State of Washington v. Johnny Narvin Talbert, Jr. ( 2019 )

FILED
FEBRUARY 21, 2019
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 35294-3-III
)
Respondent, )
)
v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
JOHNNY NARVIN TALBERT, )
)
Appellant. )
PENNELL, A.C.J. — Johnny Narvin Talbert appeals his convictions for one count
of first degree rape of a child and two counts of first degree child molestation. The
conviction for first degree rape of a child is affirmed. However, one of Mr. Talbert’s two
child molestation convictions must be vacated based on double jeopardy concerns. This
matter is remanded for resentencing.
FACTS
In November 2015, 8-year-old J.Q. reported to her school counselor that she
had been sexually assaulted by her mother’s live-in boyfriend, Johnny Talbert. The
No. 35294-3-III
State v. Talbert
information was then relayed to the authorities. Less than a week after J.Q.’s disclosure,
Mr. Talbert voluntarily went to the Benton County Sheriff’s Office and participated in a
recorded interview. After the interview, Mr. Talbert was arrested and taken into custody.
Mr. Talbert was charged in superior court with one count of first degree rape of a
child and two counts of first degree child molestation. His case proceeded to trial.
J.Q. testified at trial and described several sexual interactions she had with Mr.
Talbert while she and her mother were living with him from February 2015 until
November 25, 2015. J.Q. did not specify the number of times she had been assaulted by
Mr. Talbert.
Mr. Talbert testified in his defense. Mr. Talbert explained that approximately two
weeks prior to his arrest, he and J.Q.’s mother got into an argument about finances. J.Q.’s
mother was not working and Mr. Talbert told her that she would either need to get a job
or move out. Mr. Talbert averred that he could not think of any reason, “other than being
faced with moving out” that would cause J.Q. to make these allegations against him.
3 Report of Proceedings (Feb. 16, 2017) at 468.
During cross-examination, the State followed up on Mr. Talbert’s theory regarding
J.Q.’s motive to lie. The State questioned Mr. Talbert about his pretrial interview with
law enforcement. The State pointed out that, during the interview, Mr. Talbert had been
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given four opportunities to explain why J.Q. might have fabricated sexual assault
allegations against him. Yet on each of the four occasions, Mr. Talbert failed to mention
the argument over finances or the idea that J.Q. might have been lying because she feared
eviction.
On redirect, defense counsel moved to introduce into evidence the entire recording
of law enforcement’s interview with Mr. Talbert as a prior consistent statement. The
State objected, claiming Mr. Talbert’s prior statement was inadmissible hearsay. The trial
court sustained the State’s objection and precluded introduction of the recording.
After the close of evidence, the jury was provided a standard instruction regarding
separate consideration of counts. It was also instructed that although the State presented
evidence that Mr. Talbert committed acts of first degree child rape on multiple occasions,
it must unanimously agree to a specific act that had been proved to support a rape
conviction. The court’s instructions for Mr. Talbert’s two child molestation charges were
worded identically, except that one was identified as pertaining to count 2 and one was
identified as pertaining to count 3.
During the course of deliberations, the jury submitted the following written
questions to the court: “Why are there two separate molestation counts?” and “How is the
jury supposed to distinguish between counts with apparently identical charges?” Clerk’s
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Papers (CP) at 48. Counsel for the State, defense counsel, and the trial court agreed to
refer the jury back to their instructions. The court sent the jury’s inquiry back with the
response, “Please refer to your jury instructions.” Id.
The jury found Mr. Talbert guilty as charged. At sentencing, the trial court
imposed several community custody conditions. In relevant part, the court imposed the
following as “Other Conditions”:
8) Do not possess or view material that includes images of nude women,
men and/or children;
9) Do not possess or view material that includes images of children
wearing only undergarments and/or swimsuits;
10) Do not attend X-rated movies, peep shows, or adult book stores;
....
15) Inform the Community Corrections Officers of any romantic
relationships to verify there are no minor aged children involved.
Id. at 82-83.
Mr. Talbert appeals.
ANALYSIS
Right to present a defense
Mr. Talbert contends the trial court denied him the opportunity to present a defense
when it excluded from evidence the recording of his law enforcement interview. We
disagree.
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A defendant has a constitutional right to present a defense. However, this “right
does not extend to the introduction of otherwise inadmissible evidence.” State v. Aguirre,
168 Wn.2d 350, 363, 229 P.3d 669 (2010). We review a trial court’s ruling on the
admissibility of evidence for abuse of discretion. State v. Burnam, 4 Wn. App. 2d 368,
375, 421 P.3d 977, review denied, 192 Wn.2d 1003, 430 P.3d 257 (2018).
Here, the trial court correctly determined that Mr. Talbert’s out-of-court statement
to law enforcement was not admissible as a prior consistent statement under ER
801(d)(1)(ii). For one thing, Mr. Talbert’s prior statement was not materially consistent
with his trial testimony. At trial, Mr. Talbert suggested that J.Q. was motivated to lie
because Mr. Talbert had threatened to oust J.Q.’s mother from his home. But in the
prearrest interview, Mr. Talbert never advanced this theory, despite being provided four
opportunities to do so. In addition, Mr. Talbert’s statement to law enforcement was not
made prior to a motive to fabricate. At the time of the prearrest interview, Mr. Talbert
was at the sheriff’s office and had been informed of the nature of J.Q.’s allegations.
Because Mr. Talbert already had a motive to fabricate at the time of his prearrest
interview, his statement was not relevant to rebutting the State’s claim of fabrication
during trial. State v. Makela, 66 Wn. App. 164, 168-69, 831 P.2d 1109 (1992).
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Jury instructions
Mr. Talbert argues that the court’s instructions failed to protect him from double
jeopardy1 because the instructions did not inform the jury that he could not be convicted
of multiple counts of child molestation based on a single act. Although Mr. Talbert did
not object to the court’s instructions during trial, his argument is one that can be raised for
the first time on appeal. State v. Mutch, 171 Wn.2d 646, 661, 254 P.3d 803 (2011).
Reviewing the matter de novo, id. at 661-62, we find Mr. Talbert’s claim meritorious.
Four of the court’s jury instructions are relevant to Mr. Talbert’s double jeopardy
claim:
INSTRUCTION NO. 4
A separate crime is charged in each count. You must decide each
count separately. Your verdict on one count should not control your verdict
on any other count.
CP at 21. 2
INSTRUCTION NO. 13
The State alleges that the defendant committed acts of Child
Molestation in the First Degree on multiple occasions. To convict the
defendant on any count of Child Molestation in the First Degree, one
particular act of Child Molestation in the First Degree must be proved
beyond a reasonable doubt, and you must unanimously agree as to which act
1
U.S. CONST. amend. V; WASH. CONST. art. I, § 9.
2
The language in this instruction was taken, verbatim, from Washington’s pattern
instructions. 11 WASHINGTON PRACTICE: WASHINGTON PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS:
CRIMINAL 3.01, at 80 (3d ed. 2008).
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has been proved. You need not unanimously agree that the defendant
committed all the acts of Child Molestation in the First Degree.
If you unanimously agree that the defendant committed a particular
act of Rape of a Child in the First Degree as charged in Count I, you may
not use that act as that particular act that constitutes Child Molestation as
charged in Counts II and III.
Id. at 30.
Instructions 15 and 16 are worded identically except for instruction 15 referenced
count 2 and instruction 16 referenced count 3:
To convict the defendant of the crime of child molestation in the first
degree as charged in count [2/3], each of the following elements of the
crime must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt:
(1) That intervening between the 1st day in November, 2014, and the
25th day of November, 2015, the defendant had sexual contact with [J.Q.];
(2) That [J.Q.] was less than twelve years old at the time of the
sexual contact and was not married to the defendant;
(3) That [J.Q.] was at least thirty-six months younger than the
defendant; and
(4) That this act occurred in the State of Washington.
If you find from the evidence that each of these elements has been
proved beyond a reasonable doubt, then it will be your duty to return a
verdict of guilty.
On the other hand, if, after weighing all the evidence, you have a
reasonable doubt as to any one of these elements, then it will be your duty
to return a verdict of not guilty.
Id. at 32, 33.
Our double jeopardy analysis involves a two-step inquiry. First, we consider
whether the jury instructions given were flawed and could have allowed the jury to
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convict the defendant of multiple counts based on a single act. Mutch, 171 Wn.2d at
661-63. Second, if the instructions are faulty, we examine the entire trial record, in a
rigorous fashion in favor of the defendant, to determine whether there are potentially
redundant convictions. Id. at 664.
Reviewing the court’s instructions, one might surmise that instruction 4 should
have prevented the jury from issuing two child molestation convictions based on the same
act. But the Supreme Court’s decision in Mutch precludes this assessment. Mutch held
that language identical to that of instruction 4 is insufficient, alone, to guard against a
double jeopardy violation. Id. at 662-63. This is because the instruction only requires
proof of separate “crimes.” It does not explain that each “crime” requires proof of a
different act. Id. To avoid a double jeopardy problem, Mutch explained that the separate
act requirement should be explained to the jury either in a stand-alone instruction or in
sufficiently distinctive to-convict instructions. Id. at 662.
Mr. Talbert’s to-convict instructions (15 and 16) were insufficient to address the
separate act requirement identified in Mutch. As noted previously, the two instructions
were worded nearly identically and contained the same offense conduct dates. Nothing in
either of the two to-convict instructions explained that the act forming the basis of count 2
had to be separate from an act proved for count 3. See State v. Noltie, 116 Wn.2d 831,
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849, 809 P.2d 190 (1991) (The to-convict instruction properly stated, “That during [the
intervening time period] the defendant engaged in sexual intercourse with [the victim] in
an incident separate from and in addition to any incident that may have been proved in
[any other] count.”).
The State argues that instruction 13 was sufficient to advise the jury of the separate
act requirement. We disagree. The first paragraph of instruction 13 addressed the
unanimity requirement of State v. Petrich, 101 Wn.2d 566, 572-73, 683 P.2d 173 (1984),
overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Kitchen, 110 Wn.2d 403, 406 n.1, 756 P.2d
105 (1988). The paragraph made clear that the jurors had to unanimously agree that a
particular act had been proved beyond a reasonable doubt in order to enter a conviction
for child molestation. However, the paragraph did not discuss the issue of multiple
counts or clarify that each conviction must be based on a separate act. Unlike the first
paragraph, the second paragraph of instruction 13 does address the concept of separate
acts. However, this discussion is limited to differentiating between rape of a child and
child molestation. The second paragraph of instruction 13 specifies that the act used to
convict the defendant of rape cannot also serve as a basis for a child molestation
conviction. But it fails to clarify that the separate act requirement applies not only to the
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two types of charges lodged against Mr. Talbert, but also to the two child molestation
charges.
We turn, then, to the question of prejudice. Our review in this context is exacting.
We must vacate a potentially redundant conviction unless the trial record, as a whole,
indicates that it “was ‘manifestly apparent to the jury’” that each count charged had to be
based on a separate act. Mutch, 171 Wn.2d at 664 (quoting State v. Berg, 147 Wn. App.
923, 931, 198 P.3d 529 (2008)). Only in a “rare circumstance” will the record be
sufficient to overcome deficient jury instructions that fail to take into account double
jeopardy concerns. Id. at 665.
Mr. Talbert’s two child molestation convictions cannot withstand this rigorous
level of scrutiny. This is not a case where the victim identified a specific number of
assaults that matched up to the number of counts. See id. (The victim testified to five
separate episodes of rape, which matched the number of counts.); State v. Hayes, 81 Wn.
App. 425, 438-39, 914 P.2d 788 (1996) (The defendant was charged with four counts of
child rape and the victim testified to being raped on at least four occasions.). Nor did the
prosecutor clarify that the jury had to find more than one separate act of molestation in
order to justify two convictions. See Noltie, 116 Wn.2d at 849 (The prosecutor explained
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two counts of statutory rape by stating, “[Y]ou have to find he did it twice in order to
convict him of the second one. Okay?”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The question submitted by the jury during deliberations underscores our concerns
regarding the ambiguity of the court’s instructions. The jury specifically asked the trial
court why Mr. Talbert was facing two identical counts of child molestation. Instead of
substantively answering this question, the court merely directed the jury to review its
instructions again. During the hearing to address the jury question, the parties noted that
the instructions had advised the jury of the Petrich unanimity requirement. This
observation was accurate. But it did not address the concern for double jeopardy.
Petrich’s unanimity requirement is based on the idea that all jurors must agree on the act
that is used as a factual basis for a particular count. In contrast, double jeopardy is rooted
in the idea that the act forming the basis of one conviction cannot also be used as the
basis for another conviction for the same crime. The fact that the trial court instructed the
jury regarding unanimity was insufficient to also advise the jurors of double jeopardy’s
separate act requirement.
Because the record before us shows it was not manifestly apparent to an average
juror that Mr. Talbert’s two child molestation convictions must be predicated on separate
acts, one of the two convictions must be vacated.
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Community custody conditions
Mr. Talbert challenges community custody conditions 8, 9, 10, and 15 as
overbroad and vague. The State largely concedes error, but claims that at least one of the
challenged conditions can be reworded.
Because Mr. Talbert must be resentenced based on our disposition of his double
jeopardy claim, the arguments regarding community custody conditions may be raised at
resentencing. On resentencing, the trial court can ensure that Mr. Talbert’s community
custody conditions comply with constitutional standards set by our current case law. See
State v. Nguyen, 191 Wn.2d 671, 678-79, 425 P.3d 847 (2018); State v. Johnson, 4 Wn.
App. 2d 352, 358-60, 421 P.3d 969, reviewed denied, 192 Wn.2d 1003, 430 P.3d 260(2018).
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL GROUNDS FOR REVIEW
Mr. Talbert has filed a statement of additional grounds for review, arguing his trial
attorney provided ineffective assistance of counsel. To succeed on his claim, Mr. Talbert
must show both deficient performance and prejudice. State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d
322, 334-35, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995); Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.
Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). The failure to satisfy either prong ends our inquiry.
State v. Hendrickson, 129 Wn.2d 61, 77-78, 917 P.2d 563 (1996).
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The majority of Mr. Talbert’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims fail because
they are not supported by the current record. To the extent Mr. Talbert wishes to
supplement the record with evidence that was not presented to the trial court, his recourse
is to file a personal restraint petition. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d at 335.
The remainder of Mr. Talbert’s claims do not warrant relief apart from what has
already been provided. Mr. Talbert’s arguments regarding double jeopardy have been
addressed. The claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to present an opening
statement is precluded by our case law. In re Pers. Restraint of Davis, 152 Wn.2d 647,
715, 101 P.3d 1 (2004) (“A defense counsel’s decision to waive an opening statement
does not constitute deficient performance.”). And Mr. Talbert’s argument that his
attorney should have recorded a pretrial interview with J.Q. fails based on a lack of a
showing of prejudice.
As a final matter, Mr. Talbert alleges his trial counsel has been ineffective because
counsel has not provided Mr. Talbert a copy of his case file. At this point in the
proceedings, we are unable to discern any prejudice that would warrant relief from
conviction based on this circumstance. The contents of the file are likely more relevant to
a potential personal restraint petition, as opposed to a direct appeal. In any event, Mr.
Talbert is entitled to a copy of his case file, subject to appropriate redactions and
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withholdings. State v. Padgett, 4 Wn. App. 2d 851, 854-56, 424 P.3d 1235 (2018). Mr.
Talbert should endeavor to work with trial counsel to facilitate appropriate disclosure of
his file. If his efforts are unsuccessful, his remedy is to seek to compel production in the
superior court. Id.CONCLUSION
This matter is remanded to the superior court with instructions to vacate one of Mr.
Talbert's convictions for child molestation, and for resentencing consistent with the terms
of this decision. Mr. Talbert's remaining convictions are affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Q
Pennell, A.CJ.
WE CONCUR:
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