Shelton v. Liquor and Cannabis Board of the State of Washington ( 2022 )

1 2 3 4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT TACOMA 7 JAMES K. SHELTON, BEN SHELTON CASE NO. C22-5135 BHS 8 III, and SAMI SAAD, ORDER 9 Plaintiffs, v. 10 LIQUOR AND CANNABIS BOARD 11 OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, et al., 12 Defendants. 13 14 Plaintiffs Sami Saad, Ben Shelton III, and James K. Shelton assert that Defendants 15 Rick Garza, Steve Hobbs, Washington Liquor and Cannabis Board (“LCB”), and City of 16 Seattle (“City”) deprived them of their ability to participate in Washington’s legal 17 cannabis market after Washington combined its medicinal and recreational markets. 18 Plaintiffs owned medicinal cannabis stores in Washington prior to the consolidation. 19 They did not seek licenses under the new scheme, allegedly because LCB agents, acting 20 as peace officers, threatened them to leave their businesses. Plaintiffs are Black, and they 21 allege that the majority (or “all”) of the remaining cannabis store owners in Seattle are 22 1 white.1 They therefore assert that Defendants violated their constitutional and statutory 2 rights by denying their participation in the consolidated cannabis market in Washington. 3 Defendants move to dismiss all claims against them. 4 I. BACKGROUND 5 A. History of Washington Cannabis Law 6 Before Washington became one of the first states to legalize recreational cannabis 7 in 2012, Washington legalized cannabis for medicinal purposes in 1998. The ballot 8 initiative that legalized medical cannabis, Initiative 692, did not legalize dispensaries, 9 however. Nine years later, Senate Bill 6032 altered the law, allowing a “designated 10 provider,” rather than a “primary caregiver,” to supply a patient with medical cannabis. 11 Under SB 6032: 12 “Designated provider” means a person who: (a) Is eighteen years of age or older; 13 (b) Has been designated in writing by a patient to serve as a designated provider under this chapter; 14 (c) Is prohibited from consuming marijuana obtained for the personal, medical use of the patient for whom the individual is acting as designated 15 provider; and (d) Is the designated provider to only one patient at any time. 16 While SB 6032 did not legalize dispensaries, it created a legal loophole and dispensaries 17 began operating as purported “designated providers.” While it remains unclear whether 18 19 20 1 While Plaintiffs provide no citation for this claim, it was true in 2020 that there were no majority Black-owned cannabis stores in Seattle. Tony Black, Why There’s No Majority Black- 21 Owned Marijuana Shops in Seattle, King 5 (Oct. 30, 2020, 8:45 AM), https://www.king5.com/ article/news/local/push-to-diversify-the-marijuana-industry-in-seattle/281-be5174e2-92a7-464f- 22 8e1d-8374b8c63861 1 dispensaries would have actually qualified under the definition, the State largely ignored 2 the operations. 3 The Washington legislature attempted to regulate medical cannabis dispensaries in 4 2011 with Senate Bill 5073. Although the bill passed in both the House and Senate, the 5 Governor vetoed the parts of the bill that would have implemented registration and 6 licensing requirements, raising her concern that such a regulatory regime would make 7 state regulatory employees vulnerable to federal prosecution. The partial veto left 8 dispensaries in the same place they had been previously: operating in a legal gray area 9 without licensing and registration requirements. 10 In 2012, Washington became one of the first two states to legalize recreational 11 cannabis with Initiative 502. Unlike the medical cannabis market, recreational cannabis 12 was governed by an extensive regulatory and licensing regime from the point of 13 legalization. Washington established the LCB, which was responsible for tracking, 14 licensing, and regulating recreational cannabis businesses. The first recreational cannabis 15 stores in Washington opened in 2014. 16 In 2016, Washington enacted Senate Bill 5052, which consolidated the previously 17 unregulated medical and regulated recreational cannabis markets and placed both markets 18 under LCB regulation. This meant that, for the first time, one needed an LCB-issued 19 license to sell medical cannabis. All unlicensed medical dispensaries were required to 20 close by July 2016. The bill also eliminated community gardens, but allowed very limited 21 “cooperative gardens.” Those with experience in the industry were supposed to have been 22 given priority when applying for an LCB license. However, there were only a limited 1 number of licenses available, which did not cover the large number of shuttered 2 dispensaries.2 3 B. Facts and Procedural History 4 Plaintiffs James K. Shelton, Ben Shelton III, and Sami Saad were all participants 5 in the medical cannabis market. Saad owned and operated the medical dispensary “12 6 Green LLC” located near the Greenwood neighborhood in Seattle, at 323 North 105th 7 Street. Dkt. 1-1, ¶ 1. Saad alleges that LCB agents pressured him out of business by 8 posing as peace officers and telling him: “You guys aren’t going to get your (City) 9 business licenses renewed.” Id. ¶ 4. Saad interpreted that statement to mean that Black 10 medical cannabis business owners would not receive LCB approval to operate cannabis 11 businesses. Id. ¶ 6. It is not clear from the face of the complaint when Saad closed his 12 dispensary, but there is no suggestion that he continued to operate without an LCB 13 license after June 2016. 14 The Sheltons owned and operated the medical dispensary “Lifetree Inc.” in 15 unincorporated King County, at 12409 Renton Avenue South. Dkt. 1-1, ¶ 10. The 16 Sheltons converted that dispensary into a community garden in 2016. Id. ¶ 11. Similar to 17 Saad, the Sheltons allege that LCB agents pressured them out of business by visiting their 18 place of business posed as peace officers and telling them that they had to cease 19 20 21 2 See generally Christopher Cambron, et al., State and National Contexts in Evaluating Cannabis Laws: A Case Study of Washington State (2017), https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 22 28458396/ 1 operations. Id. ¶ 12. The Sheltons closed their business on or around June 20, 2016 after 2 receiving a cease-and-desist letter from LCB. Id. ¶ 13. 3 In February 2022, Plaintiffs sued LCB, Director of LCB Rick Garza, the City of 4 Seattle, and Washington Secretary of State Steve Hobbs in Thurston County Superior 5 Court. Dkt. 1-1. The complaint asserted ten causes of action: (1) Declaratory Judgment; 6 (2) Tortious Interference; (3) Leading Organized Crime; (4) Criminal Impersonation in 7 the First Degree; (5) Criminal Impersonation in the Second Degree; (6) Unconstitutional 8 Fifth Amendment Taking; (7) 42 U.S.C. § 1981 Right to Contract; (8) 42 U.S.C. § 1983 9 Constitutional Deprivation Under Color of Law; (9) 42 U.S.C. § 1985 Conspiratorial 10 Alliance; and (10) Unconstitutional Fifth Amendment Taking. Id. ¶¶ 25–37. Plaintiffs 11 sought declaratory judgments that Plaintiffs were not required to surrender their licenses 12 prior to July 2022. Id. at 15. They also sought a declaratory judgment that they were 13 subject to unlawful tortious interference, a declaratory judgment that they were subject to 14 unlawful criminal racketeering, injunctive relief, compensatory damages, net profits from 15 2016 to now, treble damages, and costs. Id. 16 The City removed the case to this Court. Dkt. 1. Shortly after removal, all four 17 defendants moved to dismiss the case in two motions: one filed by the City, Dkt. 7, and 18 one filed by the three other defendants (“State Defendants”), Dkt. 6. All Defendants 19 assert many of the same arguments for dismissal, including that all of Plaintiffs’ civil 20 claims are barred by the limitations period and that the three criminal claims are barred 21 because they do not have a civil cause of action. The motions also assert that Plaintiffs’ 22 claims do not meet the minimum pleading standards. Garza, who was sued in both his 1 individual and official capacities, also argues he is entitled to qualified immunity. Dkt. 6 2 at 15–16. 3 Plaintiffs filed a joint response to the two motions to dismiss, arguing, among 4 other things, that the discovery rule should apply to extend the accrual date of the 5 limitations period. Dkt. 13. They also submitted various exhibits with their response to 6 support their assertion that the LCB’s licensing regime is racist and has had a disparate 7 impact. Id.3 Defendants also move to stay discovery pending the resolution of the instant 8 dispositive motions, Dkt. 25, and Plaintiffs oppose that request,4 Dkt. 27. 9 II. DISCUSSION 10 It is worth noting at the outset that Plaintiffs seem to primarily take issue with the 11 manner in which the medical cannabis market was folded into the recreational market and 12 placed under LCB’s control. While it is possible that the State’s consolidation of the 13 cannabis market was flawed, that does not necessarily indicate a violation of Plaintiffs’ 14 rights. Moreover, Plaintiffs do not challenge the regulatory scheme as a whole through 15 16 17 3 Plaintiffs also filed a surreply in which they moved to strike “any and all portions of Defendants’ Reply Memoranda going towards a Statute of Limitations Defense . . . as clearly 18 inconceivable.” Dkt. 20 at 2. A motion to strike is not an avenue to dispute a properly asserted defense. Therefore, Plaintiffs’ Motion to Strike, Dkt. 20, is DENIED. 19 4 Plaintiffs also filed a Notice of Supplemental Authority, Dkt. 35. “Before the court rules on a pending motion, a party may bring to the court’s attention relevant authority issued after the 20 date the party’s last brief was filed by serving and filing a Notice of Supplemental Authority that attaches the supplemental authority without argument.” LCR 7(n) (emphasis added). Plaintiffs’ 21 Supplemental Authority advances arguments and includes various documents, including text messages, photographs, emails, and articles. It does not contain any relevant legal authority and 22 it improperly includes argument. The filing is therefore STRICKEN. 1 something like an Equal Protection Clause lawsuit.5 Rather, they raise various causes of 2 action in an attempt to argue that Defendants conducted and participated in a grand 3 conspiracy to deprive them of licenses to sell cannabis. Plaintiffs’ claims are implausible 4 as pled, exceed the limitations period, and otherwise fail for reasons explained below. 5 A. Motion to Dismiss Standard 6 Dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) may be based on either 7 the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a 8 cognizable legal theory. Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 9 1988). A plaintiff’s complaint must allege facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible 10 on its face. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). A claim has “facial 11 plausibility” when the party seeking relief “pleads factual content that allows the court to 12 draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. 13 Although the Court must accept as true the complaint’s well-pled facts, conclusory 14 allegations of law and unwarranted inferences will not defeat an otherwise proper Rule 15 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. Vazquez v. Los Angeles Cnty., 487 F.3d 1246, 1249 (9th Cir. 16 2007); Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001). “[A] 17 plaintiff’s obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more 18 than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of 19 action will not do. Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the 20 5 It is also unclear that Plaintiffs would have standing to raise such a challenge. While 21 Plaintiffs generally allege that the State’s licensing regime had a disparate impact on Black cannabis distributers and other distributers of color, it is undisputed that Plaintiffs never applied 22 for an I-502 license. 1 speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (citations and 2 footnotes omitted). This requires a plaintiff to plead “more than an unadorned, the- 3 defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me-accusation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Twombly, 4 550 U.S. at 555). 5 B. Limitations Period 6 Defendants argue that most, if not all, of Plaintiffs’ claims are barred by their 7 respective statutes of limitations. Plaintiffs argue that under Washington’s discovery rule, 8 the limitations periods did not begin to run until they discovered that LCB agents are not 9 peace officers and do not have police power. 10 While each claim’s limitations period will be discussed separately below, the 11 relevant limitations period for most of the claims in this case is three years. RCW 12 4.16.080(2). “Generally, the statute of limitations begins to run at the time the act or 13 omission causing the tort injury occurs.” Ohnemus v. Washington, 195 Wn. App. 135, 14 143 (2016) (internal quotation omitted). Certain causes of actions, however, do not 15 accrue until the complaining party “discovers” the basis for the cause of action. 16 “Under Washington’s [common law] discovery rule, a cause of action does not 17 accrue until a party knows or reasonably should have known the essential elements of the 18 possible cause of action.” Clare v. Saberhagen Holdings, Inc., 129 Wn. App. 599, 602 19 (2005). The plaintiff is required to exercise reasonable diligence in pursuing a claim, and 20 if the plaintiff “is placed on notice by some appreciable harm occasioned by another’s 21 wrongful conduct, the plaintiff must make further diligence inquiry to ascertain the scope 22 of the actual harm.” Green v. A.P.C. (Am. Pharm. Co.), 136 Wn.2d 87, 96 (1998) (en 1 banc). The plaintiff does not have to be on notice that the relevant facts are sufficient to 2 establish a cause of action. Ohnemus, 195 Wn. App. at 143. Whether the plaintiff 3 exercised due diligence is normally a factual question, “but can be determined as a matter 4 of law when reasonable minds could reach only one conclusion.” Id. (citation omitted). 5 Plaintiffs ceased operations in 2016. Therefore, unless the discovery rule or some 6 other tolling provision applies, Plaintiffs’ claims would be barred by the of limitations 7 period. While the discovery rule typically raises factual questions that cannot be decided 8 on a motion to dismiss, it is unclear how, even if Plaintiffs’ claims are true, the discovery 9 rule would extend the limitations period in this case. 10 Plaintiffs seem to argue that had they known that LCB agents were not peace 11 officers and did not have police power, they would not have ceased their operations. It is 12 unclear how this would have made any difference. As explained in the State Defendants’ 13 Reply, LCB officers are “[l]imited authority Washington peace officer[s]” under RCW 14 § 10.93.020(6), which provides the officers with the power “to detect or apprehend 15 violators of the laws in some or all of the limited subject areas for which [the LCB] is 16 responsible.” See Dkt. 17 at 5. Plaintiffs did not possess licenses to sell cannabis, in 2016 17 or ever. LCB was the licensing authority for cannabis businesses in Washington and was 18 certainly authorized to inform Plaintiffs that they needed to obtain a license or cease 19 operations. Plaintiffs’ “discovery” that LCB agents were not general authority peace 20 officers is irrelevant and cannot be a justification for applying the discovery rule. 21 While pro se plaintiffs’ briefing is held “to less stringent standards,” Haines v. 22 Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520, the complaint still must comply with the plausibility standard 1 laid out in Twombly and Iqbal. Plaintiffs’ complaint does not meet that standard and 2 many of their claims fail for other reasons as well. Each claim is discussed in turn. 3 C. Declaratory Judgment 4 Plaintiffs ask the Court to issue a directive that would “retroactively issue the 5 same class of Business licenses that [Plaintiffs] lawfully held in the first place before the 6 fake police at WSLCB threatened them out of business” pursuant to RCW 7.24. Dkt. 1-1, 7 ¶ 27. The State Defendants argue that this claim seeks a type of relief the Court cannot 8 grant. Dkt. 6 at 8. Specifically, the State avers that medical-specific marijuana licenses do 9 not exist in Washington and that Plaintiffs have not applied for, and cannot currently 10 apply for, a marijuana retail license. Id. at 9. Further, the State Defendants argue that 11 LCB is the only entity empowered to grant cannabis licenses in Washington. Id. 12 The City argues that Washington’s Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act (“UDJA”) 13 does not apply because Plaintiffs did not identify a statute or contract under which their 14 rights were violated. Dkt. 7 at 16–18. The City also argues that Plaintiffs’ argument that 15 they would have been “grandfathered in” to Washington’s cannabis market is factually 16 inaccurate because no such grandfather clause exists for medical marijuana license 17 holders. Id. at 19. Further, the City argues that the Court cannot grant this type of relief 18 because it would effectively be “sanction[ing] conduct the Legislature, and Congress, has 19 chosen to criminalize.” Id. 20 Under the UDJA: 21 A person interested under a deed, will, written contract or other writings constituting a contract, or whose rights, status or other legal relations are 22 affected by a statute, municipal ordinance, contract or franchise, may have 1 determined any question of construction or validity arising under the instrument, statute, ordinance, contract or franchise and obtain a declaration 2 of rights, status or other legal relations thereunder. 3 RCW 7.24.020. The UDJA “is designed to settle and afford relief from insecurity and 4 uncertainty with respect to rights, status, and other legal relations.” DiNino v. State, 102 5 Wn.2d 327, 330 (1984). 6 As an initial matter, the Court cannot “retroactively issue the same class of 7 Business licenses that [Plaintiffs] lawfully held in the first place.” Dkt. 1-1 at 11. It is 8 unclear whether by “business licenses” Plaintiffs are referring to regular business licenses 9 or licenses to sell cannabis. To the extent it is the former, Plaintiffs voluntarily allowed 10 their business licenses to lapse; the legislation that consolidated Washington’s cannabis 11 market did not revoke those licenses. To the extent it is the latter, those types of cannabis 12 licenses—medicinal, not recreational—do not exist, and have never existed, in 13 Washington. 14 Further, cannabis remains federally illegal. See 21 U.S.C. § 812. As an arm of the 15 federal government, this Court cannot order activity that remains federally illegal. Cf. 16 Polk v. Gontmakher, No. 18-cv-1434 RAJ, 2020 WL 2572536, at *2 (W.D. Wash. May 17 21, 2020) (“The Court cannot fathom how ordering Defendants to turn over the future 18 profits of a marijuana business would not require them to violate the [Controlled 19 Substances Act]. And as this Court has previously explained to [Plaintiff], it cannot 20 award him an equitable interest in [a marijuana business] because to do so would directly 21 contravene federal law.”). To the extent Plaintiffs want to return to their previous status 22 1 as holders of business licenses to qualify for the alleged “grandfather clause,” that clause 2 does not appear to exist. 3 Therefore, Defendants’ motions to dismiss Plaintiffs’ Delcaratory Judgment claim 4 (claim 1) are GRANTED. That claim is DISMISSED with prejudice. 5 D. Tortious Interference 6 Plaintiffs allege that Defendants tortiously interfered with their ability “to enjoy 7 the benefits of their lawfully-held licenses.” Dkt. 1-1, ¶ 30. 8 To successfully assert a tortious interference claim, the plaintiff must show 9 (1) the existence of a valid contractual relationship or business expectancy; (2) the defendant’s knowledge of and intentional interference with that 10 relationship or expectancy; (3) a breach or termination of that relationship or expectancy induced or caused by the interference; (4) an improper 11 purpose or the use of improper means by the defendant that caused the interference; and (5) resultant damage. 12 Janaszak v. State, 173 Wn. App. 703, 727 (2013). The limitations period for a tortious 13 interference claim in Washington is three years. RCW 4.16.080(2); City of Seattle v. 14 Blume, 134 Wn.2d 243, 251 (1997). 15 Preliminarily, Plaintiffs’ tortious interference claim is time-barred; the three-year 16 limitations period accrued in 2016 and therefore ran in 2019. Further, Plaintiffs’ pleading 17 is unclear and fails to state a plausible claim. It is not clear to the Court whether Plaintiffs 18 intended to assert that Defendants interfered with their contract (in the form of a license) 19 with the State, that Defendants interfered with existing contracts with customers and 20 suppliers, or that Defendants interfered with prospective contractual and business 21 relationships. 22 1 To the extent Plaintiffs are challenging LCB (a State agency) and State agents’ 2 interference with Plaintiffs’ contractual relationship with the State, such a claim fails on 3 its face. Plaintiffs never possessed a license to sell cannabis and were doing so under a 4 loophole in the law. It was never established that medical cannabis dispensaries ever 5 operated legally to begin with. Moreover, a party cannot tortiously interfere with a 6 contract to which it is a party. Vasquez v. State, Dep’t of Social & Health Servs., 94 Wn. 7 App. 976, 989 (1999). 8 To the extent Plaintiffs are challenging Defendants’ interference with their 9 contractual relationships with either existing customers and suppliers or reasonably likely 10 prospective business opportunities, that claim also fails. Again, insofar as the Court is 11 concerned, Plaintiffs’ operations were not legal to begin with. They were never licensed 12 to sell cannabis in the State. One cannot have a valid business expectancy resulting from 13 unlawful activity. See BOFI Fed. Bank v. Advance Funding LLC, 105 F. Supp. 3d 1215, 14 1220 (W.D. Wash. 2015); see also Rock River Commc’ns, Inc. v. Universal Music Grp., 15 Inc., 745 F.3d 343, 349 (9th Cir. 2014). 16 Therefore, Defendants’ motions to dismiss Plaintiff’s Tortious Interference claim 17 (claim 2) are GRANTED. That claim is DISMISSED with prejudice. 18 E. Criminal Claims 19 Plaintiffs allege that Defendants committed the Washington crimes of Leading 20 Organized Crime, Criminal Impersonation in the First Degree, and Criminal 21 Impersonation in the Second Degree. Dkt. 1-1 at 11–12. Defendants correctly point out 22 that these statutes do not have civil causes of action. Dkt. 7 at 24; Dkt. 6 at 11. 1 Certain crimes that are part of criminal profiteering activity, including Leading 2 Organized Crime, can be asserted in civil lawsuits under Washington’s Criminal 3 Profiteering Act (“CPA”). See RCW 9A.82.100(1)(a) (“A person who sustains injury . . . 4 by an act of criminal profiteering that is part of a pattern of criminal profiteering activity, 5 or by [Leading Organized Crime as defined in RCW 9A.82.060] may file an action . . . 6 for the recovery of damages.”). Plaintiffs do not assert a CPA cause of action and do not 7 state a plausible claim that Defendants engaged in any criminal profiteering activity. 8 Moreover, the CPA has a three-year limitations period and thus any such claim would be 9 time-barred. RCW 9A.82.100(7). 10 Therefore, Defendants’ motions to dismiss Plaintiff’s Leading Organized Crime 11 and Criminal Impersonation claims (claims 3, 4, and 5) are GRANTED. Those claims are 12 DISMISSED with prejudice. 13 F. Fifth Amendment Taking 14 Plaintiffs allege that Defendants executed an unlawful taking under the Fifth 15 Amendment of the United States Constitution by depriving them of their ability to 16 operate their cannabis stores. Dkt. 1-1, ¶ 34. Plaintiffs’ tenth cause of action also asserts 17 an unconstitutional Fifth Amendment Taking, id. ¶ 37, but it is unclear how this claim is 18 any different from Plaintiffs’ other Takings Clause claim. 19 While Plaintiffs did not assert a cause of action for their Takings Clause claims, 20 “Takings claims must be brought under § 1983.” Hacienda Valley Mobile Ests. v. City of 21 Morgan Hill, 353 F.3d 651, 655 (9th Cir. 2003). The federal courts are “to liberally 22 construe the inartful pleading of pro se litigants,” Eldridge v. Block, 832 F.2d 1132, 1137 1 (9th Cir. 1987) (internal quotation omitted), and the Court will therefore interpret 2 Plaintiffs’ Takings Clause claims as being asserted under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 3 “It is well-established that claims brought under § 1983 borrow the forum state’s 4 statute of limitations for personal injury claims.” Action Apartment Ass’n Inc. v. Santa 5 Monica Rent Control Bd., 509 F.3d 1020, 1026–27 (9th Cir. 2007). In Washington, that 6 limitations period is three years. See RCW 4.16.080(2). As previously explained, any 7 potential claims Plaintiffs have accrued in 2016 and the limitations period for any 8 Takings Clause claims therefore ran in 2019. Those claims are time-barred. 9 The Fifth Amendment Takings Clause prohibits “private property” from being 10 “taken for public use, without just compensation.” U.S. Const. amend. V. A classic taking 11 occurs when the “government directly appropriates private property or ousts the owner 12 from his domain.” Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc., 544 U.S. 528, 539 (2005). Beyond a 13 classic taking, the Supreme Court has held that “if regulation goes too far it will be 14 recognized as a taking.” Pa. Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393, 415 (1922). There are 15 three types of regulatory actions “that are functionally equivalent to the classic taking,” 16 Lingle, 544 U.S. at 539, reflected in the Supreme Court’s decisions in Loretto v. 17 Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp., 458 U.S. 419 (1982), Lucas v. South Carolina 18 Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003 (1992), and Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of 19 New York, 438 U.S. 104 (1978). 20 Plaintiffs’ Takings Clause claims are unclear and do not sufficiently state a claim. 21 The Court’s best read of the complaint is that Plaintiffs intended to argue that Defendants 22 executed an unconstitutional taking when LCB agents posed as peace officers, went to 1 their cannabis businesses, and ousted them by telling them their licenses would not be 2 renewed. That argument fails. Plaintiffs were operating medical cannabis dispensaries 3 that arguably were not legal to begin with. Defendants did not take any property from 4 Plaintiffs, and Plaintiffs did not have a protectable property interest. While LCB did order 5 Plaintiffs to cease their operations, they were justified in doing so. Plaintiffs’ businesses 6 were unlicensed, and Plaintiffs failed to apply for LCB licenses. 7 Therefore, Defendants’ motions to dismiss Plaintiff’s Takings Clause claims 8 (claims 6 and 10) are GRANTED. Those claims are DISMISSED with prejudice. 9 G. Right to Contract 10 Plaintiffs allege that LCB deprived them of “having the same opportunity to 11 contract as white persons in the industry.” Dkt. 1-1, ¶ 35. Again, Plaintiffs fail to state a 12 plausible claim, or even explain the substance of their claim. Plaintiffs never applied for a 13 license to legally sell cannabis. LCB therefore never had the opportunity to deny them a 14 license or the right to contract. 15 Therefore, Defendants’ motions to dismiss Plaintiff’s Right to Contract claim 16 (claim 7) are GRANTED. That claim is DISMISSED with prejudice. 17 H. § 1983 18 Plaintiffs’ complaint alleges a general 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim, but no such claim 19 is cognizable. “One cannot go into court and claim a violation of § 1983—for § 1983 by 20 itself does not protect anyone against anything.” Gonzaga Univ. v. Doe, 536 U.S. 273, 21 285 (2002) (quoting Chapman v. Houston Welfare Rights Org., 441 U.S. 600, 617 22 (1979)). It does not create any substantive rights. Id. at 284–85. § 1983 is instead merely 1 a vehicle for enforcing individual rights secured elsewhere, most typically in the United 2 States Constitution. Id. 3 It is not clear what substantive rights claims Plaintiffs are asserting via § 1983. To 4 state a plausible § 1983 claim, Plaintiffs would need to clearly state what constitutional or 5 legal rights Defendants violated. Further, any potential § 1983 claim, like Plaintiffs’ 6 Takings Clause claims, is nonetheless barred by the limitations period. 7 Therefore, Defendants’ motions to dismiss Plaintiff’s Constitutional Deprivation 8 Under Color of Law claim (claim 8) are GRANTED. That claim is DISMISSED with 9 prejudice. 10 I. § 1985 Conspiratorial Alliance 11 Plaintiffs allege that “[t]he City and WSLCB worked together in a [c]onspiratorial 12 alliance to foment and to engage this entire scheme.” Dkt. 1-1, ¶ 36. 13 A civil rights conspiracy claim requires proof of four elements: 14 (1) a conspiracy; (2) for the purpose of depriving, either directly or indirectly, any person or class of persons of the equal protection of the 15 laws, or of equal privileges and immunities under the laws; and (3) an act in furtherance of the conspiracy; (4) whereby a person is either 16 injured in his person or property or deprived of any right or privilege of a citizen of the United States. 17 United Bhd. of Carpenters & Joinders of Am., Loc. 610, AFL-CIO v. Scott, 463 U.S. 825, 18 828–29 (1983). 19 Plaintiffs allege that the City and LCB engaged in a conspiracy “to foment and to 20 engage in” the “scheme” detailed throughout their complaint. Dkt. 1-1 at 14. Again, this 21 claim is unclear. To the extent Plaintiffs allege that the City and LCB conspired to 22 1 deprive them of their licenses to sell cannabis, that claim is implausible. The City and 2 LCB followed new legislation which consolidated the medicinal and recreational 3 cannabis markets in Washington and required licenses to sell any type of cannabis. 4 Plaintiffs did not seek to acquire a license under the new scheme. It is unclear what LCB 5 and the City allegedly did to conspire against Plaintiffs. 6 Further, any potential § 1985 claim is again barred by the limitations period. 7 Actions brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1985 are governed by the forum state’s statute of 8 limitations for personal injury actions. Taylor v. Regents of Univ. of Calif., 993 F.2d 710, 9 711–12 (9th Cir. 1993). As already stated, in Washington, that limitations period is three 10 years. RCW 4.16.080(2). Plaintiffs’ potential § 1985 claims expired in 2019. 11 Therefore, Defendants’ motions to dismiss Plaintiff’s Conspiratorial Alliance 12 claim (claim 9) are GRANTED. That claim is DISMISSED with prejudice. 13 J. Leave to Amend 14 On a 12(b)(6) motion, “a district court should grant leave to amend even if no 15 request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could not 16 possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Cook, Perkiss & Liehe v. N. Cal. 17 Collection Serv., 911 F.2d 242, 247 (9th Cir. 1990). However, where the facts are not in 18 dispute, and the sole issue is whether there is liability as a matter of substantive law, the 19 court may deny leave to amend. Albrecht v. Lund, 845 F.2d 193, 195–96 (9th Cir. 1988). 20 Pro se plaintiffs are ultimately held “to less stringent standards than formal pleadings 21 drafted by lawyers.” Haines, 404 U.S. at 520. 22 1 Leave to amend in this case would be futile. All of Plaintiffs’ claims are either 2 time-barred or lack a private cause of action. The Court will therefore not grant Plaintiffs 3 leave to amend. 4 III. ORDER 5 Therefore, it is hereby ORDERED that Defendants Rick Garza, Steve Hobbs, and 6 Washington Liquor and Cannabis Board’s Motion to Dismiss, Dkt. 6, and Defendant City 7 of Seattle’s Motion to Dismiss, Dkt. 7, are GRANTED. Plaintiffs Sami Saad, Ben 8 Shelton III, and James K. Shelton’s Motion to Strike, Dkt. 20, is DENIED, and 9 Defendants’ Motion to Stay Discovery, Dkt. 25, is DENIED as moot. 10 The Clerk shall enter a JUDGMENT and close the case. 11 Dated this 8th day of July, 2022. A 12 13 BENJAMIN H. SETTLE 14 United States District Judge 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22