Howard v. State , 139 Wis. 529 ( 1909 )

The information charges that the plaintiff in error burglariously broke and entered a schoolhouse in the nighttime with intent to steal the property then therein. It is urged that the alleged charge does not constitute an offense within the criminal law of this state. It is manifest that the information attempts to charge an offense under sec. 4409, Stats. (1898). Originally this statute was embodied in R.S. 1849, ch. 134, sec. 11, which made it an offense to "break and enter in the nighttime any office, shop or warehouse not adjoining to or occupied with a dwelling house, . . . with intent to commit the crime of murder, rape, robbery, larceny or any other felony." This continued to be the law until 1878, when it was amended by inserting the words "or any other building" after the word "warehouse." Do the words so added by amendment include all buildings or are they restricted in their scope? It is evident that secs. 4407-4411, Stats. (1898), inclusive, are an enumeration of the instances which constitute the statutory crime of burglary. They nowhere specifically indicate that it was intended that the breaking and entering of a schoolhouse or any other building devoted to public uses with intent to commit any of the offenses specified in sec. 4409, Stats. (1898), should be a burglary. The statute must be interpreted in view of the nature of the offense.

Burglary at common law was an offense against the habitation and not against property, and was confined to dwellings. In recent times the offense has been extended to include breaking and entering of shops, warehouses, and other premises, thereby making it an offense against property also. The offense as extended now includes structures and premises, a breaking and entry into which constitutes an offense not only against habitation, but also against the ownership of private property. The history of sec. 4409, Stats. (1898), supports the idea that the offense created thereby was to include the elements of an offense against property as well as against habitation. The offense was not generally predicated of structures and premises devoted to public uses, nor are the features of the offense such that from its nature it necessarily includes a breaking and an entering of such structures and premises. The legislation on the subject indicates that in this state the crime of burglary as defined thereby was not intended to embrace a breaking and an entry into buildings devoted to public uses. Nowhere are such buildings specifically designated within these statutes, while sec. 4412 of the criminal law specifically provides a penalty for breaking, entering, and stealing in public buildings. This indicates that an offense involving the breaking into and an entering of buildings devoted to public uses is specifically embraced in and is to be punished under the later section, and thus tends to show that it was not included in the former as a burglary. To include it in both would lead to repugnancy between the two sections, in that two punishments would be inflicted for the same act. We are of opinion that the words "or any other building" contained in sec. 4409, Stats. (1898), were not intended to include a schoolhouse or other building erected or employed for public uses. From this it follows that the facts stated in the information do not charge the crime of burglary as defined by sec. 4409, Stats. (1898).

It is insisted that the objection to the introduction of evidence to prove the three prior convictions and sentences of the plaintiff in error, as alleged in the information under sec. 4736, Stats. (1898), should have been sustained. As above stated, before the state proceeded to introduce its evidence after the jury were impaneled and sworn, the defendant requested that the jury be directed to retire to permit him to admit of record the truth of the charges in the information concerning the alleged former sentences and that they remained of record unreversed. This request was granted, and plaintiff in error then admitted the truth of these allegations in open court and demanded that no evidence concerning them should be received and that the district attorney should be prohibited from commenting to the jury on such admissions as a fact tending to show his guilt of the offense charged when taken in connection with the other testimony in the case. The purpose of the statute pertaining to the punishment of criminals found guilty of successive offenses was considered in Ingalls v. State,48 Wis. 647, 4 N.W. 785. It is there stated:

"The increased severity of the punishment for the subsequent offense is not a punishment of the person for the first offense a second time, but a severer punishment for the second offense, because the commission of the second offense is evidence of the incorrigible and dangerous character of the accused, which calls for and demands a severer punishment than should be inflicted upon the person guilty of a first crime."

It is also to be noted that the provisions of this statute (sec. 4736, Stats. 1898) are incorporated as a part of the law of judgments in criminal cases and the execution thereof. This indicates that the legislature did not regard it as part of the Criminal Code which defines offenses, but treated it as a part of the criminal law regulating the sentence and judgment in cases where persons are guilty of successive state prison offenses. This view of the legislation negatives the claim sustained by the decision of the court of appeals of New York in People v. Sickles, 156 N.Y. 541, 51 N.E. 288, to the effect that, under the Code of Criminal Procedure in that state, such former conviction is an essential ingredient of and enters into and is made part of the offense with which the accused is charged and for which he is being tried. It may also be observed that the act on this subject in the New York Code of Criminal Procedure contains no provision respecting an admission of such former sentences. That court therefore considered that this fact in the information must be established in all cases by the prosecution as any other allegation of the information. Not so under the statute of this state, for it provides that the accused may admit this allegation on the trial. This provision carries with it, necessarily, the implication that under legal procedure no proof on the subject is necessary or need be required. This provision also suggests that the legislature intended to give the accused an opportunity to avail himself of the right afforded by the law which, except in certain cases, excludes evidence of other offenses from being submitted to the jury as proof of the guilt of the accused of the specific offense for which he is on trial. It is beyond controversy that proof of former sentences of the accused must necessarily prejudice the minds of the jurors against his interest when trying him for the offense with which he is charged. It is therefore a reasonable inference from the legislative regulation giving the accused the privilege of admitting such former sentences on the trial that it was intended that evidence thereof should not be received after such admission, and that there was no issue respecting such allegations for submission to the jury. Though this practice and procedure is not formally inserted in the statute, it follows by necessary implication in order to secure to the accused the rights manifestly contemplated by it. These conclusions necessarily condemn the procedure adopted by the trial court in this case as erroneous and prejudicial. We are of opinion that no evidence should be received nor comment to the jury be permitted in cases wherein former convictions and sentences, as embraced in secs. 4736-4738, Stats. (1898), are alleged when the accused admits the truth thereof on the trial.

The plaintiff in error was found guilty and sentenced upon an information that charges no offense in the law. The sentence and judgment must therefore be reversed.

No other questions need be considered.

By the Court. — The judgment is reversed. The warden of the state prison is directed to deliver the plaintiff in error, James Howard, to the custody of the sheriff of La Crosse county until otherwise ordered or discharged therefrom according to law.