Cedar Park Assembly of God of Kirkland, Washington v. Kreidler ( 2022 )

1 2 3 4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT TACOMA 7 CEDAR PARK ASSEMBLY OF GOD CASE NO. C19-5181 BHS 8 OF KIRKLAND, WASHINGTON, ORDER 9 Plaintiff, v. 10 MYRON KREIDLER and JAY 11 INSLEE, 12 Defendants. 13 This matter comes before the Court on Defendants Myron Kreidler and Jay 14 Inslee’s Motion to Clarify Plaintiff’s Remaining Claims. Dkt. 69. The Court has 15 considered the briefing filed in support of and in opposition to the motion and the 16 remainder of the file and rules as follows. 17 I. BACKGROUND 18 This case revolves around the State of Washington’s enactment of Senate Bill 19 6219 which requires, in relevant part, all health plans issued or renewed on or after 20 January 1, 2019 that provide coverage for maternity care or services to provide the 21 covered person “with substantially equivalent coverage to permit the abortion of a 22 1 pregnancy.” RCW 48.43.073. The Court detailed the background of this bill and 2 Washington health care law and the procedural history of this dispute in its prior Order, 3 Dkt. 60, and need not repeat all of the history here. A summary of pertinent factual and 4 procedural background follows. 5 Plaintiff Cedar Park Assembly of God of Kirkland, Washingon sued Washington 6 Governor, Jay Inslee, and the Insurance Commissioner of Washington, Myron Kreidler, 7 alleging that SB 6219 violates the Free Exercise and Establishment Clauses of the First 8 Amendment, violates Cedar Park’s right to religious autonomy guaranteed by those 9 clauses, and violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Dkt. 46. 10 Cedar Park also sought a preliminary injunction. Dkt. 49. Defendants moved to dismiss 11 all of Cedar Park’s claims in October 2019. Dkt. 53. The Court granted Defendant’s 12 motion to dismiss and denied Cedar Park’s motion for a preliminary injunction, holding 13 that Cedar Park failed to establish an injury in fact on any of its claims and therefore 14 lacked standing and that, because it was unlikely to succeed on the merits, a preliminary 15 injunction was not appropriate. Dkt. 60. 16 Cedar Park appealed that Order, focusing on two claims in its appeal: Equal 17 Protection and Free Exercise. See Dkt. 62; see also Plaintiff-Appellant’s Opening Brief, 18 Cedar Park Assembly of God, 860 F. App’x 542 (9th Cir. 2021) (No. 20-35507), ECF 19 No. 19, 2020 WL 5496280 (“Opening Br.”).1 The Ninth Circuit affirmed this Court with 20 regard to the Equal Protection Clause claim, agreeing that Cedar Park had failed to 21 22 1 The Court’s citations to Cedar Park’s opening brief reflect the PACER pagination. 1 establish an injury-in-fact. Dkt. 65; Cedar Park Assembly of God of Kirkland, Wash. v. 2 Kreidler, 860 F. App’x 542, 543–44 (9th Cir. 2021). However, the Ninth Circuit 3 disagreed with this Court’s holding regarding Cedar Park’s Free Exercise claim and 4 remanded that claim. Cedar Park, 860 F. App’x at 543. The Ninth Circuit did not 5 mention Cedar Park’s religious autonomy claim but held that Cedar Park had waived its 6 Establishment Clause claim by failing to raise it in its opening brief. Id. at 544 n.3. 7 After remand, the parties filed a Joint Status Report in which Cedar Park indicated 8 it believed there were multiple remaining claims. Dkt. 67. Defendants then filed the 9 instant motion, seeking clarification on what claims remain in this case and arguing that 10 the only remaining claim is Cedar Park’s Free Exercise claim. Dkt. 69. Cedar Park argues 11 that this Court should also consider its religious autonomy claim because it was 12 intertwined with its Free Exercise claim. Dkt. 72. Cedar Park also takes issue with the 13 Ninth Circuit’s holding that it waived its Establishment Clause claim and argues that its 14 religious autonomy claim should be treated differently because it is a “structural” claim 15 and therefore is not waivable. Id. 16 II. DISCUSSION 17 Cedar Park originally alleged violations of four constitutionally protected rights 18 before this Court: Free Exercise Clause, Equal Protection Clause, Establishment Clause, 19 and the religious autonomy guaranteed by the “Religion Clauses.”2 Dkt. 46. The parties 20 agree that the Ninth Circuit affirmed this Court’s dismissal of Cedar Park’s Equal 21 2 The term “Religion Clauses” refers to the Free Exercise and Establishment Clauses of 22 the First Amendment. 1 Protection claim and that the Ninth Circuit reversed this Court’s dismissal of Cedar 2 Park’s Free Exercise claim. While it is also largely undisputed that the Ninth Circuit 3 affirmed this Court’s dismissal of Cedar Park’s Establishment Clause claim, the Court 4 briefly addresses that claim, along with Cedar Park’s religious autonomy claim, in turn. 5 A. Establishment Clause 6 The Ninth Circuit will not consider issues “not specifically and distinctly raised 7 and argued in the opening brief.” Momox-Caselis v. Donohue, 987 F.3d 835, 842 (9th 8 Cir. 2021) (citing Padgett v. Wright, 587 F.3d 983, 985 n.2 (9th Cir. 2009)). Cedar Park 9 did not brief its Establishment Clause claim before the Ninth Circuit. The only time the 10 Establishment Clause was even mentioned in Cedar Park’s opening brief was in 11 explaining the claims it had raised before the district court. See Opening Br. at 29. As 12 such, the Ninth Circuit held Cedar Park “forfeited any argument that it has standing to 13 pursue its Establishment Clause claim by failing to raise such an argument in its opening 14 brief.” Cedar Park, 860 F. App’x at 544 n.3 (9th Cir. 2021); Dkt. 65 at 5 n.3. 15 If a party disagrees with a decision of an appellate court, it can either petition the 16 Ninth Circuit for panel rehearing or file a petition for a writ of certiorari with the United 17 States Supreme Court. Cedar Park did not file a motion for reconsideration or a petition 18 for a writ of certiorari but instead complains to this Court about the Ninth Circuit’s ruling 19 on its Establishment Clause claim. A district court cannot review the holding of an 20 appellate court. Nevertheless, this Court agrees that Cedar Park failed to raise an 21 Establishment Clause claim in its opening brief. 22 1 Therefore, the Ninth Circuit held that Cedar Park forfeited its Establishment 2 Clause claim, and it is no longer a part of this litigation. 3 B. Religious Autonomy 4 Cedar Park advances three arguments as to why the Court should consider its 5 religious autonomy claim: (1) “all of [its] First Amendment claims rose or fell together”; 6 (2) its religious autonomy claim was encompassed in its Free Exercise claim; and (3) its 7 religious autonomy claim is not waivable because it is “structural.” Dkt. 72 at 2–5. 8 Defendants rebut each of Cedar Park’s arguments, asserting that (1) Cedar Park waived 9 its religious autonomy claim by failing to brief it; (2) both religion clauses underly the 10 religious autonomy doctrine and thus it must be dismissed along with Cedar Park’s 11 Establishment Clause claim; and (3) the issue is not whether Cedar Park waived its 12 religious autonomy, but rather whether Cedar Park “waived its right to pursue a claim 13 based on an alleged incursion on that right,” Dkt. 73 at 3. See Dkts. 69, 73. 14 Cedar Park’s opening brief only addressed two issues: (1) standing for its Free 15 Exercise claim and (2) standing for its Equal Protection claim. Cedar Park began its 16 “injury-in-fact” argument by talking about Supreme Court precedent regarding free 17 exercise harms. See Opening Br. at 42–43. Cedar Park followed that discussion by 18 stating: “Cedar Park also pled a classic equal-protection injury . . . .” Id. at 46. It also 19 concluded the injury-in-fact section of its brief with this statement: “Because Cedar Park 20 alleged that Washington law deprives the church of fundamental free-exercise rights not 21 to facilitate or pay for abortion guaranteed to other similarly situated entities, the church 22 unquestionably has standing to press its equal protection claim.” Id. (internal quotations 1 omitted). Like its Establishment Clause claim, Cedar Park’s religious autonomy claim 2 was only explicitly mentioned in its discussion of the case’s procedural history. See id. at 3 29. In contrast, Cedar Park discussed its Free Exercise claim extensively. See id. at 42, 4 46, 47 n.14, 52–53. 5 Nevertheless, religious autonomy claims are not stand alone claims but are rooted 6 in either the Establishment Clause, the Free Exercise Clause, or both. The parties dispute 7 the basis of religious autonomy claims. Cedar Park asserts that its religious autonomy 8 claim is encompassed in its Free Exercise claim, and the Ninth Circuit concluded that 9 Cedar Park has standing for that claim. Dkt. 72 at 3–4. Defendants argue that “both 10 Religion Clauses underlie the religious autonomy doctrine” and that Cedar Park 11 acknowledged as much in its complaint. Dkt. 73 at 2–3; see also Dkt. 46 at 25–26 (Cedar 12 Park arguing in relation to its religious autonomy argument that “Defendants’ 13 implementation and enforcement of SB 6219 and RCW § 48.43.065 violates the Free 14 Exercise and Establishment Clauses . . . .”); Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran 15 Church & Sch. v. E.E.O.C., 565 U.S. 171, 190 (2012). 16 Hosanna-Tabor was the first case in which the Supreme Court considered whether 17 there was a “ministerial exception” which precludes the application of federal 18 employment discrimination laws to “claims concerning the employment relationship 19 between a religious institution and its ministers.” 565 U.S. at 188. The ministerial 20 exception is a subset of the religious autonomy doctrine. The Supreme Court held in 21 Hosanna-Tabor that there was such a ministerial exception and that “[b]oth Religion 22 Clauses bar the government from interfering with the decision of a religious group to fire 1 one of its ministers.” Id. at 181. But Hosanna-Tabor does not say that every religious 2 autonomy claim arises under both Religion Clauses. In fact, the Supreme Court clearly 3 separated the religious autonomy claims in Hosanna-Tabor: 4 By imposing an unwanted minister, the state infringes the Free Exercise Clause, which protects a religious group’s right to shape its own faith and 5 mission through its appointments. According the state the power to determine which individuals will minister to the faithful also violates the 6 Establishment Clause, which prohibits government involvement in such ecclesiastical decisions. 7 Id. at 188–89; see also id. at 184 (“The Establishment Clause prevents the Government 8 from appointing ministers, and the Free Exercise Clause prevents it from interfering with 9 the freedom of religious groups to select their own.”). The Supreme Court again 10 discussed the Clauses separately in relation to religious autonomy in Our Lady of 11 Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru, 140 S. Ct. 2049, 2060 (2020) (“State interference 12 in that sphere would obviously violate the free exercise of religion, and any attempt by 13 government to dictate or even to influence such matters would constitute one of the 14 central attributes of an establishment of religion.”). 15 While it is true that religious autonomy claims normally raise issues implicating 16 both Religion Clauses, that is not always the case. See, e.g., Kedroff v. St. Nicholas 17 Cathedral of Russian Orthodox Church in N. Am., 344 U.S. 94 (1952)3 (holding that a 18 19 3 Defendants criticize Cedar Park’s reliance on Kedroff. See Dkt. 73 at 2. While it is true that the religious autonomy doctrine has developed since Kedroff was decided in 1952, that 20 decision has not been overturned. In fact, the Supreme Court continues to cite to Kedroff. See, e.g., Our Lady of Guadalupe School, 140 S. Ct. at 2055, 2061; Hosanna-Tabor, 565 U.S. at 186, 21 195. As Defendants themselves point out, those more recent cases involve the ministerial exception, which is just one part of the religious autonomy doctrine. Kedroff is still instructive in 22 that it applies the religious autonomy doctrine in another context—property disputes. 1 New York law that would have transferred control of Russian Orthodox churches from 2 Russian authorities to American authorities violated the Free Exercise Clause because it 3 infringed on the churches’ religious autonomy). Cedar Park’s religious autonomy claim is 4 still at issue insofar as it falls under the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. To 5 the extent Cedar Park also intended to pursue a religious autonomy claim based on the 6 Establishment Clause, that claim was deemed waived by the Ninth Circuit. 7 III. ORDER 8 Therefore, it is hereby ORDERED that the only remaining claims in this case are 9 Cedar Park’s Free Exercise claim and its religious autonomy claim to the extent it is 10 based on the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. 11 Dated this 22nd day of February, 2022. A 12 13 BENJAMIN H. SETTLE 14 United States District Judge 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22