Pierce v. Carey , 37 Wis. 232 ( 1875 )

Ryan, C. J.

Says Dixon, C. J., in Supervisors v. Decker, 30 Wis., 624: “ It would certainly be a most anomalous and hitherto unknown condition of the laws’of pleading, were it established that a plaintiff in a civil action could file and serve a complaint, the particular nature and object of which no one could tell, but which might and should be held good as a statement of two or thi'ee or more different and inconsistent causes of action, as one in tort, one upon money demand on contract, and one in equity, all combined or fused and' molded into one count or declaration; so that the defendant must await the accidents and events of trial, and until the plaintiff’s proofs are all in, before being informed, with any certainty or definiteness, what he is called upon to meet. The proposition that a complaint, or any single count of it, may be so framed with a double, treble or any number of aspects, looking to so many distinct and incongruous causes of action, in order to hit the exigencies of the plaintiff’s case or any possible demands of his proofs at the trial, we must say, strikes us as something exceedingly novel in the rules of pleading. We do not think it is the law; and, unless the legislature compels us by some new statutory regulation, we shall hereafter be very slow to change this conclusion.” Golden words, which should ever be present to the mind of every pleader under the code, which was designed to substitute a plain and concise statement of causes of action, and of defenses, for the intricacies of pleading at common law. All that goes to the administration of justice should be definite and certain. This is almost equally essential to the claim, the defense, and the judgment. When these become vague and loose, the administration of justice becomes vague and loose; with a tendency to rest, not so much on known and fixed rules of law, as on capricious judgment of the peculiarities of each case: on a dangerous and eccentric sense of justice, largely personal to the judges, varying as cases vary, rather than on abiding principles of right, controlling equally the judgments of courts and the rights of suitors. And it is time that those who administer the code should recur to its policy of plain and direct certainty, and rescue it from prostitution to duplicity and ambiguity, and all the juridical evils of loose and uncertain administration, more dangerous to even and uniform justice than the worst technicalities of the most intricate system. Simplicity, not uncertainty, is the object of the code. And pleadings under it should be as certain in substance as they were before it; more certain in form, because freed from technical formality.

There is ap essential distinction between simple and fraudulent warranties, which has always been recognized. Story on Sales, §§ 420, 421. An action ex contractu is the only remedy on the former ; an action ex delicto will lie on the latter. See 2 Chitty’s Pl., 279, 679, for the common law forms of declaration in the two cases ; the distinction being in the averment of a simple warranty in the one case, and of a false and fraudulent warranty in the other. This distinction of actions in tort and on contract is as essential under our present practice as it ever was. Anderson v. Case, 28 Wis., 505. In cases of .warranty, Williamson v. Allison, 2 East, 446, seems to go very far- in breaking down this safe distinction ; but we cannot help regarding that and some kindred' cases in the English courts, as loosely decided, because there was there no essential or resulting difference in recoveries in the two forms of action. But the difference may become essential and important where imprisonment for debt is abolished. And it is never safe to overlook the distinction between different forms of action, when the causes of action are materially different.

The complaint in this case appears to have followed a precedent in 1 Abbott’s Forms, 384. It sets out by averring a simple warranty, and a fraudulent representation to the same effect. Such a representation, without fraud, operates as a warranty. Austin v. Nickerson, 21 Wis., 542. And so the complaint commences with a duplicity, expressly recommended by the author. For that ingenuous pleader states that the fraudulent representation is not necessary to the action on the warranty, but suggests that it is well to insert it, as the evidence on trial’ may fail to prove a warranty, yet may disclose a fraudulent representation, upon which a recovery might be had, for the deceit, under his double form of complaint: pleading, in other words, an action ex contractu on a warranty, with a contingent action ex delicto on a fraudulent representation, in gremio. But we apprehend that this duplicity is subsequently cured in the precedent, as it certainly is in the complaint, by averment of the defendant’s scienter in the warranty, which reconciles the warranty with the fraudulent representation, and makes both sound ex delicto for the deceit. The precedent avers a simple scienter, but the complaint here improves upon that, and avers a false and fraudulent concealment in the warranty. This is beyond question an action ex delicto on a fraudulent warranty and misrepresentation.

And so the parties appear to have dealt with the complaint, throughout, until’ they had rested their evidence on the trial. The answer admitted the warranty, but denied the fraud. And a large share of the evidence on both sides, admitted without objection, goes only to prove or disprove the scienter of the respondent, the fraud of the warranty. When the evidence had closed, the appellant appears for the first time to have had recourse to his special pleader’s dilemma, and asked for instructions of his right t© recover as in an action ex contractu on the simple warranty, without proof of fraud or deceit; and excepted to the charge of the court below that he could recover only in his action ex delicto, upon proof of the respondent’s scienter of the falsehood of the warranty. The appellant made no other election of action, made no offer and asked no leave to amend his complaint. He stood upon his complaint ex delicto, and asked to recover on it ex contractu. The charge of the learned judge of the court below followed the complaint, and we cannot but hold that it was right.

Had the appellant, even then, asked leave to amend his complaint, so as to turn his cause of action ex delicto to one ex con-tractu, he might have been entitled to have his action submitted to the jury in his own way. See City Bank v. McClellan, 21 Wis¡, 112; Harris v. Wichs, 28 id., 198; Trowbridge v. Barrett, 30 id., 661, and many other cases in this court. On that question we express no opinion. But, if he had the right to amend,-in such a case, he was bound to exercise it. Anderson v. Case, supra. Had a verdict gone against the respondent on the instructions asked, it would have convicted him on the record of it fraud, when the proof might have established only a breach of contract. And that, aside from the question of his liability to arrest and imprisonment on execution, on which we express iio opinion, would'have been a wrong which no court of justice should sanction: such a wrong as the administration of the code, in its true spirit and significance, should render impossible.

Had the court below charged the jury as the appellant requested, and had the appellant thereupon recovered, a question would have arisen, whether his judgment could be upheld, which is not now here, and on which we indicate no opinion. See Newton v. Allis, 12 Wis., 378; Samuels v. Blanchard, 25 id., 329; Anderson v. Case, supra.

But when a plaintiff, on trial, the question of material variance between the case made in the complaint and the case proved on the trial being raised' before the issue is given to the jury, abides by his complaint, without amendment or offer to amend, he cannot be permitted to reverse a judgment against him, on the ground that the court below also abided by his complaint, and refused to instruct the jury that he might recover for an essentially different cause of action.

By the Court. — The judgment of the court below is affirmed.