State Of Washington, Res/cross-app. v. Raymond Lloyd Atchison, App/cross-res. ( 2013 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON,
No. 68311-0-1 E| ^s
Respondent,
v. DIVISION ONE % oSr.
RAYMOND LLOYD ATCHISON, UNPUBLISHED OPINION ~ f/^)
Appellant. FILED: June 17,2013
CO
ST
Leach, C.J. — Raymond Atchison appeals his conviction for two counts of
second degree assault while armed with a deadly weapon. Atchison contends
that the trial court erred by not instructing the jury on an inferior degree offense of
fourth degree assault and on a lesser included offense of unlawful display of a
weapon. Because the evidence did not support an inference that Atchison
committed only a fourth degree assault and because the evidence did not
affirmatively indicate that he committed only an unlawful display of a weapon, we
affirm.
Background
On the evening of October 2, 2011, six co-workers, Tim Lankhaar, Brian
Skywalker, Nicholas Fritzberg, Patrick Malone, Jordan Slagle, and James Allen
were dining at a Jack in the Box restaurant in Marysville. Cory Mehler, who was
dating Lankhaar's sister, was also dining with them.
No. 68311-0/2
At approximately 7:30 p.m., Raymond Atchison, while brandishing a
pocketknife, approached Mehler. Mehler recalled he was eating when Atchison
came from behind, hit him on the side of his head, and held a knife against his
throat. He feared Atchison was going to slash his throat. As Mehler tried to hold
the knife away from his throat, Lankhaar immediately stood up and pulled
Atchison away. Atchison then turned to Lankhaar. As Mehler tried to stand up,
Atchison turned back and pushed him back down to his seat with the knife
against his stomach.
Lankhaar thought all the focus was on him when Atchison turned to him
and approached him with the knife. Lankhaar testified that he felt threatened by
seeing the knife and the look in Atchison's eyes. He yelled, "Are you really going
to stab me in the Jack in the Box?" Atchison did not respond. Lankhaar also
testified that he was "a little" frightened that Atchison was actually going to stab
him.
The other witnesses' accounts of the incident vary. Skywalker saw
Atchison come up to Mehler and put a foldout knife on Mehler's chest and point it
toward his neck. He testified that when Atchison turned toward Lankhaar, he
saw Atchison pointing a knife at Lankhaar. He also stated Atchison was about
two or three feet away from Lankhaar.
Allen saw Atchison walking toward Mehler with a knife in his hand. When
Atchison was about five feet away from Mehler, Allen heard a "click" sound.
Then, he recalled that Atchison approached Mehler from behind and brought a
No. 68311-0/3
knife to his neck area. When Lankhaar intervened, Allen saw Atchison with the
knife extended toward Lankhaar, "just ready to use it."
Fritzberg, Malone, and Slagle did not see Atchison point a knife at
Mehler's throat or neck area. Only after Lankhaar intervened did they see
Atchison with a knife. Although Fritzberg saw Atchison point the knife at Mehler's
stomach in a threatening manner, he testified that Atchison pointing a knife at
Lankhaar from a foot away "wasn't really threatening, I guess." Malone also saw
the knife, but only after Lankhaar intervened. He testified that the knife was
pointing down when Atchison approached Lankhaar. As to the assault on
Mehler, Malone recalled that Atchison "made a movement back towards" Mehler
and sat him back down, but Malone did not see a knife.
The witnesses described the knife as a pocketknife with a serrated blade
that was between two to four inches in length. Responding officers found a
foldout knife tucked in the back passenger seat where Atchison was sitting at the
time of the arrest. The knife had a blade three and a half inches in length, half-
serrated and half-straight.
The State charged Atchison with two counts of second degree assault
with a deadly weapon. At the conclusion of the trial, Atchison proposed
instructions on the lesser degree offense of fourth degree assault and the lesser
included offense of unlawful display of a weapon. The trial court rejected both
requests, concluding that the evidence did not support an inference that only the
lesser offenses were committed to the exclusion of second degree assault with a
-3-
No. 68311-0/4
deadly weapon. The jury found Atchison guilty on both counts, including a
special verdict that he was armed with a deadly weapon. Atchison appeals.
Standard of Review
Atchison contends that the trial court abused its discretion by declining to
give the requested jury instructions based on the evidence. We review a trial
court's refusal to give an instruction based on a factual dispute for abuse of
discretion.1 A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is manifestly
unreasonable or is based on untenable grounds.2 A trial court's decision is
manifestly unreasonable if it is outside the range of acceptable choices, given the
facts and the applicable legal standard.3 A court bases its decision on untenable
grounds if that court applies the wrong legal standard or relies on unsupported
facts.4
Analysis
Atchison contends that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on
the lesser degree offense of assault in the fourth degree. The trial court declined
to do so because the record contained no affirmative evidence supporting a
rational conclusion that Atchison committed only fourth degree assault. We
affirm.
1 State v. Walker, 136 Wash. 2d 767, 771-72, 966 P.2d 883 (1998).
2 State v. Rohrich, 149 Wash. 2d 647, 654, 71 P.3d 638 (2003).
3 Rohrich, 149 Wn.2d at 654.
4 Rohrich, 149 Wn.2d at 654.
No. 68311-0/5
RCW 10.61.003 provides, "Upon an indictment or information for an
offense consisting of different degrees, the jury may find the defendant not guilty
of the degree charged in the indictment or information, and guilty of any degree
inferior thereto, or of an attempt to commit the offense."
One crime is inferior in degree to another when
(1) the statutes for both the charged offense and the proposed
inferior degree offense "proscribe but one offense"; (2) the
information charges an offense that is divided into degrees, and the
proposed offense is an inferior degree of the charged offense; and
(3) there is evidence that the defendant committed only the inferior
offense.151
The first two factors are the legal components of the test, while the third
factor entails a factual inquiry.6 RCW 10.61.003 provides that a defendant may
be convicted of a lesser degree offense, and here, because fourth degree assault
is an inferior degree to second degree assault,7 the legal component is satisfied.
To satisfy the factual component, "substantial evidence in the record
[must] support[] a rational inference that the defendant committed only the lesser
included or inferior degree offense to the exclusion of the greater offense."
While the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant, it must
5 State v. Peterson, 133 Wash. 2d 885, 891, 948 P.2d 381 (1997).
6 State v. Fernandez-Medina, 141 Wash. 2d 448, 454-55, 6 P.3d 1150(2000).
7RCW9A.36.041.
8 Fernandez-Medina, 141 Wn.2d at 461.
No. 68311-0/6
"affirmatively establish the defendant's theory of the case—it is not enough that
the jury might disbelieve the evidence pointing to guilt."9
As charged and tried, the only difference between second degree assault
and fourth degree assault was the use of a knife as a deadly weapon. Atchison
contends the evidence supports an inference that he did not use the knife in a
manner "likely to produce or may easily and readily produce death." Therefore,
he claims a jury could find he was guilty only of fourth degree assault. We
disagree. Several witnesses corroborated the testimony that Atchison held the
knife against Mehler's throat and stomach. Mehler also heard Atchison
threatening to stab him and believed that he was going to get his throat slashed.
Although the testimony conflicted as to exactly where Atchison pointed his knife,
all but one of the witnesses testified to the fact that Atchison held the knife
against Mehler's body in a threatening manner.
Atchison also fails to demonstrate that a jury could rationally decide that
he used the knife only to intimidate Lankhaar. All witnesses saw Atchison
approaching Lankhaar with a knife in his hand after Lankhaar intervened to stop
Atchison from threatening Mehler. Mehler recalled Atchison threatening to stab
Lankhaar. Lankhaar also testified that he felt threatened once Atchison turned
on him and started to approach him with a knife pointed at him.
9 Fernandez-Medina, 141 Wn.2d at 456 (citing State v. Fowler, 114 Wash. 2d
59, 67, 785 P.2d 808 (1990), overruled on other grounds by State v. Blair, 117
Wash. 2d 479, 816 P.2d 718 (1991)).
No. 68311-0/7
The jury was instructed, "Deadly weapon means any weapon, device,
instrument, substance, or article, which under the circumstances in which it is
used, attempted to be used, or threatened to be used, is readily capable of
causing death or substantial bodily harm." Here the jury concluded that the knife
was a deadly weapon because Atchison used the knife in a manner readily
capable of causing death or substantial bodily harm against Mehler and
Lankhaar. The record does not support any rational inference that Atchison only
displayed a knife to intimidate. As a result, Atchison fails to demonstrate with
affirmative evidence that only a fourth degree assault occurred.
Atchison next contends that the trial court erred in denying a jury
instruction on unlawful display of a weapon as a lesser included offense to
second degree assault with a deadly weapon. A defendant is entitled to an
instruction on a lesser included offense if (1) all the elements of the lesser
offense are necessary elements of the greater offense (the legal prong) and (2)
the evidence in the case supports an inference that the lesser crime was
committed (the factual prong).10 Displaying a weapon is a lesser included
offense of second degree assault with a deadly weapon.11 So, here, again, only
the factual prong is at issue. The factual prong of this test is the same as that for
10 State v. Berlin, 133 Wash. 2d 541, 545-46, 947 P.2d 700 (1997); State v.
Workman, 90 Wash. 2d 443, 447-48, 584 P.2d 382 (1978).
^n re Pers. Restraint of Crace, 157 Wash. App. 81, 107-08, 236 P.3d 914(2010), rev'd on other grounds, In re Pers. Restraint of Crace, 174 Wash. 2d 835,
280P.3d 1102(2012).
No. 68311-0/8
inferior degree instructions,12 that is, "'the evidence must raise an inference that
only the lesser included . . . offense was committed to the exclusion of the
charged offense.'"13
Atchison bases his argument for the lesser included instruction on the
conflicting testimony of witnesses as to the manner in which Atchison used the
knife. Specifically, Atchison points to the testimony of several witnesses who did
not perceive his use of the knife against Lankhaar as truly threatening. His
argument fails. Here, the evidence shows that Atchison used the knife in a
threatening manner. This court has stressed, "[Wjhether there has or has not
been an assault in a particular case depends more upon the reasonable
apprehension and fear of bodily injury created in the victim's mind by the actor's
apparent present ability to cause bodily harm, than upon the actor's undisclosed
intention."14 Thus, where, as here, if one menacingly points a knife at another
within stabbing distance, he commits more than an unlawful display of a weapon.
Conclusion
Because the record does not contain affirmative evidence that would
permit a jury to rationally find that Atchison committed only the lesser crimes of
12 Fernandez-Medina, 141 Wn.2d at 455.
13 State v. Porter, 150 Wash. 2d 732, 737, 82 P.3d 234 (2004) (alteration in
original) (quoting Fernandez-Medina, 141 Wn.2d at 455).
14 State v. Krup, 36 Wash. App. 454, 457-58, 676 P.2d 507 (1984).
No. 68311-0/9
fourth degree assault or unlawful display of a weapon, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion. We affirm.
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WE CONCUR:
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