Meteor Timber, LLC v. Wisconsin Division of Hearings and Appeals ( 2021 )


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    2022 WI App 5
    COURT OF APPEALS OF WISCONSIN
    PUBLISHED OPINION
    Case No.:              2020AP1869
    †Petition for Review filed
    Complete Title of Case:
    METEOR TIMBER, LLC,
    PETITIONER-APPELLANT, †
    V.
    WISCONSIN DIVISION OF HEARINGS AND APPEALS AND
    WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES,
    RESPONDENTS-RESPONDENTS,
    HO-CHUNK NATION AND CLEAN WISCONSIN,
    INTERESTED PARTIES-PLAINTIFFS-RESPONDENTS.
    Opinion Filed:          December 16, 2021
    Submitted on Briefs:    June 17, 2021
    Oral Argument:
    JUDGES:                 Blanchard, P.J., Kloppenburg, and Fitzpatrick, JJ.
    Concurred:
    Dissented:
    Appellant
    ATTORNEYS:              On behalf of the petitioner-appellant, the cause was submitted on the
    briefs of G. Richard White and John Robert Behling of Weld Riley,
    S.C., Eau Claire.
    Respondent
    ATTORNEYS:   On behalf of the respondents-respondents, the cause was submitted on
    the brief of Gabe Johnson-Karp, assistant attorney general, and Joshua
    L. Kaul, attorney general.
    Respondent
    ATTORNEYS:   On behalf of the interested parties-plaintiffs-respondents, the cause was
    submitted on the brief of Rob Lee, Rob Lundberg, and Andrea Gelatt of
    Midwest Environmental Advocates, Madison, and Evan Feinauer of
    Clean Wisconsin, Inc., Madison.
    2
    
    2022 WI App 5
    COURT OF APPEALS
    DECISION                                           NOTICE
    DATED AND FILED                       This opinion is subject to further editing. If
    published, the official version will appear in
    the bound volume of the Official Reports.
    December 16, 2021
    A party may file with the Supreme Court a
    Sheila T. Reiff               petition to review an adverse decision by the
    Clerk of Court of Appeals          Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 and
    RULE 809.62.
    Appeal No.        2020AP1869                                               Cir. Ct. No. 2018CV123
    STATE OF WISCONSIN                                        IN COURT OF APPEALS
    METEOR TIMBER, LLC,
    PETITIONER-APPELLANT,
    V.
    WISCONSIN DIVISION OF HEARINGS AND APPEALS AND WISCONSIN
    DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES,
    RESPONDENTS-RESPONDENTS,
    HO-CHUNK NATION AND CLEAN WISCONSIN,
    INTERESTED PARTIES-PLAINTIFFS-RESPONDENTS.
    APPEAL from orders of the circuit court for Monroe County:
    TODD L. ZIEGLER, Judge. Affirmed.
    Before Blanchard, P.J., Kloppenburg, and Fitzpatrick, JJ.
    No. 2020AP1869
    ¶1      KLOPPENBURG, J. The Department of Natural Resources
    (Department) issued to Meteor Timber, LLC, a permit (the permit or the initial
    permit) and, some months later, an amended permit (the amended permit) allowing
    Meteor Timber to fill wetlands for purposes of constructing a facility for drying and
    storing industrial sand and an associated facility for loading the sand onto rail cars
    and shipping the sand by rail. After a contested case hearing, the Administrative
    Law Judge (ALJ) issued a decision and order reversing the decisions to issue the
    permit and amended permit based on his conclusions that the permit and amended
    permit decisions did not comply with the statutes governing wetland-fill permits.
    The Department adopted the ALJ’s decision without change as its own final
    decision.1 The circuit court, in a detailed and comprehensive oral ruling, affirmed.
    On appeal, Meteor Timber argues first that the ALJ’s decision is unsupported by the
    record and legally erroneous. Second, Meteor Timber argues that the circuit court
    erred in denying its motion to present additional evidence pertaining to a different
    wetland restoration project.
    ¶2      Resolution of the first issue turns not on the merits of Meteor Timber’s
    proposed project as a whole but, instead, turns on whether the Department complied
    with statutory requirements when it issued the permit and amended permit for the
    proposed project. We conclude that the ALJ’s determination that the Department
    did not comply with the requirements is based on findings of fact that are supported
    by the record and on a correct reading of the applicable statutes.
    1
    For ease of reading, we will generally refer to the Department’s final decision as the
    ALJ’s decision, as distinct from the Department’s decisions to issue the permit and amended
    permit, which were reversed.
    2
    No. 2020AP1869
    ¶3       Specifically, the ALJ properly determined that the Department failed
    in the following three, related respects to follow statutory requirements when it
    issued the permit.
    ¶4       (1) Insufficient Information to Consider Environmental Impact.
    WISCONSIN STAT. § 281.36(3n)(b)5. (2019-20) requires that the Department
    consider the net positive or negative environmental impact of the proposed project
    before deciding to issue a wetland-fill permit.2 This consideration is necessary for
    the Department to meet the mandate in § 281.36(3n)(c)3. that it may issue a
    wetland-fill permit only if it determines that the proposed project will not result in
    significant adverse environmental impacts. However, the permit states that the
    Department lacked sufficient information to enable it to assess the proposed
    project’s net positive or negative environmental impact.                          In addition,
    correspondence from the Department and undisputed testimony by the Department
    wetland mitigation coordinator and the Meteor Timber hydrology consultant
    confirmed that the proposed project lacked sufficient hydrologic and hydraulic
    information to enable the Department to make a meaningful assessment of net
    environmental impact at the time that the permit was issued. Accordingly the
    Department improperly issued the permit without being able to consider the
    proposed project’s net positive or negative environmental impact, contrary to
    § 281.36(3n)(b)5.
    ¶5       (2) Impact to Wetland Functional Values. Because the Department
    lacked sufficient information to assess the proposed project’s net positive or
    negative environmental impact, it follows that the Department was specifically
    2
    All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2019-20 version unless otherwise
    noted.
    3
    No. 2020AP1869
    unable to determine that the project will not result in significant adverse
    environmental impacts, including, specifically, significant adverse impact to
    wetland functional values, as required under WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(c)3.
    Moreover, the permit states that the proposed project will result in the direct
    permanent loss of 16.25 acres of wetlands, including the irreversible and highly
    significant loss of 13.37 acres of rare wetlands of “exceptional” value, and that the
    proposed project will likely not fully compensate for irreversible and highly
    significant secondary impacts to wetlands. That permit language, along with expert
    testimony of the wetland ecologist who worked on the permit application credited
    by the ALJ, that the proposed mitigation plan will not compensate for the loss of the
    wetlands, establish that the Department could not determine that the proposed
    project will not result in significant adverse impact to wetland functional values.
    Accordingly the Department improperly issued the permit contrary to
    § 281.36(3n)(c)3.
    ¶6       (3) Inadequate Mitigation Plan. WISCONSIN STAT. § 281.36(3n)(d)
    provides that the Department must require mitigation via a mitigation plan, under
    § 281.36(3t) and WIS. ADMIN. CODE § NR 350.03(3) and .08-.09, that will offset the
    loss of the filled wetlands and that includes standards for comparing restored or
    created wetlands to the filled wetlands and for measuring success.3 However, the
    permit’s mitigation plan lacked necessary hydrology standards and, according to
    expert testimony of the wetland ecologist who worked on the permit application
    credited by the ALJ, will not compensate for the loss of the filled wetlands because
    it lacked necessary soils and hydrology data as well as hydrology performance
    3
    All references to the Wisconsin Administrative Code are to the November 2021 register.
    4
    No. 2020AP1869
    standards. Accordingly, the Department improperly issued the permit with an
    inadequate mitigation plan contrary to § 281.36(3n)(d).
    ¶7     As stated, the ALJ’s decision reversing the Department’s decision to
    issue the permit based on the Department’s failure to comply with these statutory
    requirements is based on findings of fact that are supported by substantial evidence
    in the record and on a correct reading of the law. Accordingly, we conclude that the
    Department’s decision to issue the permit was properly reversed. Because Meteor
    Timber fails to identify any law that authorizes the Department to issue an amended
    permit absent a valid initial permit, we conclude that the Department’s decision to
    issue the amended permit was also properly reversed.
    ¶8     As to the second issue on appeal, we conclude that the record
    establishes that the circuit court properly exercised its discretion in denying Meteor
    Timber’s motion to present additional evidence.
    ¶9     Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s rulings.
    BACKGROUND
    ¶10    In March 2016, Meteor Timber applied to the Department for a
    “wetland individual permit,” see WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3m) (titled “Wetland
    Individual Permits”), to fill wetlands for purposes of constructing a dry plant
    processing facility and rail transloading facility for shipment of industrial sand in
    the Town of Grant, Monroe County.
    ¶11    In May 2017, the Department issued to Meteor Timber a “wetland
    individual permit” to fill 16.25 acres of wetlands, including 13.37 acres of rare
    White Pine-Red Maple wetlands of exceptional quality. The permit contained
    “[c]onditions necessary to allow Department consideration of the applicant’s
    5
    No. 2020AP1869
    proposals respective to ‘net positive or negative environmental impact’” under WIS.
    STAT. § 281.36(3n)(b)5. Seven of the conditions required the submission to the
    Department for its approval of additional information relating to various aspects of
    the project. An additional thirty-eight conditions required Meteor Timber to either
    modify the proposed wetland compensatory mitigation plan or submit to the
    Department for its approval additional information related to that plan.
    ¶12    Meteor Timber submitted to the Department some of the additional
    information required by the permit conditions along with a revised mitigation plan.
    In October 2017 the Department issued to Meteor Timber an amended “wetland
    individual permit.”    Like the initial permit, the amended permit contained
    “[c]onditions necessary to allow Department consideration of the applicant’s
    proposals respective to ‘net positive or negative environmental impact’” as required
    by WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(b)5. Seven of the conditions required Meteor Timber
    to submit to the Department for its approval additional information relating to
    various aspects of the project.        An additional forty conditions required
    modifications, or the submission to the Department for its approval of additional
    information, relating to the proposed mitigation plan for the project. Most of the
    conditions in the amended permit sought the same additional information and
    modifications as the permit.
    ¶13    Clean Wisconsin timely petitioned the Department for a contested
    case hearing challenging the Department’s decisions to issue the permit and the
    amended permit, and the Department granted the petitions. Ho-Chunk Nation
    intervened as a petitioner. ALJ Eric D. DéFort in the Division of Hearing and
    Appeals held the contested case hearing from February 26 until March 2, 2018. At
    the hearing the parties presented testimony by twelve witnesses (who had each also
    6
    No. 2020AP1869
    submitted pre-filed written testimony that was accepted at the hearing) along with
    over one hundred exhibits, and several members of the public made statements.
    ¶14    In May 2018, the ALJ issued a decision and order reversing the
    Department’s decisions to issue the permit and the amended permit. The ALJ
    concluded that the Department improperly issued the permit because: (1) the
    Department lacked sufficient information to determine the net positive or negative
    environmental impact as required under WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(b)5.; (2) the
    Department issued a permit for a proposed project that, based on the information
    provided, will result in significant adverse impacts to wetlands contrary to
    § 281.36(3n)(c)3.; and (3) the Department issued a permit for an inadequate
    mitigation plan contrary to § 281.36(3n)(d). The ALJ also concluded that the
    Department lacked statutory authority to issue the amended permit.
    ¶15    Meteor Timber petitioned the Department secretary for review of the
    ALJ’s decision under WIS. ADMIN. CODE § NR 2.20. The secretary issued an order
    adopting the ALJ’s decision, without change, as “the final decision of the
    [D]epartment” under WIS. ADMIN. CODE § NR 2.155(1).
    ¶16    Meteor Timber separately petitioned for judicial review of the ALJ’s
    decision and the Department Secretary’s order, and the two actions were
    consolidated. Meteor Timber subsequently filed motions in the circuit court to
    present additional evidence pertaining to a different wetland restoration project. In
    two detailed oral rulings, the circuit court denied Meteor Timber’s motions and
    denied Meteor Timber’s petitions for judicial review.
    7
    No. 2020AP1869
    ¶17     Meteor Timber appeals both rulings.4
    DISCUSSION
    ¶18     Meteor Timber challenges both the circuit court’s denial of its petition
    for review of the ALJ’s decision and the circuit court’s denial of its motion to
    present additional evidence. We address each challenge in turn.
    I. PETITION FOR REVIEW OF THE ALJ’S DECISION
    ¶19     Meteor Timber argues that the circuit court erred in denying its
    petition for review because the ALJ’s decision is unsupported by the record and
    legally erroneous.       We first summarize the applicable standard of review of
    administrative agency decisions and the statutory and regulatory provisions
    governing individual wetland-fill permits. We next provide additional background
    pertinent to the Meteor Timber permits and the ALJ’s findings of fact and
    conclusions of law. We then explain our conclusion that the ALJ’s decision is based
    on factual findings that are supported by the record and is consistent with the law,
    and address Meteor Timber’s arguments to the contrary.
    4
    In its ruling denying Meteor Timber’s motions to present additional evidence, the circuit
    court addressed both the motion asking the court to receive additional evidence and remand to the
    ALJ to consider that evidence under WIS. STAT. § 227.56(1), and the motion asking the court to
    supplement the record under WIS. STAT. § 227.55(1). Meteor Timber appeals only the court’s
    denial of the motion under § 227.56(1). Accordingly, we address only the court’s denial of that
    motion, and we follow Meteor Timber’s lead in referring to that motion as the motion to present
    additional evidence.
    In its ruling denying Meteor Timber’s petitions for judicial review, the circuit court
    explained that it dismissed the petition for judicial review of the Department secretary’s order
    because Meteor Timber made no argument as to that order. Meteor Timber also makes no argument
    as to that order on appeal, and, accordingly, we do not consider that order further.
    8
    No. 2020AP1869
    A. Standard of Review
    ¶20    “When an appeal is taken from a circuit court order reviewing an
    [administrative] agency decision, we review the decision of the agency, not the
    circuit court.” Hilton ex rel. Pages Homeowners’ Ass’n v. Dep’t of Nat. Res., 
    2006 WI 84
    , ¶15, 
    293 Wis. 2d 1
    , 
    717 N.W.2d 166
    ; see also Tetra Tech EC, Inc. v. DOR,
    
    2018 WI 75
    , ¶84, 
    382 Wis. 2d 496
    , 
    914 N.W.2d 21
    . Pursuant to the Department’s
    authority under WIS. STAT. § 227.46(3)(a) (providing that agencies may in contested
    cases “direct that the [ALJ’s] decision be the final decision of the agency”), the
    Department of Natural Resources has provided by rule that, “[u]nless the
    department petitions for judicial review as provided in s. 227.46(8), Stats., the
    [ALJ’s] decision shall be the final decision of the department.” WIS. ADMIN. CODE
    § NR 2.155(1). Here, the Department Secretary did not petition for judicial review
    of the ALJ’s decision and expressly adopted that decision, without change, as the
    Department’s final decision. Accordingly, we review the ALJ’s decision as the
    Department’s final decision. See Hilton, 
    293 Wis. 2d 1
    , ¶14 (reviewing ALJ’s
    decision as the Department’s final decision when the Department did not appeal the
    ALJ’s decision, pursuant to § 227.46(3) and § NR 2.155(1)); Sierra Club v. DNR,
    
    2010 WI App 89
    , ¶20, 
    327 Wis. 2d 706
    , 
    787 N.W.2d 855
     (when the agency adopts
    the ALJ’s decision, courts review that decision as the Department’s decision “by
    operation of WIS. STAT. § 227.46(3)(a) and WIS. ADMIN. CODE § NR 2.155(1) ….
    [T]he [ALJ’s] decision becomes the [Department’s] decision.”).
    ¶21    We deferentially review the ALJ’s factual findings and uphold them
    if they are supported by substantial evidence. As our supreme court has explained:
    WISCONSIN STAT. § 227.57(6) requires the court to set aside
    or remand an agency action if the agency’s decision depends
    on any findings of fact not supported by substantial evidence
    in the record. Substantial evidence does not mean a
    9
    No. 2020AP1869
    preponderance of the evidence. Instead, the test is whether,
    after considering all the evidence of record, reasonable
    minds could arrive at the same conclusion.
    Hilton, 
    293 Wis. 2d 1
    , ¶16 (internal quotation marks and quoted sources omitted).
    It is for the ALJ to determine the weight and credibility of the evidence. Milwaukee
    Symphony Orchestra, Inc. v. DOR, 
    2010 WI 33
    , ¶31, 
    324 Wis. 2d 68
    , 
    781 N.W.2d 674
    .
    ¶22   We review the ALJ’s legal conclusions de novo. Tetra Tech, 
    382 Wis. 2d 496
    , ¶84. Pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 227.57(5), a reviewing court “shall set
    aside or modify the agency action if it finds that the agency has erroneously
    interpreted a provision of law and a correct interpretation compels a particular
    action, or it shall remand the case to the agency for further action under a correct
    interpretation of the provision of law.”
    ¶23   Meteor Timber makes a series of arguments that are inconsistent with
    the standard of review set forth above, all concerning the level of deference to be
    accorded the various experts who testified at the contested case hearing and the
    ALJ’s decision. We address and reject each of these arguments as follows.
    ¶24   Meteor Timber argues that the ALJ’s decision is entitled to “no
    deference.” However, consistent with the standard of review set forth above, our
    analysis does not rely on giving the ALJ’s decision deference, other than the
    deference we are bound to give his factual findings under the substantial evidence
    test.
    ¶25   Meteor Timber separately argues that the ALJ was obligated to give
    either of two levels of deference to the expertise and specialized knowledge of those
    Department witnesses who testified in support of the permit on which they worked.
    10
    No. 2020AP1869
    Meteor Timber argues at one point that the ALJ “was duty bound to provide
    significant deference” to the Department witnesses’ testimony because the
    contested hearing was held before our supreme court “modified controlling law
    regarding administrative agency deference.” See Tetra Tech, 
    382 Wis. 2d 496
    ,
    ¶¶10-16, 32, 83-4 (eliminating the three-tiered standard of giving “great weight
    deference,” “due weight deference,” or no deference, by courts to agency decisions).
    Meteor Timber also argues that the ALJ legally erred in not giving due weight
    deference to the Department witnesses’ testimony. See id., ¶¶78, 108 (citing WIS.
    STAT. § 227.57(10) and (11)) (directing that a court give “‘due weight’ to the
    experience, technical competence, and specialized knowledge of an administrative
    agency as [the court] consider[s] its arguments” and exercises “independent
    judgment in deciding questions of law”). Meteor Timber cites no legal authority
    that applies this directive given to courts to ALJs, and we reject it on that basis. See
    Industrial Risk Insurers v. American Eng’g Testing, Inc., 
    2009 WI App 62
    , ¶25,
    
    318 Wis. 2d 148
    , 
    769 N.W.2d 82
     (“Arguments unsupported by legal authority will
    not be considered, and we will not abandon our neutrality to develop arguments.”
    (citation omitted)). This argument amounts to no more than a disagreement with
    how the ALJ weighed and assessed the credibility of the expert testimony.
    However, that is not for us to disturb. See WIS. STAT. § 227.57(6) (“the court shall
    not substitute its judgment for that of the agency as to the weight of the evidence on
    any disputed finding of fact.”).
    ¶26    We make one additional observation regarding Meteor Timber’s
    deference arguments. In essence, Meteor Timber argues that the ALJ is required as
    a matter of law to defer to current Department staff’s expert testimony over the
    testimony of opposing parties’ experts. Not only does Meteor Timber fail to cite
    any legal authority supporting such a proposition, but it is not reasonable on its face.
    11
    No. 2020AP1869
    As an example, if the Department had denied the wetland-fill permit, we doubt that
    Meteor Timber would argue that at a contested case hearing on that denial the ALJ
    would be required as a matter of law to defer to Department staff’s expert testimony
    over the testimony of Meteor Timber’s experts.5
    ¶27     We now review the provisions of law that pertain to wetland-fill
    permits.
    B. Applicable Legal Provisions
    ¶28     “No person may discharge dredged material or fill material into a
    wetland unless the discharge is authorized by a wetland general permit or individual
    permit issued by the department.” WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3b)(b).
    ¶29     This appeal concerns a “wetland individual permit.” Within thirty
    days after submission of an application for a wetland individual permit, the
    Department must “determine that either the application is complete or that
    additional information is needed.” WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3m)(c). If the Department
    determines that the application is incomplete, it may make only one request for
    additional information within that thirty-day period. Sec. 281.36(3m)(d). Within
    ten days of receiving all of the requested information, the Department shall notify
    the applicant as to whether the application is complete. Id. Once the Department
    has determined that an application is complete or, after receiving all requested
    additional information, that an application is still incomplete, the Department shall
    proceed to provide “notice of pending application” to the public, provide a period
    for public comment on the application, hold a public informational hearing if
    5
    To the extent that Meteor Timber argues that an ALJ could err by saying that he or she
    could not consider agency expertise, that argument has no bearing on the circumstances here.
    Accordingly, we do not consider that argument further.
    12
    No. 2020AP1869
    requested, and issue or deny the permit. Sec. 281.36(3m)(g)-(j). If the Department
    denies the permit, it must explain why the permit is inadequate or incomplete. Sec.
    281.36(3m)(i).
    ¶30      Three particular aspects of the statutory and regulatory contours of the
    Department’s review of an application for a wetland individual permit are pertinent
    to this appeal.
    ¶31      One aspect is that the Department shall issue a wetland individual
    permit only if it determines three things: that “[t]he proposed project will not result
    in significant adverse impact to wetland functional values, in significant adverse
    impact to water quality, or in other significant adverse environmental
    consequences.” WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(c)3.6
    ¶32      Another aspect is that, in assessing the impact to wetland functional
    values as part of its review of a wetland-fill permit application, the Department must
    consider all of the following factors:
    1. The direct impacts of the proposed project to
    wetland functional values.
    2. The cumulative impacts attributable to the
    proposed project that may occur to wetland functional values
    based on past impacts or reasonably anticipated impacts
    caused by similar projects in the area affected by the project.
    6
    “Wetland functional values” include: storm and flood water storage; hydrologic
    functions relating to dry-season streamflow, discharge of groundwater, and groundwater recharge;
    filtering or storing sediments, nutrients, or toxins; erosion protection; habitat for aquatic organisms
    and wildlife; recreational, educational, cultural, scientific, and scenic-beauty values and uses. WIS.
    ADMIN. CODE § NR 103.03(1)(a)-(g).
    For ease of reading, we at times follow the lead of the Department in referring to all three
    of the determinations specified in WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(c)3. as “significant adverse
    environmental impacts.”
    13
    No. 2020AP1869
    3. Potential secondary impacts of the proposed
    project to wetland functional values.
    4. The impact on functional values resulting from
    the mitigation that is required under sub. (3r).
    5. The net positive or negative environmental
    impact of the proposed project.
    WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(b)1.-5. (emphasis added).
    ¶33    Finally, the application must include mitigation to offset any adverse
    environmental impacts of the proposed project. WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(d). A
    mitigation plan must include baseline studies of the wetlands to be filled and of the
    mitigation sites; plan and design requirements regarding hydrology; standards for
    comparing restored or created wetlands to the filled wetlands based on the wetlands’
    size, location, type, quality, and functional values; and performance standards for
    measuring success of the mitigation. Sec. 281.36(3t)(d), (e), (f), (h); see also WIS.
    ADMIN. CODE § NR 350.08(3), .09(3)(b) (providing that an adequate mitigation plan
    must include performance standards and pre-project baseline data including soils
    and hydrology).
    C. Additional Background
    ¶34    We first summarize pertinent portions of the permit and amended
    permit issued to Meteor Timber, and then summarize pertinent portions of the ALJ’s
    decision and order.
    1. Permit and Amended Permit
    ¶35    Pertinent to the Department’s statutorily required consideration of the
    proposed project’s net positive or negative environmental impact, the permit issued
    to Meteor Timber contained forty-five “[c]onditions necessary to allow Department
    14
    No. 2020AP1869
    consideration of the applicant’s proposals respective to ‘net positive or negative
    environmental impact’” under WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(b)5. (emphasis added).
    Many of those conditions required that Meteor Timber submit additional
    information regarding the mitigation plan and other aspects of the proposed project.
    ¶36    The additional non-mitigation-related information that Meteor
    Timber was required to submit included the following:
    To ensure proper assessment of the
    environmental impact of the change in land use,
    the total number of acres of land removed from
    cranberry beds and total number of acres of land
    that will be industrial use;
    To ensure proper assessment of the
    environmental impact of reduction in use of
    chemicals, a description of all chemicals and
    amounts to be eliminated from the elimination of
    cranberry operations and to be used for
    mitigation, restoration, and preservation;
    To enable success of proposed wildlife habitat
    protection, scientific data to support efficacy of
    proposed wildlife passage methods;
    Detailed plans for wetland restoration of Old
    Town Road;
    Detailed plan for drawdown of reservoir areas;
    Endangered species habitat mitigation and
    management plan;
    Wetland delineation, detailed vegetation survey,
    invasive species management plan, and
    conservation easement to document existence
    and ensure maintenance of claimed existing high
    quality White Pine-Red Maple wetlands in
    preservation area.
    ¶37    The mitigation-related additional information that Meteor Timber was
    required to submit concerned the “restoration area” comprising the cranberry beds
    15
    No. 2020AP1869
    to be restored to wetlands, including White Pine-Red Maple wetlands, and the
    “preservation area” comprising existing unfilled wetlands elsewhere on the Meteor
    Timber site, also including White Pine-Red Maple wetlands.                      The required
    information included collection of data to dictate hydrology performance standards
    for the restoration area and for the preservation area, and baseline soils data in the
    restoration area to dictate needed changes to soils components of the mitigation
    plan.
    ¶38     In October 2017, after Meteor Timber submitted some, but not all, of
    the additional required information, the Department issued an amended permit that
    contained forty-seven “[c]onditions necessary to allow Department consideration of
    the applicant’s proposals respective to ‘net positive or negative environmental
    impact’” under WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(b)5.               Those conditions required that
    Meteor Timber submit additional information and make modifications regarding the
    mitigation plan and other aspects of the proposed project, most of which included
    the same information and modifications that had been required in the permit.
    ¶39     As to the functional values of the wetlands to be filled, the permit
    contained the following findings. White Pine-Red Maple wetlands are rare and
    imperiled in Wisconsin. The wetlands to be filled are of exceptional quality in terms
    of “floristic integrity,”7 human use values, wildlife habitat, and groundwater
    processes; of high quality in terms of fish and aquatic life habitat and water quality
    7
    “Floristic integrity” refers to the biologic condition of the wetland plant community,
    including the distribution of native and non-native species. See Thomas W. Bernthal, Development
    of    a Floristic        Quality    Assessment Methodology          for   Wisconsin, page      1,
    https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Wetlands/documents/FQAMethodWithAcknowledgements.pdf;
    WISCONSIN                DEPARTMENT                 OF          NATURAL             RESOURCES,
    https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/wetlands/methods.html (last visited December 9, 2021).
    16
    No. 2020AP1869
    protection; and of medium quality in terms of shoreline protection and flood and
    storm water support.
    ¶40    As to direct impacts to wetland functional values, the permit contained
    the findings that the mitigation plan “may not compensate for the direct loss of 13.37
    acres of exceptional quality White Pine-Red Maple Swamp,” and that, while the
    mitigation plan “could compensate for the direct wetland loss” if “the required
    performance standards [to be included] in the final, Department approved wetland
    compensatory mitigation plan” are met, the direct wetland loss “is expected to be
    irreversible and has high significance.”
    ¶41    As to secondary impacts to wetland functional values, the permit
    identified adverse impacts to hydrology, presence of invasive species, and wildlife
    habitat. The permit contained the finding that “[s]econdary impacts to wetlands are
    expected to be permanent and irreversible and the significance of those impacts is
    high” and that proposed actions to offset secondary impacts to wetland functional
    values “are not likely to fully compensate for secondary impacts to impacted
    wetlands.”
    ¶42    As to cumulative impacts to wetland functional values, the permit
    identified adverse impacts to “spatial/habitat integrity” and increased filling of
    similarly rare, sensitive, and valuable wetland plant and animal communities. The
    permit contained the finding that “significant cumulative impacts [to wetland
    functional values] may occur.”
    ¶43    The amended permit contained the identical findings as to direct
    impacts, secondary impacts, and cumulative impacts to wetland functional values
    as the initial permit findings described above.
    17
    No. 2020AP1869
    2. ALJ’s Decision
    ¶44    We present pertinent portions of the ALJ’s decision related to each of
    the conclusions challenged by Meteor Timber.
    ¶45    Insufficient Information to Consider Environmental Impact. As to the
    issue of the Department’s required consideration of the proposed project’s net
    environmental impact, the ALJ found that the permit itself stated that the
    Department did not have the information necessary to determine the net positive or
    negative environmental impact of the proposed project, and he detailed the missing
    information identified in the permit in his factual findings. He highlighted, based
    on the permit, that the mitigation plan lacked a performance standard for hydrology
    and adequate soils data. In addition, based on undisputed correspondence between
    the Department and Meteor Timber, the mitigation plan lacked hydrologic and
    hydraulic information. Further, he found that all of this missing information was,
    according to the permit and correspondence, necessary to provide a meaningful
    assessment of environmental impact associated with the proposed project.
    ¶46    The ALJ summarized these findings in his discussion as follows: “it
    is abundantly clear that the [Department] did not have the necessary information to
    assess the net positive or negative environmental impact of the proposed project at
    the time that [it] issued the permit[].” Based on these findings, the ALJ concluded
    that the Department “improperly granted the permit application because [it] did not
    have sufficient information to determine the net positive or negative environmental
    impact under WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(b)5.”
    ¶47    Impact to Wetland Functional Values. As to the issue of whether the
    Department could determine that the proposed project will not result in significant
    adverse impact to wetland functional values, the ALJ found as follows. The ALJ
    18
    No. 2020AP1869
    identified the wetland functional values of the wetlands to be filled as stated in the
    permit and found, as stated in the permit, that the mitigation plan may not
    compensate for the direct loss of the rare, exceptional quality White Pine-Red Maple
    wetland. The ALJ also found, as stated in the permit, that the loss of the wetlands
    will be irreversible and highly significant; that the secondary impacts will be highly
    significant, permanent, and irreversible and not likely to be fully compensated for;
    and that the cumulative impacts will occur as described in the permit. The ALJ also
    credited testimony by Patricia Trochlell, a retired Department wetland ecologist
    who had worked on the permit and was also a licensed professional soil scientist
    and hydrologist. Trochlell testified in pertinent part that, without necessary soils
    and hydrology data, “there is nearly a zero percent likelihood that the mitigation
    plan would compensate for the loss created by the proposal to fill the existing
    wetlands.”
    ¶48     The ALJ summarized these findings in his discussion as follows: “the
    permanent and irreversible destruction of the rare and exceptionally high-quality
    wetlands,” together with a mitigation plan that had “virtually no chance of
    successfully compensating” for that loss, established that the proposed project “will
    most certainly result in significant adverse impacts to wetland function values.”
    Based on these findings, the ALJ concluded that the Department improperly issued
    the permit because “the proposed project will result in significant adverse impacts
    to wetland functional values, in violation of WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(c)3.”8
    8
    Stated in a way that tracks the statutory language in WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(c)3., the
    ALJ essentially concluded that the Department improperly decided to issue the permit because,
    based on the information before it, it could not determine that the proposed project will not result
    in significant adverse impact to wetland functional values. The parties do not argue that the
    difference in the language of the statute and that used by the ALJ matters.
    19
    No. 2020AP1869
    ¶49   Inadequate Mitigation Plan. As to the adequacy of the mitigation
    plan, the ALJ, again relying on language in the permit, found that the mitigation
    plan lacked a necessary performance standard for hydrology and necessary soils and
    hydrology data. The ALJ summarized these findings in his discussion as follows:
    the mitigation plan was missing the performance standards and description of
    baseline conditions including soils and hydrologic conditions that are required for
    an “adequate” mitigation plan under WIS. ADMIN. CODE § NR 350.08(3). Based on
    these findings, the ALJ concluded that the Department “improperly granted the
    permit because the mitigation plan was inadequate, in violation of WIS. STAT.
    § 281.36(3n)(d).”
    ¶50   Amended Permit. The ALJ found that the amended permit suffered
    from the same factual deficiencies as the permit and was, therefore, improperly
    issued.     In addition, the ALJ concluded that the Department lacked statutory
    authority to issue the amended permit because WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3m)(i) only
    authorizes the Department to issue or deny a wetland-fill permit.
    D. Analysis
    ¶51   We now discuss whether the ALJ’s decision is supported by
    substantial evidence in the record and consistent with applicable law. We first
    address the three conclusions by the ALJ reversing the Department’s decision to
    issue the permit for its failure to follow statutory requirements, along with Meteor
    Timber’s arguments challenging those conclusions. We then address the ALJ’s
    reversal of the Department’s decision to issue the amended permit.
    20
    No. 2020AP1869
    1. The Permit
    ¶52    Insufficient Information to Consider Environmental Impact. The ALJ
    concluded that the Department improperly issued the permit in the absence of
    sufficient information to enable it to consider the proposed project’s net positive or
    negative environmental impact, contrary to WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(b)5. As is
    evident from the additional background above, this conclusion is fully supported by
    the language of the permit itself and by correspondence between the Department
    and Meteor Timber confirming the hydrologic and hydraulic information that was
    missing before the Department could assess the impacts associated with certain
    aspects of the mitigation plan. That is, the information missing from the mitigation
    plan was necessary to assess the proposed project’s impact on wetland functional
    values, which was necessary for the Department to determine the proposed project’s
    net environmental impact.
    ¶53    This conclusion is also supported by Meteor Timber’s consultant’s
    testimony confirming the contents of the correspondence and by testimony of the
    Department’s wetland mitigation coordinator, Pamela Schense, who worked on the
    permit. Schense testified that the permit’s conditions “documented … where [the
    Department] was still asking for information” necessary for the mitigation plan to
    be assessed and accepted. She testified that a site-specific hydrology performance
    standard was required for this project, and that there was no final hydrology
    performance standard at the time the permit was issued. In addition, there was not
    a final vegetation performance standard. She testified that the Department did not
    at that time have the baseline data necessary to assess the impacts of the mitigation
    plan, including soils data and sufficient information about hydrology, wetland
    delineation, and functional value assessment. All of this testimony mirrored the
    testimony of retired Department wetland ecologist Trochlell.          Like Schense,
    21
    No. 2020AP1869
    Trochlell testified that a site-specific hydrology performance standard was
    appropriate for this project and that the Department lacked hydrology and soil
    performance standards as well as sufficient hydrology data to assess the mitigation
    plan and its resulting impacts.
    ¶54    Taken together, the permit itself, the correspondence between the
    Department and the Meteor Timber hydrology consultant and his testimony, and the
    testimony of Schense and Trochlell constituted more than substantial evidence to
    support the finding that the Department lacked sufficient information to consider
    the proposed project’s net positive or negative environmental impact. That finding
    leads to the conclusion consistent with the statute that the Department improperly
    issued the permit, based on the information before it, without being able to properly
    undertake that consideration. See WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(b)5.
    ¶55    Impact to Wetland Functional Values. The ALJ concluded that the
    Department improperly issued the permit for a project that will result in significant
    adverse impact to wetland functional values, contrary to WIS. STAT.
    § 281.36(3n)(c)3.    As is evident from our additional background above, this
    conclusion is fully supported by the language of the permit itself. It is also supported
    by Trochlell’s testimony that: the plan’s vegetation standards are not adequate to
    compensate for the lost wetlands; and without necessary hydrology performance
    standards and adequate vegetation performance standards and without necessary
    soils and hydrology data, the likelihood that the mitigation plan will compensate for
    the loss of the irreplaceable high quality wetlands is “pretty much zero.” The permit
    language and Trochlell’s testimony constitute substantial evidence to support the
    ALJ’s finding that the proposed project will not compensate for the loss of the White
    Pine-Red Maple wetland. That finding leads to the conclusion, consistent with the
    statute, that the Department improperly decided based on the information before it
    22
    No. 2020AP1869
    to issue the permit even though it lacked the information to determine that the
    proposed project will not result in significant adverse impact to wetland functional
    values. See § 281.36(3n)(c)3.
    ¶56    Inadequate Mitigation Plan. The ALJ concluded that the Department
    improperly issued the permit for a project with an inadequate mitigation plan,
    contrary to WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(d). Again, as is evident from our additional
    background above, this conclusion is fully supported by the language of the permit
    itself, along with correspondence between the Department and the Meteor Timber
    hydrology consultant and testimony by both Trochlell (“there is nearly a zero
    percent likelihood that the mitigation plan would compensate for the loss created by
    the proposal to fill the existing wetlands”) and Schense (an adequate mitigation plan
    is needed “to offset … functional loss” due to the project).            The permit,
    correspondence, and testimony constitute substantial evidence to support the finding
    that the mitigation plan was missing “necessary” baseline data including soils and
    hydrology and hydraulic information as well as hydrology performance standards,
    in order for the mitigation plan to be accepted as adequate. That finding leads to the
    conclusion consistent with the statute that the Department improperly decided,
    based on the information before it, to issue the permit without an adequate
    mitigation plan. See § 281.36(3n)(d).
    ¶57    In sum, we conclude that, taking into account the evidence in the
    record, the substantial evidence test is satisfied and the ALJ’s three conclusions are
    consistent with the applicable law.
    ¶58    We now address Meteor Timber’s arguments to the contrary. We first
    address its arguments specific to each of the three challenged conclusions. We then
    23
    No. 2020AP1869
    address its argument that applies to the ALJ’s decision as a whole, which we refer
    to as the “conclusions of law argument.”9
    ¶59     As a preface to our consideration of Meteor Timber’s arguments
    directed specifically at each of the ALJ’s three conclusions, we note that, consistent
    with the often conclusory nature of those arguments, Meteor Timber concludes
    those arguments by asserting that the Department and Clean Wisconsin and Ho-
    Chunk Nation “will proffer a wide array of dizzying minutiae” to support their
    position on appeal.       However, after five days of testimony by twelve expert
    witnesses and admission of over one hundred exhibits, and under the substantial
    evidence standard of review that governs this appeal, it is the specific facts that
    matter.
    ¶60     Insufficient    Information      to    Consider      Environmental       Impact
    Argument.       Meteor Timber argues that the ALJ’s analysis of whether the
    Department had sufficient information to consider the proposed project’s net
    positive or negative environmental impact is flawed in several respects. We address
    each asserted flaw in turn.
    ¶61     First, Meteor Timber argues that the ALJ erroneously relied too
    heavily on the heading in the permit, “[C]onditions necessary to allow Department
    consideration of the applicant’s proposals respective to ‘net positive or negative
    environmental impact’ ….”            This argument ignores the substantial evidence
    summarized above, including the extensive listing in the permits of the missing
    9
    We admonish Meteor Timber’s counsel for making repeated unprofessional and
    disrespectful comments about the ALJ that have no support in the record. Counsel makes
    unsupported references to various aspects of the ALJ’s analysis as “presumptuous and superficial,”
    “ludicrous,” and “astounding.” Zealous advocacy is furthered by supported challenges to
    administrative actions or decisions that could have legal merit, not by gratuitous, disrespectful
    comments from counsel.
    24
    No. 2020AP1869
    information reflected in the ALJ’s detailed findings of fact, as well as testimony by
    the Department’s wetland mitigation coordinator Schense and then-wetland
    ecologist Trochlell, both of whom worked on the permit, that the Department at the
    time it issued the permit was missing information necessary for it to be able to assess
    the proposed project’s environmental impacts.
    ¶62    Moreover, the permit states not only in the heading that the
    submission of the information required by the conditions was necessary for that
    assessment, but it also repeats in the list of conditions that some of the required
    missing information was necessary “to ensure” proper assessment of the
    environmental impact of various aspects of the proposed project. Meteor Timber’s
    assertion that the conditions merely laid out how the activities must be carried out
    to result in the “desired” positive impact is not supported by references to the record.
    See State v. McMorris, 
    2007 WI App 231
    , ¶30, 
    306 Wis. 2d 79
    , 
    742 N.W.2d 322
    (court of appeals may “choose not to consider … arguments that lack proper
    citations to the record.”). In addition, that assertion does not accurately describe the
    specific conditions that, according to the testimony we have already referenced,
    required the submission of information without which the proposed project’s net
    positive or negative environmental impact could not be determined.
    ¶63    Second, Meteor Timber argues broadly that conditions are permissible
    in wetland-fill permits. Certainly that may be true as to conditions, for example,
    that specify what the performance standards are that will result in a certain
    environmental impact and what an applicant can and cannot do in light of those
    standards. However, that cannot be true as to conditions that require the submission
    of information that the Department needed to make a determination as to the
    proposed project’s environmental impact, as required before it may issue a permit.
    See WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(c)3. and (b).
    25
    No. 2020AP1869
    ¶64    It would eviscerate the statutory process to allow conditions that, in
    Meteor Timber’s words, “address information not otherwise available at the point
    of permit application,” when that information is necessary for the Department to
    assess whether it may issue the permit for the proposed project under statutory
    standards. Meteor Timber does not explain how the Department could determine
    the proposed project’s environmental impact based on information that it did not yet
    have, particularly in light of the permit’s language and the testimony of experts
    Schense and Trochlell that the Department needed the missing information to make
    that determination.
    ¶65    There would be no basis for the Department to deny an application as
    incomplete if it could simply condition every permit on the submission of additional
    information, regardless of what the newly submitted information might show as to
    the proposed project’s then-unknown environmental impact. To assert, as Meteor
    Timber does, that the Department had completed its statutorily required assessment
    without the information required to make the assessment is illogical. Further,
    Meteor Timber does not explain the significance of its assertion that the conditions
    “were not requests for information but were, rather, requirements that certain
    designated information be provided.” Substantial evidence established that the
    conditions in the permit required the submission of information that the Department
    needed to fulfill its statutory mandate to consider the proposed project’s
    environmental impact before issuing the permit.
    ¶66    The legislature has set a tight timeline for the Department to process
    a wetland-fill permit application. See WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3m)(c) and (d). And the
    legislature has mandated that at the end of that timeline the Department must decide
    to issue or deny the permit, and explain in the case of a denial why the permit does
    not meet statutory standards or is incomplete. Sec. 281.36(3m)(i). Meteor Timber
    26
    No. 2020AP1869
    points to no statutory language authorizing the Department to issue a permit if it has
    not received sufficient information within that timeline. In that situation, the
    legislature has provided that the Department must deny the permit as incomplete,
    and the applicant may seek administrative and judicial review of that denial or
    submit a new application with all necessary information. Sec. 281.36(3q)(b), (h)
    (requests for administrative and judicial review, respectively).
    ¶67    Meteor Timber’s concluding remark on this topic is that the ALJ’s
    finding that the Department lacked sufficient information to consider the proposed
    project’s environmental impact, and his conclusion that the Department thereby
    violated WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(b), were “premised on the erroneous belief that
    the Department lacks authority to include conditions in wetland permits.” This
    assertion fails. Meteor Timber cites no part of the ALJ’s analysis to support it. In
    addition, that analysis and the factual findings on which it is based affirmatively
    refute it, as we have explained in detail above.
    ¶68    Meteor Timber’s third argument against the insufficient information
    conclusion is undeveloped. It consists of assertions that the conditions requiring the
    submission of information unrelated to the mitigation plan seek information that did
    not matter or was impractical to provide. Putting aside the fact that these assertions
    largely misrepresent the conditions, we reject the assertions because they are
    conclusory and unsupported.
    ¶69    Fourth, Meteor Timber attempts to excuse its failure to provide the
    required information before the permit was issued by noting that it provided the
    required information before the Department issued the amended permit. It asserts
    that the amended permit renders moot any violation by the Department in issuing
    the initial permit without sufficient information to consider the proposed project’s
    27
    No. 2020AP1869
    environmental impact. However, the record belies Meteor Timber’s premise that it
    provided all of the missing information required in the permit; the ALJ found to the
    contrary, and Meteor Timber’s consultant confirmed as much in his testimony.
    Moreover, Meteor Timber does not explain how its post-permit submission of
    necessary information “fixes” the Department’s failure to follow the statutory
    requirement that it assess the proposed project’s environmental impact before
    issuing the permit in the first place. Finally, Meteor Timber’s argument is not
    supported by any citations to legal authority, and we do not consider it further. See
    McMorris, 
    306 Wis. 2d 79
    , ¶30 (court of appeals “may choose not to consider
    arguments unsupported by references to legal authority, arguments that do not
    reflect any legal reasoning, and arguments that lack proper citations to the record.”).
    ¶70    Impact to Wetland Functional Values Argument.            In a footnote,
    Meteor Timber suggests that the flaws that it asserts regarding the ALJ’s analysis
    of whether the Department improperly decided to issue the permit without having
    sufficient information to be able to consider the proposed project’s environmental
    impact, all addressed and rejected above, also apply to the ALJ’s analysis of whether
    the Department improperly decided to issue the permit for a project that will result
    in significant adverse impact to wetland functional values. We reject this apparent
    attempted “incorporation” argument because the two statutory requirements depend
    on distinct analyses of different sets of facts. Therefore, we conclude that, other
    than the broad deference argument that we have rejected above and a similarly broad
    legal conclusion argument that we reject below, Meteor Timber fails to make a
    developed argument that the ALJ improperly concluded that the Department issued
    the permit without a proper basis to find that the proposed project will not adversely
    impact wetland functional values, contrary to WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3n)(c)3. We
    could affirm the ALJ’s reversal of the Department’s decision to issue the permit as
    28
    No. 2020AP1869
    contrary to § 281.36(3n)(c)3. on that basis. See Wisconsin Conf. Bd. of Trs. of the
    United Methodist Church, Inc. v. Culver, 
    2001 WI 55
    , ¶38, 
    243 Wis. 2d 394
    , 
    627 N.W.2d 469
     (stating that we do not address arguments that are conclusory and
    insufficiently developed). Instead, we affirm this aspect of the ALJ’s decision based
    on our conclusion, explained above, that it is supported by substantial evidence and
    consistent with the law.
    ¶71    Inadequate Mitigation Plan Argument. Meteor Timber argues that the
    ALJ erred in crediting Trochlell’s testimony over the testimony of current
    Department staff, and that “independent review of the record leads to the
    inescapable conclusion that the Meteor Timber mitigation plan satisfied statutory
    standards.” We reject this argument generally because, as stated, we do not second-
    guess the ALJ’s weighing of the evidence and determinations of credibility; rather
    our role is to review the record to determine whether the conclusion of law is based
    on findings of fact that are supported by substantial evidence, and is therefore a
    conclusion that reasonable minds could make. See Hilton, 
    293 Wis. 2d 1
    , ¶16. We
    have explained why we have so determined.
    ¶72    We also reject this argument based on the seven specific points that
    Meteor Timber makes in its support.
    ¶73    First, Meteor Timber argues that “the single most qualified person in
    Wisconsin to address wetland mitigation,” Department wetland mitigation
    coordinator Pamela Schense, endorsed permit issuance and her opinion is
    controlling. Both Schense and Trochlell were long-time Department employees
    who had worked on many wetland-related projects. Meteor Timber cites Schense’s
    testimony as to many aspects of the mitigation plan, “well beyond soils and
    hydrology.” However, Meteor Timber fails to cite any testimony that directly
    29
    No. 2020AP1869
    contradicts Trochlell’s testimony, summarized above, that, without the missing
    hydrology performance standard and hydrology and soil data, the mitigation plan
    will not compensate for the loss of the exceptional wetlands to be filled. Meteor
    Timber cites Schense’s testimony that it submitted soils data, but only after
    submission of that data was required by the permit, and ignores her testimony that
    at the time the Department issued the permit it lacked necessary baseline data to
    approve a scientifically feasible mitigation project. Meteor Timber also cites
    Schense’s general testimony that safeguards were in place in the permit and the plan
    to try to make the project successful. However, Meteor Timber identifies no specific
    testimony from any of the Department staff or its own experts as to the missing
    hydrology and soil data that the ALJ should have found more persuasive than
    Trochlell’s testimony.    The ALJ could reasonably credit Trochlell’s specific
    testimony as to the reasons why the mitigation plan based on the information
    presented will not compensate for the loss of the wetlands to be filled.
    ¶74    Second, Meteor Timber argues that other Department staff agreed that
    the mitigation plan was adequate. However, Meteor Timber cites primarily to the
    staff’s pre-filed written testimony and ignores their qualifications of that testimony
    at the hearing. Again, the ALJ could reasonably credit Trochlell’s more specific
    testimony on the issue of the mitigation plan’s adequacy.
    ¶75    Third, Meteor Timber argues that the project’s approval by the United
    States Army Corps of Engineers is “significan[t].” However, Meteor Timber does
    not explain its significance or develop any argument that the federal approval
    establishes that the mitigation plan was adequate under state law.
    ¶76    Fourth, Meteor Timber argues that the mitigation plan was the result
    of exhaustive work by recognized professionals in consultation with Department
    30
    No. 2020AP1869
    staff. However, Meteor Timber does not develop any argument that the specific
    evidence that it cites establishes that the mitigation plan was adequate.
    ¶77    Fifth, Meteor Timber argues that the ALJ ignored the permit
    requirements for ongoing mitigation work and monitoring until the performance
    standards are met.      However, Meteor Timber does not explain how those
    requirements render adequate a mitigation plan that lacked a hydrology performance
    standard and necessary soil and hydrology data showing that the plan will be likely
    to compensate for the loss of the wetlands to be filled.
    ¶78    Sixth, Meteor Timber seems to argue that the mitigation plan’s
    success in terms of wetland restoration does not matter because success will merely
    put Meteor Timber “over the amount of required mitigation credits” earned for other
    components of the plan such as unfilled wetlands preservation. However, this
    argument disregards that compensation for the loss of the wetlands to be filled was
    required regardless of how many credits Meteor Timber earned for other
    components of the mitigation plan. Schense made this clear when she testified that
    the proposed project will not meet the number of compensatory mitigation credits
    required by law if restoration is not successful.
    ¶79    Seventh, Meteor Timber argues that Trochlell lacks credibility. This
    argument disregards our standard of review. Meteor Timber asserts that she was a
    “disgruntled former Department employee,” but cites no evidence of resentment or
    bias in the record. Meteor Timber also characterizes her testimony criticizing the
    project as “neck-wrenching.” But it acknowledges that she criticized the project
    while still working at the Department and that her testimony was “similar” to her
    comments while at the Department. As the Department and Clean Wisconsin and
    Ho-Chunk Nation note in their response briefs, Meteor Timber had the opportunity
    31
    No. 2020AP1869
    to challenge the soundness of Trochlell’s analysis, the weight to be given to her
    testimony, and her credibility through cross-examination and other means of
    impeachment. Meteor Timber offers no supported reason for the ALJ to discredit
    her testimony.
    ¶80    Conclusions of Law Argument Regarding Decision as a Whole.
    Meteor Timber broadly argues that the ALJ’s decision cannot be sustained because
    all of the thirty-two “findings of fact” except for the first seventeen “findings of
    historical fact” are not factual findings but legal conclusions that are entitled to no
    deference. The record refutes this argument. Because Meteor Timber returns to
    this argument in various iterations throughout its appellate briefing, we address each
    iteration and explain in detail why the argument fails.
    ¶81    All but four of the fifteen challenged factual findings are based on,
    and generally repeat or quote, factual statements in the conditions and factual
    findings of the permit. We refer to these factual findings based on language in the
    permit as “the permit-based findings.” Meteor Timber does not explain how the
    Department’s own permit language—which Meteor Timber elsewhere appears to
    argue reflected the specialized knowledge and expertise of the Department staff who
    testified as to their work on the permit and to which we should accord deference—
    constitutes conclusions of law.
    ¶82    The four non-permit-based factual findings also do not support
    Meteor Timber’s legal conclusion argument.          One of these findings is based
    exclusively on Trochlell’s testimony and addresses the inadequacy of the soil data
    that Meteor Timber submitted after the permit was issued; it is not relevant to our
    analysis of the Department’s decision to issue the permit.
    32
    No. 2020AP1869
    ¶83    Two findings are based on and repeat language in correspondence
    between the Department and Meteor Timber’s hydrology consultant that concern
    the hydrologic and hydraulic information that both the Department and Meteor
    Timber agreed was both necessary to enable the Department to assess the mitigation
    plan’s environmental impact and missing at the time the permit was issued. Meteor
    Timber does not explain how the undisputed language in this correspondence,
    confirmed by Meteor Timber’s consultant’s testimony, constitutes conclusions of
    law.
    ¶84    The remaining non-permit-based factual finding is based solely on
    Trochlell’s testimony and repeats verbatim finding number thirteen, which Meteor
    Timber states is a historical fact that it “does not dispute.” Meteor Timber appears
    to backtrack on this concession by later arguing that this finding is a legal conclusion
    that the mitigation plan does not meet statutory standards. Meteor Timber is
    incorrect. The finding states that, “without the necessary soils and hydrology data,
    there is nearly a zero percent likelihood that the mitigation plan would compensate
    for the loss created by the proposal to fill the existing wetlands.” This finding
    mirrors Trochlell’s testimony as discussed above, which was offered as her expert
    opinion “with a reasonable degree of scientific certainty,” based on what
    information was missing and what both that missing information (soils and
    hydrology data and a hydrology performance standard) as well as the information
    that existed (inadequate vegetation performance standards) meant in terms of the
    likelihood that the mitigation plan would compensate for the loss of the filled
    wetlands. Meteor Timber does not specify what about this factual finding taken
    from Trochlell’s expert science-based testimony is a legal conclusion. To repeat,
    the finding states that the mitigation plan will not succeed given the missing
    information, and it is based on Trochlell’s expert opinion that, to a reasonable
    33
    No. 2020AP1869
    scientific certainty, the mitigation plan will not succeed given that missing
    information.    The finding does not state, as Meteor Timber asserts, that the
    “mitigation plan failed to satisfy statutory standards.” That is the legal conclusion
    that the ALJ reached, based on his factual findings, and we have already explained
    why the factual findings support that legal conclusion.
    ¶85     For the sake of completeness, we note that the two permit-based
    findings that identify, based on the permit language, missing information
    comprising a hydrology performance standard and soils data for the mitigation plan,
    also include two additional statements based only on Trochlell’s testimony. Those
    additional statements are that hydrology and suitable soil and soil depth are critical
    to successful wetlands restoration. Meteor Timber does not develop any argument
    that these two statements are legal conclusions.
    ¶86     In its reply brief, Meteor Timber reiterates its legal conclusion
    argument with respect to the three non-permit-based factual findings described
    above plus the two permit-based findings that the Department issued the permit
    without a performance standard for hydrology and necessary soils data.
    Specifically, Meteor Timber argues that these six factual findings are legal
    conclusions as to what information was necessary to satisfy the statutory
    requirement that the Department assess the proposed project’s environmental
    impact before issuing the permit. We have explained why the three non-permit-
    based factual findings are findings of fact. As for the two additional permit-based
    findings, they state only that the Department was missing certain information when
    it issued the permit. Meteor Timber identifies nothing in those findings that states
    whether the missing information was necessary to satisfy statutory standards.
    34
    No. 2020AP1869
    ¶87    It is factual finding number eighteen that quotes language in the
    permit to the effect that submission of the missing information identified in the other
    factual findings—hydrology, hydraulic, and soils data and a hydrology performance
    standard—was “necessary to allow” the Department to assess the proposed project’s
    environmental impact. Summarizing these various factual findings, the ALJ found
    that the Department did not have the necessary information to assess the net positive
    or negative environmental impact of the proposed project when it issued the permit.
    It is based on this factual finding that the ALJ made the legal conclusion that the
    Department’s issuing the permit without being able to assess the proposed project’s
    environmental impact violated the statutory requirement that the Department
    consider the project’s environmental impact before issuing a wetland-fill permit.
    We have already explained why the factual findings as a whole support that
    conclusion of law.
    2. Amended Permit
    ¶88    Meteor Timber argues that the ALJ misinterpreted the law in
    reversing the Department’s decision to issue the amended permit. Specifically,
    Meteor Timber argues that the ALJ misinterpreted WIS. STAT. § 281.36(3m)(i) to
    limit the Department’s authority only to issuing or denying a permit, not amending
    a permit. Meteor Timber points to § 281.36(3q)(b)1, which provides that an
    interested party may seek review of “the issuance, denial, or modification” of any
    wetland individual permit, and argues that this provision recognizes the
    Department’s authority also to amend a permit.
    ¶89    Clean Wisconsin and Ho-Chunk Nation acknowledge that the
    Department has permit amendment authority but respond that, under WIS. STAT.
    § 281.36(3m)(i), when the statutory timeline has run, the Department must issue a
    35
    No. 2020AP1869
    permit or a denial explaining why the application is inadequate or incomplete.
    While the Department must issue a permit upon receipt of a complete and adequate
    application and may later amend that permit, the statute provides no authority for
    the Department to issue a permit based on an application that is incomplete and then
    to issue an amended permit after it determines that it has finally received the missing
    information. The Department and Clean Wisconsin and Ho-Chunk Nation also
    argue that the amended permit suffers from many, if not most, of the same
    substantive deficiencies as the initial permit, and the Department improperly
    decided to issue the amended permit on that basis alone.
    ¶90     Meteor Timber fails to cite in its briefing any law supporting the
    proposition that the Department is authorized to issue an amended permit when
    there is no valid permit to amend. In the absence of any such citation, and in light
    of our conclusion that the Department’s decision to issue the permit was properly
    reversed, we conclude that the Department’s decision to issue the amended permit
    was also properly reversed.
    II. MOTION TO PRESENT ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE
    ¶91     Meteor Timber argues that the circuit court erroneously exercised its
    discretion in denying its motion to present additional evidence pertaining to a
    different wetland restoration project. We first summarize the applicable law and
    standard of review, next present additional background, and then explain why we
    conclude that the court properly exercised its discretion.
    ¶92     WISCONSIN STAT. § 227.56(1) provides in part:
    If before the date set for trial, application is made to
    the circuit court for leave to present additional evidence on
    the issues in the case, and it is shown to the satisfaction of
    the court that the additional evidence is material and that
    36
    No. 2020AP1869
    there were good reasons for failure to present it in the
    proceedings before the agency, the court may order that the
    additional evidence be taken before the agency upon such
    terms as the court may deem proper.
    ¶93   Whether to grant a motion to present additional evidence “is a
    discretionary determination by the [circuit] court.” Shoreline Park Pres., Inc. v.
    DOA, 
    195 Wis. 2d 750
    , 773, 
    537 N.W.2d 388
     (Ct. App. 1995). As we stated in that
    case,
    where the record shows that the court looked to and
    considered the facts of the case and reasoned its way to a
    conclusion that is (a) one a reasonable judge could reach and
    (b) consistent with applicable law, we will affirm the
    decision even if it is not one with which we ourselves would
    agree.
    
    Id.
     (quoted source omitted).
    ¶94   The additional evidence that Meteor Timber sought to present
    comprised documentation pertaining to the Kreyer Creek Wetland Mitigation Bank
    in Tomah, Wisconsin. As indicated by the documentation, the Kreyer Creek
    Mitigation Bank involves rehabilitating and restoring wooded swamp.                    The
    documentation includes comments by both Trochlell and Schense in 2015 on
    various aspects of the planning for the Kreyer Creek Mitigation Bank.                  The
    documentation also includes a 2018 monitoring report for the Kreyer Creek
    Mitigation Bank that is certified by one of Meteor Timber’s consultants and expert
    witnesses at the contested case hearing, Heidi Kennedy, as having been “prepared
    by me or under my direct supervision.” Meteor Timber asserted that it first became
    aware of the Kreyer Creek Mitigation Bank when it received this documentation
    from the Department in response to a public records request after the close of the
    contested case hearing.
    37
    No. 2020AP1869
    ¶95    The circuit court first considered whether Meteor Timber established
    good reason for its failure to present the evidence at the contested case hearing
    before the ALJ. The court summarized Meteor Timber’s arguments that it had good
    reason for not producing this evidence and explained why those arguments failed.
    The court pointed to Kennedy’s certification of the 2018 monitoring report that
    references White Pine-Red Maple Swamp restoration and the fact that her company
    worked on the Kreyer Creek Mitigation Bank.            The court acknowledged her
    averment in her affidavit that she was not aware that the Kreyer Creek Mitigation
    Bank involved White Pine-Red Maple Swamp restoration, but found that she
    nevertheless had that information available to her both from the contents of the
    report she certified and, as an expert in this case, from her company.
    ¶96    The circuit court also pointed out that, despite the fact that Meteor
    Timber had initially proposed to the Department that it use mitigation credits from
    the Kreyer Creek Mitigation Bank to mitigate the wetland impacts of its project, it
    never sought discovery specific to the Kreyer Creek Mitigation Bank or asked the
    Department more generally before, during, or after the hearing if there was any other
    project that involved work related to White Pine-Red Maple Swamp. Finally, the
    court pointed to the public websites from which the information about the Kreyer
    Creek Mitigation Bank would have been available, even though “it may not have
    been easy.” In sum, the court found that information regarding the Kreyer Creek
    Mitigation Bank existed and was available and discoverable at and before the time
    of the contested case hearing.
    ¶97    The circuit court then addressed whether Meteor Timber established
    that the evidence was material, using the standard also cited by Meteor Timber in
    its appellate brief, that the evidence is calculated to have a substantial bearing on a
    vital issue in the case. Village of Cobb v. PSC, 
    12 Wis. 2d 441
    , 459, 
    107 N.W.2d 38
    No. 2020AP1869
    595 (1961). The court addressed Meteor Timber’s argument that the evidence it
    sought to offer went to the credibility of the two witnesses, Trochlell and Schense,
    who testified that they were not aware of any previous project reviewed by the
    Department that sought to restore White Pine-Red Maple Swamp. The court noted
    that the evidence indicated that whether the Kreyer Creek Mitigation Bank includes
    White Pine-Red Maple Swamp restoration would be disputed by the experts.
    Regardless, the court found that there is no indication in the ALJ’s decision that the
    cited testimony had any effect on the decision, noting that he did not mention either
    the testimony or the words “White Pine-Red Maple.” The court determined that,
    while the evidence would have been relevant, Meteor Timber failed to show that it
    was material.
    ¶98      Finally, the circuit court stated that, even if Meteor Timber met its
    burden to show both good reason and materiality, the court would in its discretion
    deny the motion for the reasons that the court already discussed.
    ¶99      On appeal, Meteor Timber makes the following arguments. As to
    good reason, it argues that the circuit court’s good reason rationale was inconsistent
    because the court found both that the report certified by Kennedy refers to White
    Pine-Red Maple Swamp restoration and also that the experts would dispute whether
    the Kreyer Creek Mitigation Bank actually involves White Pine-Red Maple Swamp
    restoration. Meteor Timber also points to Kennedy’s averments that she had no
    reason to know this fact because she did not read the report for substance and had
    been repeatedly advised by Trochlell that the White Pine-Red Maple Swamp
    restoration in the Meteor Timber mitigation plan was unprecedented. Meteor
    Timber argues that the court should have drawn different inferences from this
    evidence.
    39
    No. 2020AP1869
    ¶100 As to materiality, Meteor Timber argues that the fact that the experts
    would dispute whether the Kreyer Creek Mitigation Bank actually involves White
    Pine-Red Maple Swamp restoration does not render the evidence immaterial.
    Meteor Timber argues that what matters is that the evidence would undermine
    Trochlell’s testimony that the Meteor Timber project is unprecedented and her
    opinion that the Meteor Timber mitigation plan will not succeed in replacing the
    filled White Pine-Red Maple wetland.
    ¶101 The Department and Clean Wisconsin and Ho-Chunk argue that there
    is no good reason for not earlier presenting the evidence because: Meteor Timber
    had itself raised the Kreyer Creek Mitigation Bank with the Department as a
    possible source of mitigation credits over a year before the contested case hearing;
    Meteor Timber’s own expert knew about the evidence before the contested case
    hearing; that expert herself testified at the hearing that Meteor Timber was
    “proposing the first white pine-red maple mitigation project in the state;” Meteor
    Timber did not access publicly available websites, pursue discovery, or question its
    own experts and the other experts about the Kreyer Creek Mitigation Bank; and
    Meteor Timber’s reference in its appellate brief to its experts’ “tireless work” on
    this project does not persuasively explain how the experts could have missed the
    Kreyer Creek Mitigation Bank evidence if it is as material as Meteor Timber now
    argues it is.
    ¶102 The Department and Clean Wisconsin and Ho-Chunk argue that the
    evidence is not material because: Meteor Timber fails to show why information at
    another wetland restoration site would have negated any of the ALJ’s conclusions
    based on its factual findings as to the Meteor Timber site; none of those findings
    state that no White Pine-Red Maple Swamp restoration has previously been
    attempted; Meteor Timber’s assertion that the ALJ’s decision was affected by
    40
    No. 2020AP1869
    testimony regarding the unprecedented nature of the Meteor Timber restoration is
    unsupported by citations to the record; and the evidence does not itself show
    successful restoration of a White Pine-Red Maple Swamp at the Kreyer Creek
    Mitigation Bank.
    ¶103 In its reply brief, Meteor Timber does not respond to any of these
    arguments in support of the circuit court’s denial of its motion. Accordingly, we
    could deem Meteor Timber to have conceded that these arguments are correct. See
    United Coop. v. Frontier FS Coop., 
    2007 WI App 197
    , ¶39, 
    304 Wis. 2d 750
    , 
    738 N.W.2d 578
     (appellant’s failure to respond in reply brief to an argument made in
    response brief may be taken as a concession). However, we affirm because the
    transcript amply shows that the circuit court considered the facts and reached a
    reasonable conclusion consistent with the law, and Meteor Timber’s arguments
    amount to no more than that the circuit court should have drawn different inferences
    and differently weighed the facts. Accordingly, we conclude that the court properly
    exercised its discretion in denying the motion to present additional evidence.
    CONCLUSION
    ¶104 For all the reasons stated above, we affirm the circuit court’s decision
    affirming the ALJ’s decision reversing the Department’s decisions to issue to
    Meteor Timber a wetland-fill permit and an amended permit based on the
    Department’s failure to comply with statutory standards. We also affirm the circuit
    court’s denial of Meteor Timber’s motion to present additional evidence.
    By the Court.—Orders affirmed.
    41
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 2020AP001869

Filed Date: 12/16/2021

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 9/9/2024