does not have to prove that her disability was the only factor
or main factor in the decisions to treat her less favorably.
CP at 2272 (Instruction 8).
Ms. Buhr argues that a possible duty of accommodation needed to be addressed in
the disparate treatment instruction, however, pointing to WPI 330.32, which sets forth the
elements of a disparate treatment claim. 6A WASHINGTON PRACTICE: WASHINGTON
PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS: CIVIL 330.32, at 375 (6th ed. 2012) (WPI).4 One of the
4 WPI 330.32 provides:
Discrimination in employment on the basis of disability is prohibited.
To establish [his] [her] claim of discrimination on the basis of
disability, (name of plaintiff) has the burden of proving
each of the following propositions:
(l) That [he] [ she] [has a disability] [or] [is perceived to have a
disability] ;
(2) That [he] [she] is able to perfonn the essential functions of
the job in question [with reasonable accommodation] ; and
(3) That [his] [her] [disability] [or] [the perception of[his] [her]
disability] was a substantial factor in (name of
defendant's) decision [to terminate] [not to
promote] [not to hire] [him] [her] [to lay [him] [her] off].
(Name of plaintiff) does not have to prove
that [perceived] disability was the only factor or the main
factor in the decision. Nor does (name of
plaintiff) have to prove that [he] [she] would
have been [retained] [hired] [promoted] but for [his] [her]
[perceived] disability.
If you find from your consideration of all of the evidence that each
of these propositions has been proved, then your verdict should be for
(name of plaintiff) [on this claim]. On the other hand, if
any of these propositions has not been proved, your verdict should be for
(name of defendant) [on this claim].
(Alterations in original.)
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"propositions," or elements, that the instruction states a plaintiff must prove is that "[she]
is able to perform the essential functions of the job in question [with reasonable
accommodation]." Id. (alterations in original). It is not uncommon for an employee
alleging disability discrimination to assert both a reasonable accommodation and a
disparate treatment claim. If both claims are still in the case at the time of trial, the
element of qualification with accommodation would be needed in the disparate treatment
instruction.
Here, though, the trial court modified the pattern instruction in several respects,
including by dropping the requirement that Ms. Buhr prove that she was able to perform
the essential functions of the job in question (with or without reasonable
accommodation). It had been established in the summary judgment process that with the
allowances for absences made by Stewart Spokane, Ms. Buhr was able to perform all
essential functions of her job. 5 For that matter, the trial court's instruction also dropped
5 When the court addressed instructions with the parties' lawyers informally,
during a break in the evidence, Stewart Spokane's lawyer said the following about why
he dropped the first and second "propositions," or elements, from WPI 330.32:
I left off point 1 where it asks the jury to find that she has a disability, a
perceived disability, because we've acknowledged that. That's stipulated
to. I have that in my materials. So when there's something that's stipulated
to, it would be redundant and misleading to ask the jury to find that. So
that's not necessary.
Number two, the second part of Plaintiffs Number 10, she asks the
jury to make a decision as to whether or not she was able to perform the
essential functions of the job in question with reasonable accommodation.
Again, that is not an issue in the case. There's never been a dispute about
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any requirement that Ms. Buhr prove that she had a disability, since that was not in
dispute.
In dropping two elements that a plaintiff would otherwise have to prove in order to
recover, the trial court plainly made Ms. Buhr's burden of proof easier, not harder. Yet
she took exception, arguing that not including the omitted elements would be reversible
error. Not only did she advocate instructing the jury that she must prove her ability to
perform the job with reasonable accommodation, she argued that the trial court should
give WPI 330.34, which explains the concept of reasonable accommodation.
Jury instructions are proper if, when read as a whole, they (1) permit both parties
to argue their theory of the case, (2) are not misleading, and (3) properly inform the jury
of the applicable law. Kirk v. Wash. State Univ., 109 Wn.2d 448,460,746 P.2d 285
(1987); Easley v. Sea-Land Serv.} Inc., 99 Wash. App. 459, 467, 994 P.2d 271 (2000).
Whether to give a particular instruction is a matter within the discretion of the trial court.
the fact that she is indeed able to perform the essential functions, and so
there is no question about whether or not she needed reasonable
accommodation to perform the essential functions of her job. That part of
the case has been dismissed. And so there is-there is no reason to ask the
jury about an issue that's not before them on this case.
And so the reason I-it will confuse the jury, and the reason I have
fashioned the instruction the way I have is, as I would submit, it precisely
identifies the issues that are in front of the jury.
9 RP at 1656-57.
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Boeing Co. v. Key, 101 Wash. App. 629, 632, 5 P.3d 16 (2000). Only an alleged error of
law in a jury instruction is reviewed de novo. Jd.
The trial court correctly concluded that Ms. Buhr could not reasonably complain
where it dropped two elements of her required proof. Including the unneeded concept of
reasonable accommodation where the court had already determined as a matter of law
that Stewart Spokane had satisfied its duty of accommodation would only run the risk of
suggesting that the company might have a duty of accommodation under the WLAD that
it had not yet fulfilled.
The Note on Use section for WPI 330.32 states that the court should
use the bracketed phrase "with reasonable accommodation" and the
definition of reasonable accommodation in WPI 330.34 if, in order to make
a threshold showing ofqualification for the position, the plaintifJmust show
that he or she could perform the job's essential functions with reasonable
accommodation. The phrase and definition of reasonable accommodation
will not be used if the plaintiff does not assert that accommodation would
be necessary.
WPI 330.32, at 376 (emphasis added). Although the last sentence quoted from the
comment contemplates a plaintiff who does not assert a need for accommodation, the
same modification was appropriate where the employer did not contest the employee's
qualification based on an accommodation the court had already determined to be
adequate. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in making a modification to the
pattern instruction that was appropriate in this case.
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The trial court limited evidence and argument about reasonable accommodation
for the same reason it refused Ms. Buhr' s requested instructions. She challenges the
court's limitation on her presentation of evidence as well.
In light of dismissal of the accommodation claim, Stewart Spokane moved the
court for an order in limine excluding any evidence that Stewart Spokane "failed to
accommodate the plaintiff." CP at 1999, , 15 (boldface and capitalization omitted). It
argued that use by Ms. Buhr, her lawyer, or her witnesses of the term "accommodation"
or "failure to accommodate" "would confuse and mislead the jury, where no such
accommodation claim remains." Id. The trial court granted the motion in part, ruling
that the lawyers could use the terms colloquially, but with directions to use "an
appropriate amount of circumspection so that there won't be any confusion with the
dismissed claim." 1 RP at 59.
A trial court's grant or denial of a motion in limine is within its discretion and will
not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion. Gammon v. Clark Equip.
Co., 38 Wash. App. 274, 286, 686 P.2d 1102 (1984), af!'d, 104 Wash. 2d 613, 707 P.2d 685
(1985).
We have already rejected Ms. Buhr's argument that accommodation is an element
of every disparate treatment claim. We cannot conceive why discussion of
accommodation would be necessary to present the claim; even so, the trial court
permitted Ms. Buhr to use the terms in a colloquial sense. Ms. Buhr does not present a
20
No.30355-1-III
Buhrv. Stewart Title ofSpokane LLC
single example of when and how the trial court's limitation on discussion of
"accommodation" or "failure to accommodate" frustrated her presentation of relevant
evidence and argument. She fails to demonstrate any abuse of discretion.
III
Ms. Buhr's next assignment of error is to the trial court's refusal to extend the
discovery cutoff. That decision is a principal focus of Ms. Buhr's companion appeal and
is addressed in our opinion in that case. Buhr v. Stewart Title ofSpokane LLC, No . .
30164-8-III, slip op. at 7-10 (Wash. Ct. App. Aug. 1,2013). The only consequence of that
decision prejudicially affecting the decision on review here that is not addressed by the
companion decision is her claimed inability to obtain time cards for other employees.
In timely written discovery, Ms. Buhr requested all time cards for a number of
Stewart Spokane employees for the period June 2007 through December 2007. 8 RP at
1545. Stewart Spokane objected to the request for other employees' time cards as
irrelevant. Ms. Buhr did not move to compel production before the discovery cutoff.
A couple of months after the discovery cutoff, in connection with her motion to
extend discovery, Ms. Buhr argued to the trial court that among the documentary
discovery she now needed was'" all hourly time cards from each hourly employee in the
Stewart office between January [20]07 and December [20]07.'" Id. at 1547 (emphasis
added). Although the trial court ordered Stewart Spokane to produce other records at that
time, it did not order production of the time cards.
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No. 30355-1-111
Buhr v. Stewart Title ofSpokane LLC
At trial, Ms. Buhr was allowed to present her own testimony and that of other
defense witnesses supporting her allegation that Stewart Spokane directed employees to
disguise any lunch hours they worked by recording the time elsewhere. Stewart Spokane
then presented the testimony of two employees that when required to work through their
lunch hours they did not disguise the time but reported it, and were paid. Stewart
Spokane did not offer time cards as evidence to support their testimony.
Following this testimony, Ms. Buhr moved the trial court to compel Stewart
Spokane to produce employee time cards. She argued that without the time cards she had
no means to impeach the witnesses' testimony. Stewart Spokane responded that it had
timely objected to her discovery requesting the time cards based on its position that other
employees' time records were irrelevant. It claimed that in presenting testimony on that
score at trial, it was only responding to testimony that the trial court had allowed Ms.
Buhr to present. It argued that if Ms. Buhr had believed that its objection was not well
taken she should have moved to compel production before the discovery cutoff.
The trial court adopted Stewart Spokane's arguments in denying Ms. Buhr's
motion to compel.
In the companion case, we found no manifest abuse of discretion by the trial court
in refusing to extend the discovery process beyond the discovery cutoff. There is nothing
about this requesteq discovery that causes us to reach a different conclusion. As noted in
the companion decision, the purpose of a discovery cutoff date is "to protect the parties
22
No. 30355-1-111
Buhr v. Stewart Title ofSpokane LLC
from a continuing burden of producing evidence and to assure them adequate time to
prepare immediately before tria!." Whittaker Corp. v. Execuair Corp., 736 F.2d 1341,
1347 (9th Cir. 1984). A party in the midst of trial is equally ifnot more in need of
protection from the burden of producing evidence. Although Ms. Buhr demonstrates that
a timely motion to compel production of other employees' time cards might have been
successful, she has not demonstrated that the court abused its discretion in holding her to
the deadline for resolving discovery issues established by the case schedule order.
IV
Ms. Buhr finally challenges the trial court's imposition of sanctions against her
lawyer for a discovery violation relating to documents possessed and exhibits prepared by
her expert, Erick West. She argues that the court had no basis for imposing sanctions.
A history ofMr. West's identification and related discovery and disclosures is
needed to place the parties' positions into context.
Sometime early in the case, Stewart Spokane served written discovery on Ms.
Buhr that included its Interrogatory 22 and Request for Production 12 about expert
witnesses. The discovery requests and responses are not included in the record on appeal
but copies were handed up to the court during argument of these issues, according to the
record. The parties read or paraphrased the requests during argument. Interrogatory 22
evidently asked for an identification of the subject matter on which any expert would
testify, the substance of the facts and opinions on which the expert was expected to
23
No. 30355-1-111
Buhr v. Stewart Title ofSpokane LLC
testify, a brief summary of the grounds for each opinion, a resume, and a list of prior
lawsuits and other testimony. See 4 RP at 591. The request for production asked Ms.
Buhr to "'[p]roduce all documents in plaintiffs possession or under plaintiffs control
relating to the information set forth in Interrogatory Number 22.'" Id. at 691.
Instructions to the discovery evidently requested supplemental answers'" if you or your
attorney obtains further information between the time the answers are served and the time
of trial and no later than 60 days prior to triaL'" Id. at 592.
On March 12,2010, Ms. Buhr identified Dr. Frederick DeKay as an economic
expert in response to the discovery. Her answer to Interrogatory 22 stated, '" See Dr.
DeKay's curriculum vitae at Request for Production Number 12.'" Id. at 595. No
objection was made to the request for production. It was reportedly answered, "'Will
supplement upon receipt.'" Id.
Dr. DeKay thereafter retired. The cutoff imposed by the original case schedule
order for identifying lay and expert witnesses passed on August 16,2010.
On November 4,2010, Ms. Buhr identified Erick West to substitute as her
economic expert.
The discovery cutoff set by the original case schedule order passed on January 10,
2011. Stewart Spokane did not depose Mr. West before the cutoff of discovery. It would
later explain its decision not to depose him as based on the fact that it did not have any of
24
No.30355-I-II1
Buhr v. Stewart Title ofSpokane LLC
the infonnation about him or his opinions that would have allowed it to depose him
effectively and therefore relied on its written discovery.
On March 18, 2011, Ms. Buhr provided Stewart Spokane with an unsigned draft
report from Mr. West as an attachment to a mediation statement.
On July 28, Ms. Buhr provided Mr. West's final signed report to Stewart Spokane.
As of the first day of trial (Monday, August 8), Stewart Spokane claimed not to
have received a list of cases in which Mr. West had testified. On the first day of trial, it
moved to strike Mr. West as a witness. The court denied the motion.
Mr. West appeared at court on the morning of Thursday of the first week of trial
(August 11), when Ms. Buhr planned to call him to testify. Before trial commenced that
morning, Ms. Buhr's lawyer provided Stewart Spokane with copies of illustrative
exhibits that Mr. West had brought in the form of slides to be projected during his
testimony. At the outset of proceedings, Stewart Spokane renewed its motion to strike
Mr. West or to bifurcate and defer trial on damages claiming it had never before seen the
illustrative exhibits.
Rather than sanction Ms. Buhr, the trial court recessed for a time so that Stewart
Spokane's lawyers could review the slides and speak with Mr. West about them.
Following that discussion with Mr. West, Stewart Spokane's lawyers reported to the
court that he had a large binder of documents, none of which had been produced in
response to Stewart Spokane's request for production. It was this third request to strike
25
No.30355-1-III
Buhr v. Stewart Title ofSpokane LLC
Mr. West as a witness that resulted in the trial court's finding of a nonwillful discovery
violation, for which it ordered Ms. Buhr to produce Mr. West for a deposition that
weekend and assessed the associated costs against her lawyer.
A trial court has broad discretion to grant or deny sanctions for discovery
violations, and its decision will not be disturbed absent a clear abuse of discretion.
Mayer v. Sto Indus., Inc., 156 Wn.2d 677,684,132 P.3d 115 (2006); Wash. State
Physicians Ins. Exch. & Ass'n v. Fisons Corp., 122 Wn.2d 299,338,858 P.2d 1054
(1993).
It is true, as Ms. Buhr argued, that parties will commonly depose an opposing
party's expert witness and can obtain his or her files through a subpoena. It is also true
that Stewart Spokane's instruction demanding supplementation went beyond CR 26(e)
and does not stand on the same footing as the more limited duty to supplement provided
by the rule. Nonetheless, not having received any objection, Stewart Spokane was
entitled to rely on the fact that it had served the written discovery and received a response
promising supplementation. 6
6 During trial, Ms. Buhr argued that the trial court's rulings denying her motion to
compel production of time cards she had timely requested, yet granting, in part, Stewart
Spokane's motion objecting to testimony by Mr. West, were inconsistent and unfair. The
key difference was that Stewart Spokane objected early on to her discovery request,
putting her on notice that it did not intend to produce the time cards and that she would
need to take further action to obtain them. Ms. Buhr did not object to Stewart Spokane's
request and promised supplementation.
26
No.30355-1-II1
Buhr v. Stewart Title ofSpokane LLC
Ms. Buhr had substituted an expert after the witness identification deadline and
proceeded toward trial knowing that the expert had received or generated documents that
she had never produced to Stewart Spokane. Even if she forgot about her response
promising supplementation, making her conduct nonwillful, her knowledge that she had
not provided Stewart Spokane with anything but Mr. West's report should have been a
red flag that she had likely overlooked something. That, and the prejudice to Stewart
Spokane, were bases that could support a sanction. The trial court's imposition of limited
sanctions for the violation was well within its discretion.
Finally, Ms. Buhr requests attorney fees on appeal. RAP 18.1 permits recovery of
reasonable attorney fees or expenses on review if applicable law grants that right. Ms.
Buhr relies on RCW 49.60.030(2), which provides that a person injured by any act in
violation of the WLAD is entitled to attorney fees. Frisino, 160 Wash. App. at 786. The
right extends to fees incurred on appeal by a prevailing party, see id., but Ms. Buhr has
not prevailed. The request for fees is denied.
Affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
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No. 30355-1-II1
Buhr v. Stewart Title ofSpokane LLC
Washington Appellate Reports but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06 .040.
Sid~.J=-
WE CONCUR:
``.J-.--_Crt~---------------
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