State Of Washington v. Rushelle Stoken ( 2020 )

Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
June 2, 2020
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 51905-4-II
Respondent,
v.
RUSHELLE RENEE STOKEN, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
LEE, C.J. — Rushelle R. Stoken appeals her convictions and sentence for possession of a
controlled substance (heroin) with intent to deliver and possession of a controlled substance
(methamphetamine). Stoken contends the trial court erred in denying her CrR 3.6 motion to
suppress, motion to reopen the CrR 3.6 hearing, and motion to reconsider the denial of her motion
to reopen. Stoken also contends the trial court erred by denying her request for a prison-based
drug offender sentencing alternative (DOSA) sentence and in imposing certain legal financial
obligations (LFOs). We affirm Stoken’s convictions and standard range sentence, but remand to
the sentencing court to reconsider LFOs consistent with the 2018 legislative amendments and
Ramirez.1
1
State v. Ramirez, 191 Wash. 2d 732, 747, 426 P.3d 714 (2018).
No. 51905-4-II
FACTS
On May 12, 2016, Aberdeen Police Department Detective Jason Perkinson arrived at a
residence to investigate an identity theft and fraud case. From a bank’s surveillance footage and
photographs, Detective Perkinson knew that the suspect was a “skinny” woman with a “white
complexion . . . wearing jackets.” Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) (July 14, 2017) at 7.
One of the jackets was a pink. (CP 60) He also had footage of a vehicle associated with the subject
that was “a late model . . . lighter or mid-color . . . sedan.” VRP (July 14, 2017) at 7-8.
When he arrived at the residence, Detective Perkinson noticed a light-colored car parked
on the side of the residence. The car resembled the car in the surveillance photographs.
Detective Perkinson knocked on the door and Melissa Atkinson opened the door.
Perkinson was able to discern that Atkinson was not the woman from the photographs. Perkinson
asked Atkinson about the vehicle parked on the side of the house and Atkinson told him she did
not know there was a vehicle parked on the side of her house.
Detective Perkinson then went to the vehicle. He observed a woman inside, later identified
as Stoken, who was sitting in the driver’s seat and slumped over towards the passenger seat. He
also noticed a jacket in the car with some pink fabric which he thought could have resembled the
clothing worn by the identity theft suspect.
Detective Perkinson was concerned that Stoken was having a “medical condition . . . or
even deceased.” VRP (July 14, 2017) at 15. It was a warm, sunny day. He knocked on the
window. Stoken woke up and opened the door. Perkinson noticed Stoken was sweating profusely
and the detective could smell the “pungent odor that I associate with my training and experience
to heroin.” VRP (July 14, 2017) at 17. Perkinson asked Stoken to take off her jacket to “start
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No. 51905-4-II
trying the cooling process.” VRP (July 14, 2017) at 18. Perkinson thought that Stoken resembled
the suspect he was looking for.
After establishing Stoken did not need medical attention, Detective Perkinson asked her
for identification, which she provided. He told her he was investigating a false identity/fraud case.
During this time, Stoken was fidgeting with her pockets even though the detective asked her not
to.
Detective Perkinson observed a glass pipe sticking out of one of Stoken’s pockets.
Perkinson also observed a large object in the middle pocket of Stoken’s sweatshirt that Stoken
repeatedly reached for. Perkinson told her to stop reaching inside the sweatshirt at which point
Stoken ran off. Perkinson was able to catch up to Stoken. Stoken threw a large object from inside
the sweatshirt pocket right before the detective reached her. The object was a bundle containing
multiple baggies of heroin, bags of other controlled substances, and several small baggies. There
was “approximately one pound of pure heroin.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 137. Perkinson searched
Stoken following her arrest and located the pipe he previously noticed coming out of her pocket
with what appeared to be methamphetamine residue based on his training and experience.
The State charged Stoken with possession of a controlled substance (heroin) with intent to
deliver and possession of a controlled substance (methamphetamine). 2
Stoken moved to suppress the evidence based on an unlawful seizure pursuant to CrR 3.6.
Detective Perkinson was the only witness who testified at the CrR 3.6 hearing, and he testified as
2
The State also charged Stoken with two other counts of possession of a controlled substance,
but those charges were dismissed.
3
No. 51905-4-II
outlined above. The State argued that the initial contact between Detective Perkinson and Stoken
was for community caretaking and that after the detective looked at Stoken and smelled heroin
then a brief investigative stop under Terry3 was permitted. The trial court agreed and denied
Stoken’s motion to suppress. The trial court made the following oral findings of fact and
conclusions of law:
There’s clearly an element of community caretaking. [Stoken] was in a locked
vehicle on a warm, sunny day. She’s wearing a vest on top of a sweatshirt and,
basically, sleeping or passed out in her vehicle, and appeared more like a pass-out
situation than sleeping. So that’s a concern in regards of what the—in regards to
anything else the officer was doing.
With the vehicle and her description were generally similar to . . . the
reasoning [Detective Perkinson] was at the property at the house. So if we are going
to say that she was detained when he asked for her identification, which I think you
can make a good argument, once that was done, there was some detention or slight
detention there until she identified herself. The officer was standing by the door.
It’s not clear to me. I don’t know if the testimony brought out whether she could
have walked away without having the officer having to move. So I think at that
point when he asked for identification, she was detained. But I think there’s
reasonable suspicion of a possible connection to his identity theft. The officer’s
identity theft investigation with a description of the car, the description of one of
the people involved, and that person, [Atkinson], who was somehow identified with
that. When that person was identified there at the house, as well as through this
photo, that it wasn’t the person. So it was clearly somebody else. And they were
in—and then this vehicle is in close proximity to [Atkinson’s] residence there. So
those are facts that gave rise to a reasonable suspicion that [Stoken] may have been
involved in that criminal activity. So it gave the officer the right to ask her to
identify herself, which she did ultimately do and then shortly after bolted. So and
then you add that running from the scene. And I think the officer’s development
of looking at what’s in the vehicle, the drug paraphernalia in the vehicle; the jacket
that’s located inside the vehicle. That again is another item consistent with what
the officer was investigating, along with her physical appearance, the clothing that
she was wearing. So I think at that point there was probable cause to arrest when
the officer did arrest her.
3
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968).
4
No. 51905-4-II
Therefore, whatever was taken from the arrest and as a result of the arrest
in subsequent issuance of a warrant would be admissible. It’s not—I’m not going
to suppress it.
VRP (July 14, 2017) at 51-53. 4
Later, Stoken moved to reopen the CrR 3.6 suppression hearing, informing the trial court
that she suspected “the police have a color [photograph]” of the identity theft/fraud suspect. 1
VRP (Mar. 7, 2018) at 20. Stoken only had a black and white photograph. Stoken argued that a
color photograph would demonstrate that the detective knew Stoken was not the identity
theft/fraud suspect. The trial court denied the motion, concluding that it “doesn’t matter” if the
photograph was color or black and white because the “dispositive” issue is “probable cause” not
“proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” 1 VRP (Mar. 7, 2018) at 22.
After this hearing, Stoken obtained the color photograph of the suspect from the State.
Arguing the woman in the photograph did not look like her, Stoken moved for the trial court to
reconsider its denial to reopen the CrR 3.6 hearing. The trial court denied her motion.
The jury found Stoken guilty as charged. Stoken requested a prison-based DOSA sentence.
The trial court ordered that Stoken be screened for a DOSA sentence.5 The trial court ultimately
denied Stoken’s DOSA sentence request. The trial court stated, “I do not grant DOSAs to people
4
The State informed the trial court it would prepare findings of fact and conclusions of law based
on the trial court’s oral ruling, but no written findings of fact and conclusions of law were entered.
The failure to enter written findings of fact and conclusions of law following a suppression hearing
is harmless error if the court’s oral opinion and the record are “so clear and comprehensive that
written findings would be a mere formality.” State v. Smith, 68 Wash. App. 201, 208, 842 P.2d 494
(1992). Because neither party challenges the adequacy of the trial court’s oral ruling, we review
the trial court’s oral findings of fact and conclusions of law.
5
While the Department of Corrections provided the trial court with the information it considered
in screening Stoken for a DOSA, our record does not contain DOC’s actual recommendation.
5
No. 51905-4-II
who profit from the sale of heroin. I never have and I’m not going to start today. So the request
for a prison-based DOSA is denied.” VRP (May 11, 2018) at 23.
The trial court imposed a standard range sentence of 84 months on the possession of heroin
with intent to deliver conviction, plus a 24-month sentence enhancement because the crime took
place within 1,000 feet of a school bus route stop, and 12 months on the possession of
methamphetamine conviction. The trial court also imposed the following LFOs: $100
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) collection fee, $1,625 court-appointed attorney fee, $200 criminal
filing fee, $2000 violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act (VUCSA) fine, $300 drug
task force fee, and $100 crime lab fee. The trial court entered an order of indigency for appeal
purposes.
Stoken appeals.
ANALYSIS
A. CRR 3.6 MOTION TO SUPPRESS
Stoken argues that the trial court erred in denying her CrR 3.6 motion to suppress because
she was unlawfully seized. She contends that neither the community caretaking nor reasonable
suspicion of criminal activity exceptions applied to her warrantless seizure. (Br. of Appellant at
11-17) We disagree.
1. Standard of Review
Unchallenged findings of fact are verities on appeal. State v. Luther, 157 Wash. 2d 63, 78,
134 P.3d 205, cert denied, 549 U.S. 978 (2006). Conclusions of law are reviewed de novo. State
v. Solomon, 114 Wash. App. 781, 789, 60 P.3d 1215 (2002), review denied, 149 Wash. 2d 1025 (2003).
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No. 51905-4-II
2. Legal Principles
Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 7 of the
Washington Constitution prohibit warrantless searches and seizures unless an exception to the
warrant requirement applies. State v. Garvin, 166 Wash. 2d 242, 249, 207 P.3d 1266 (2009). The
exclusionary rule requires suppression of all evidence obtained pursuant to a person’s unlawful
seizure. State v. Winterstein, 167 Wash. 2d 620, 632, 220 P.3d 1226 (2009).
The community caretaking function is an exception to the warrant requirement. State v.
Kinzy, 141 Wash. 2d 373, 386, 5 P.3d 668 (2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1104 (2001). Another
exception is a Terry investigative stop. State v. Fuentes, 183 Wash. 2d 149, 158, 352 P.3d 152 (2015).
3. Community Caretaking Exception
The community caretaking exception to the warrant requirement allows for the limited
invasion of constitutionally protected privacy rights when it is necessary for police officers to make
a routine check on health and safety. State v. Boisselle, 194 Wash. 2d 1, 10, 448 P.3d 19 (2019)
(citations omitted). “When a warrantless search falls within an officer’s general community
caretaking function, such as the performance of a routine check on health and safety, courts must
next determine whether the search was reasonable.” Id. at 11-12 (citations omitted). Whether the
encounter for a routine check on health and safety is reasonable “‘depends upon a balancing of a
citizen’s privacy interest in freedom from police intrusion against the public’s interest in having
police perform a community caretaking function.’” Id. at 12 (internal quotation marks omitted)
(quoting Kinzy, 141 Wash. 2d at 394). “If the public’s interest outweighs the citizen’s privacy
interest, the warrantless search was reasonable and was permissible under our state constitution.”
Id. (citations omitted).
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No. 51905-4-II
“[I]n order for the community caretaking exception to apply, a court must first be satisfied
that the officer’s actions were ‘totally divorced’ from the detection and investigation of criminal
activity.” Id. at 11 (quoting Kinzy, 141 Wash. 2d at 385). Accordingly, we must determine the
threshold question of whether the community caretaking exception was used as a pretext for a
criminal investigation before applying the community caretaking exception test.
Here, the trial court found that Stoken “was in a locked vehicle on a warm, sunny day.
She’s wearing a vest on top of a sweatshirt and, basically, sleeping or passed out in her vehicle,
and appeared more like a pass-out situation than sleeping.” VRP (July 14, 2017) at 51-52. Stoken
argues any contact at this point would be unlawful because Detective Perkinson was at the
residence to investigate a crime. But the undisputed evidence shows that the initial contact
between Perkinson and Stoken was not to investigate a crime; rather, it was concern for Stoken’s
health and safety. Since checking on Stoken’s health and safety was the basis for Perkinson’s
initial contact, the contact was not pretextual. Thus, the trial court properly concluded that the
initial encounter between Perkinson and Stoken based on the community caretaking function was
lawful. We now turn to whether the continued contact was lawful.
4. Reasonable Suspicion of Criminal Activity
Under Terry, an officer may “briefly detain a person for questioning, without a warrant, if
the officer has reasonable suspicion that the person is or is about to be engaged in criminal
activity.” State v. Weyand, 188 Wash. 2d 804, 811, 399 P.3d 530 (2017). “A valid Terry stop requires
that the officer have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity based on specific and articulable
facts known to the officer at the inception of the stop.” Fuentes, 183 Wash. 2d at 158. To evaluate
the reasonableness of the officer’s suspicion, this court looks at the totality of the circumstances
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No. 51905-4-II
known to the officer. Id. “‘The totality of circumstances includes the officer’s training and
experience, the location of the stop, the conduct of the person detained, the purpose of the stop,
and the amount of physical intrusion on the suspect’s liberty.’” Weyand, 188 Wash. 2d at 811-12
(quoting Fuentes, 183 Wash. 2d at 158). The officer’s suspicion must be individualized to the person
being stopped. Fuentes, 183 Wash. 2d at 159.
Here, the trial court found that Detective Perkinson was involved in an identity theft/fraud
investigation that led him to Atkinson’s residence. “[T]he vehicle and [Stoken’s] description were
generally similar to . . . the reasoning he was at the property” VRP (July 14, 2017) at 52. The
clothing that Stoken was wearing was also similar to the suspect. And since Perkinson noticed
Atkinson did not match the photograph of the suspect, another female in the vicinity of the
residence may have been “involved.” VRP (July 14, 2017) at 52. These unchallenged findings of
fact support the trial court’s conclusion of law that Perkinson had “reasonable suspicion that
[Stoken] may have been involved in criminal activity.” VRP (July 14, 2017) at 52.
Detective Perkinson’s continued encounter with Stoken, after checking on her health and
safety, was a lawful Terry stop. During the Terry stop, Perkinson smelled the “pungent odor” that
he “associate[d] with [his] training and experience to heroin.” VRP (July 14, 2017) at 17. He
observed a glass pipe sticking out of one of Stoken’s pockets. Perkinson also observed a large
object in the middle pocket of Stoken’s sweatshirt that Stoken repeatedly reached for. Perkinson
told Stoken to stop reaching inside the sweatshirt, at which point Stoken ran off. Perkinson was
able to catch up to Stoken. Stoken threw a large object from inside the sweatshirt pocket right
before the detective reached her. The object was a bundle containing multiple baggies of heroin,
bags of other controlled substances, and several small baggies. Perkinson searched Stoken
9
No. 51905-4-II
following her arrest and located the pipe he previously noticed coming out of her pocket with what
appeared to be methamphetamine residue based on his training and experience. Thus, Perkinson
had probable cause to arrest, and the search was a lawful search incident to arrest. We hold that
the trial court properly denied Stoken’s CrR 3.6 motion to suppress.
B. MOTION TO REOPEN CRR 3.6 HEARING/MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION
Stoken next contends that the trial court erred in denying her motion to reopen the CrR 3.6
suppression hearing and her motion for reconsideration of the denial of her motion to reopen. We
disagree.
1. Motion to Reopen
A motion to reopen a proceeding for the purpose of introducing additional evidence is
addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Tyler, 177 Wash. 2d 690, 697, 302 P.3d
165 (2013). An abuse of discretion exists when a trial court’s exercise of its discretion is based
upon untenable grounds or reasons. State v. Quaale, 182 Wash. 2d 191, 197, 340 P.3d 213 (2014).
Here, Stoken moved to reopen the CrR 3.6 suppression hearing because she suspected “the
police [had] a color [photograph]” of the identity theft/fraud suspect and a color photograph would
demonstrate that the detective knew Stoken was not the identity theft/fraud suspect. 1 VRP (Mar.
7, 2018) at 20. But, as the trial court correctly pointed out, the Terry stop did not need “proof
beyond a reasonable doubt.” 1 VRP (Mar. 7, 2018) at 22. As discussed above, the vehicle’s
location next to a residence connected to the identity theft/fraud investigation, Stoken’s general
resemblance to the suspect, her clothing, and the fact another female at the residence had already
been ruled out as being a suspect provided a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity for a Terry
stop. A color photograph instead of a black and white photograph would not negate this reasonable
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No. 51905-4-II
suspicion. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Stoken’s motion to
reopen the case in order to admit into evidence a color photograph of the identity theft/fraud
suspect.
2. Motion for Reconsideration
Like a motion to reopen, a motion for reconsideration is left to the sound discretion of the
trial court. Tyler, 177 Wash. 2d at 697. For the same reasons we concluded that the trial court did
not abuse its discretion in denying Stoken’s motion to reopen the suppression hearing, we also
conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying her motion for reconsideration.
Here, a color photograph did not negate reasonable suspicion for a valid Terry stop.
C. DOSA
Stoken next contends that the trial court abused its discretion by not exercising its
discretion when deciding whether to impose a DOSA sentence. We disagree.
In general, decisions regarding DOSA sentences rest within the trial court’s discretion.
State v. Yancey, 193 Wash. 2d 26, 34, 434 P.3d 518 (2019). Ordinarily, a trial court’s decision to not
impose a DOSA sentence is not reviewable on appeal. State v. Bramme, 115 Wash. App. 844, 850,
64 P.3d 60 (2003). Exceptions include refusing to exercise discretion at all or relying on an
impermissible basis in making the decision. State v. Garcia-Martinez, 88 Wash. App. 322, 330, 944
P.2d 1104 (1997), review denied, 136 Wash. 2d 1002 (1998). “While no defendant is entitled to an
exceptional sentence below the standard range–every defendant is entitled to ask the trial court to
consider such a sentence and to have the alternative actually considered.” State v. Grayson, 154
Wash. 2d 333, 342, 111 P.3d 1183 (2005). A trial court’s failure to meaningfully consider a
sentencing alternative is reversible error. Id.
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No. 51905-4-II
In Grayson, the trial court’s stated reason for denying a DOSA request was because it
thought the program was underfunded. Id. Our Supreme Court held that a court’s “categorical
refusal to consider [a DOSA] sentence, or the refusal to consider it for a class of offenders, is
effectively a failure to exercise discretion and is subject to reversal.” Id. The Supreme Court held
that the trial court did not meaningfully consider a DOSA sentence because the trial court did not
think it was a meaningful option. Id. The Supreme Court remanded for the trial court to consider
whether Grayson was an appropriate candidate for a DOSA. Id. at 343.
Here, the trial court did not deny Stoken’s DOSA sentence request because it did not think
a DOSA was an option; rather, the trial court considered the option but based on the jury’s finding
that Stoken was guilty of possession of almost a pound of heroin with intent to deliver, the trial
court relied on an adjudicative fact6 to not order a DOSA sentence. Unlike in Grayson, the trial
court here did consider Stoken’s request for a DOSA sentence and, after looking at the facts of her
case, concluded a DOSA sentence was not appropriate. In doing so, it did not abuse its discretion.
D. LFOS
Stoken lastly contends that certain LFOs should be stricken. (Br. of Appellant at 25-26)
The State concedes that the imposed LFOs may not “conform with the current state of the law.”
Br. of Respondent at 13. We accept the State’s concession and remand to the sentencing court to
reconsider LFOs in light of the 2018 legislative amendments and Ramirez.7
6
“[A]djudicative facts are those developed in a particular case” as compared to a legislative fact
that is a truth that does not change from case to case. Grayson, 154 Wash. 2d at 340.
7
Ramirez, 191 Wash. 2d at 747.
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No. 51905-4-II
We affirm Stoken’s convictions and standard range sentence, but remand to the sentencing
court to reconsider LFOs.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
Lee, C.J.
We concur:
Worswick, J.
Melnick. J.
13