Skyler B. Ewing v. State Automobile Insurance Company ( 2020 )

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
June 30, 2020
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.
Appeal No. 2018AP2265 Cir. Ct. No. 2015CV481
STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT III
SKYLER B. EWING,
PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,
V.
STATE AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY AND HORACE MANN
PROPERTY & CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY,
DEFENDANTS,
JONATHAN G. DAVIS, JR.,
DEFENDANT-RESPONDENT.
APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Marathon County:
GREGORY J. STRASSER, Judge. Affirmed.
Before Stark, P.J., Hruz and Seidl, JJ.
No. 2018AP2265
¶1 HRUZ, J. Skyler Ewing appeals a summary judgment dismissing
defendant Jonathan Davis from Ewing’s personal injury action for lack of personal
jurisdiction over Davis. Ewing argues he accomplished personal service because
the undisputed facts show his process server attended a baseball game in
California in which Davis was to play. Prior to the game, as Davis was exiting the
field down the right field line to retrieve items from the clubhouse, the process
server tossed a manilla envelope containing the summons and complaint down at
Davis from approximately twenty feet above him in the fan seating area. As the
server did so, he yelled, “You have been served!”
¶2 We agree with the circuit court that this attempt at personal service
was insufficient. Process papers should be physically placed in the hands of the
party to be served, if possible. If a person refuses to accept service after the
process server identifies the documents and attempts service in a “civil and proper
manner,” the documents may be deposited in an appropriate place in the presence
of the party or in a place where they will most likely come into his or her
possession. See Borden v. Borden, 63 Wis. 374, 377, 23 N.W. 573 (1885).
Because personal service was not accomplished upon Davis, the court lacked
personal jurisdiction over Davis, and the complaint against him was properly
dismissed. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
¶3 This case arises out of a car accident that occurred in Marathon
County in 2012. Davis, the driver, allegedly attempted to pass another vehicle in a
no-passing zone and lost control of the car.1 Ewing, a passenger in the same car as
1
Davis did not own the vehicle he was driving.
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Davis, was allegedly injured in the accident. He filed the present lawsuit in
Marathon County on July 2, 2015.
¶4 Ewing subsequently filed an affidavit of service from “C. Smith,” a
California process server. Smith averred that Davis, who was at the time a minor
league baseball player, had been personally served with a copy of the summons
and complaint on July 23, 2015, in Lancaster, California. Smith further averred
that the location where service was accomplished was the home stadium of the
minor league Lancaster JetHawks.
¶5 The facts regarding the service attempt are undisputed. On July 23,
Davis was going through his “normal routine” to get ready for that day’s baseball
game. He went to the dugout, then ran out near the right field line to do some
stretching and warm ups. There were fans in the seating area seeking players’
photographs and autographs, and Davis heard a man yelling at him angrily from
that area, which Davis was not facing. Davis could not hear exactly what the man
was saying because of the crowd noise. That day was the first time Davis had ever
seen the man.
¶6 Davis realized he had forgotten his batting gloves in the clubhouse
and went to retrieve them. The stadium was built such that the clubhouse was
located outside the stadium, and players had to exit the field down the right field
line to get to the clubhouse. As Davis was leaving the field, the man “met [him] at
the railing,” threw a manilla envelope down at him, and told Davis he had been
served. Davis estimated the man was approximately twenty feet above him in the
stands when he tossed the envelope.
¶7 Davis did not pick up the envelope from the field. At no point did
the man identify the contents of the envelope. Prior to the game, one of Davis’s
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coaches picked up the envelope, noticed it was addressed to Davis, and delivered
it to him in the clubhouse. Davis then opened the envelope and learned for the
first time of the present lawsuit. Davis had not authorized the coach or any other
staff to accept service of process on his behalf. The process server stayed for the
remainder of the baseball game, but he did not identify himself or provide any
further information to Davis regarding the summons and complaint.
¶8 Davis alleged insufficient service of process both as an affirmative
defense in his answer and in a summary judgment motion he filed in 2018. Davis
was deposed and also filed an affidavit in which he discussed the July 23, 2015
service attempt.2 Ewing filed his own motion seeking a declaration that the
personal service upon Davis was sufficient. Following a hearing, the circuit court
issued a written decision containing findings of fact and its analysis. It then
entered an order granting the summary judgment motion and dismissing Davis
from the lawsuit. Ewing now appeals.
2
Ewing maintains that Davis’s account of the service attempt in his affidavit “paints a
different picture” than the account he offered during his deposition, perhaps in an attempt to
either obtain a favorable summary judgment ruling or have this court conclude there are genuine
issues of material fact that would preclude summary judgment. Specifically, Ewing’s brief
characterizes Davis’s affidavit as asserting “that the commotion and noise of the crowd made it
difficult for him to understand what was happening at the time he was served.” However, Davis
never made any such representation in his affidavit—and even if he had, it would have been
consistent with his statement during the deposition that, initially, he could not hear precisely what
the man was yelling at him.
To be sure, Davis’s affidavit elaborates upon the facts he provided during his brief
questioning at his deposition regarding the service attempt, particularly by stating what happened
after the manilla envelope was left on the field. However, we do not perceive any material
conflict of the nature Ewing suggests between Davis’s descriptions of the service attempt.
Moreover, we do not perceive any basis to declare—and Ewing does not argue on appeal—that
the affidavit was “sham,” as Ewing accused during the motion hearing.
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No. 2018AP2265
DISCUSSION
¶9 We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Lang v. Lions
Club of Cudahy Wis., Inc., 2020 WI 25, ¶18, 390 Wis. 2d 627, 939 N.W.2d 582.
We use the same methodology as the circuit court during our review. Piper v.
Jones Dairy Farm, 2020 WI 28, ¶12, 390 Wis. 2d 762, 940 N.W.2d 701.
Summary judgment shall be granted where the record demonstrates there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law. Id.; see also WIS. STAT. § 802.08(2) (2017-18).3 Although
summary judgment is considered a “drastic remedy,” a summary judgment motion
should be granted in those instances where the controlling facts are not in dispute
and the application of the law to those facts is clear. Town Bank v. City Real
Estate Dev., LLC, 2010 WI 134, ¶31, 330 Wis. 2d 340, 793 N.W.2d 476.
¶10 Ewing argues “the undisputed facts showed that Davis was
personally served on July 23, 2015.” Ewing jumps immediately to authority from
other jurisdictions without first discussing the necessity of, and requirements for,
personal service under Wisconsin law. We briefly address these matters before
considering Ewing’s argument that personal service was accomplished here as a
matter of law.
¶11 The United States Constitution requires that a court have personal
jurisdiction over a defendant to render a judgment in a civil suit. Johnson v.
Cintas Corp. No. 2, 2011 WI App 5, ¶9, 331 Wis. 2d 51, 794 N.W.2d 475 (2010),
aff’d, 2012 WI 31, 339 Wis. 2d 493, 811 N.W.2d 756. A circuit court may
3
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2017-18 version unless otherwise
noted.
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No. 2018AP2265
exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant by service of a summons as
provided in WIS. STAT. § 801.11. The service of a summons is also a necessary
prerequisite to validly commencing an action. See WIS. STAT. § 801.02(1).
¶12 The summons provides notice to the defendant that an action has
been commenced against him or her. Johnson, 339 Wis. 2d 493, ¶24. Notice of
the pendency of the action, which provides the defendant the opportunity to
respond to the lawsuit and present objections, is an elementary and fundamental
requirement of due process. Id. (citing Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Tr.
Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950)). Given that a defendant’s constitutional due
process rights are at stake, “Wisconsin requires strict compliance with its rules of
statutory service, even though the consequences may appear to be harsh.” Id., ¶25
(citing American Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Royal Ins. Co. of Am., 167 Wis. 2d
524, 531, 481 N.W.2d 629 (1992)).
¶13 The relevant rule of service here is WIS. STAT. § 801.11(1)(a), which
provides that personal jurisdiction may be obtained “[b]y personally serving the
summons upon the defendant either within or without this state.”4 A defendant’s
actual notice of an action is not enough to confer personal jurisdiction; service
must be made in the manner prescribed by statute. Johnson, 339 Wis. 2d 493,
¶25. The failure to properly serve a defendant is usually regarded as a
fundamental defect that is fatal to the action regardless of prejudice. Bergstrom v.
Polk Cty., 2011 WI App 20, ¶12, 331 Wis. 2d 678, 795 N.W.2d 482. In general,
the party invoking the judicial process in his or her favor bears the burden of
4
Although alternative forms of service are not at issue in this case, we note that if
personal service cannot be accomplished with reasonable diligence, WIS. STAT. § 801.11(1)
allows for substituted service or, should that fail, for service by publication and mailing.
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production and persuasion on the issue of whether the court obtained personal
jurisdiction. See Richards v. First Union Sec., Inc., 2006 WI 55, ¶¶17, 27, 290
Wis. 2d 620, 714 N.W.2d 913.
¶14 Ewing argues authority from other jurisdictions establishes a general
rule “that personal service is accomplished if the process server and the defendant
are within speaking distance of each other, and such action is taken as to convince
a reasonable person that personal service is being attempted.” See, e.g., In re Ball,
38 P.2d 411, 412 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1934). In Ewing’s view, personal service
was accomplished because Davis admitted he both saw the papers thrown down at
him on the field (or at least the envelope containing them) and heard the process
server from the stands say he had been served. Ewing maintains that Davis was
attempting to evade service, and he argues “service cannot be avoided by
physically refusing to accept the summons.”
¶15 In support of his argument, Ewing invokes Borden, which he
believes stands for the proposition that “personal service can be effective, even if
the person being served does not directly receive the summons.” In Borden, the
process server, McKnight, went to the defendant’s home. Borden, 63 Wis. at 376.
The defendant answered the door and saw the summons in McKnight’s hand, and
McKnight told the defendant he had a summons that he was going to serve. Id.The defendant refused to let him make service and pushed McKnight out of the
door. Id. McKnight then told the defendant he would leave a copy of the
summons for him and attached it to the door, telling the defendant what he had
done. Id.¶16 Unlike this case, Borden involved a clear-cut effort by the defendant
to avoid service of process. Our supreme court, in upholding the validity of the
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No. 2018AP2265
service attempt, observed that a process server cannot physically compel a
defendant to accept the papers offered to him or her. Id. at 377. Rather,
when a party refuses to accept a copy of a summons which
is offered him [or her] in a civil and proper manner, after
being informed what the paper is, there is no other way to
make service but deposit the process in some appropriate
place, in the presence of the party if possible, or where it
will be most likely to come to his [or her] possession. If
then the party to be served does not get the copy of the
summons it will be entirely owing to his [or her] own fault.
Id. We have since applied this rule in circumstances where the person upon whom
service is attempted would not emerge from a bedroom to accept the documents,
and the server left the papers outside the bedroom door. K.N.K. v. Buhler, 139
Wis. 2d 190, 215-16, 407 N.W.2d 281 (Ct. App. 1987).
¶17 We take this opportunity to clarify that, under existing case law, the
papers effecting service of process should be physically placed in the hands of the
party to be served, if possible. This approach is the preferred manner under WIS.
STAT. § 801.11(1)(a), which speaks of “personally serving the summons upon the
defendant.” If the summons is presented to the person in a “civil and proper
manner,” and if, after informing the defendant of what the document is, the
defendant’s obstinacy makes it impossible to physically hand the document to him
or her, service may be accomplished under Borden by depositing the process
papers in an appropriate place in the presence of the party or in a place where they
will most likely come into his or her possession. See Borden, 63 Wis. at 377.
¶18 Here, the question remains whether Davis was being obstinate or
otherwise improperly avoiding service. Plainly, he was not, and the entirety of
Ewing’s arguments falters under this basic fact. The service attempt—which
apparently was the only attempt made on Davis regarding this lawsuit—was made
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No. 2018AP2265
at a ballpark with many spectators in attendance, some of whom were seeking
autographs or photographs from players. Davis could hear an unknown man
yelling at him from the stands but was unable to hear specifically what the man
was saying. As Davis was walking off the field, the man tossed a manilla
envelope down at him from the stands twenty feet above, and Davis heard the man
yell that he had been served. Ewing submits that any “reasonable person, or
anyone who has ever seen a legal procedural television program,” would
understand that they were being served with legal papers when someone yells
“you’ve been served” and then attempts to give them papers. We disagree.
¶19 Ewing misconstrues several facts in making this argument. First, he
confuses the sequencing; according to the undisputed facts, Davis was only told he
had been served after the process server tossed the envelope onto the field. There
is no evidence the process server ever identified himself or the contents of the
envelope prior to tossing it at Davis. The absence of such evidence brings this
case outside the realm of Borden. Although Ewing contends Davis “was aware
that the process server had papers to serve,” the undisputed facts show otherwise.
¶20 Second, aside from the process server’s failure to identify himself or
the contents of the envelope he carried, there was no effort made to physically
hand the papers to Davis. Davis had no reasonable opportunity to decline service
because he was confronted with a man amongst a crowd of fans and
autograph-seekers who casually tossed an envelope down at him from a height of
twenty feet. This approach is hardly the “civil and proper manner” for service
contemplated by Borden. Under the circumstances here, Davis was under no
obligation to pick up the tossed envelope to discover its contents.
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No. 2018AP2265
¶21 Third, Ewing argues that Davis “kept himself in a physically
removed area from the process server, thanks to the railings that separated
spectators from the baseball field, in order to avoid service.” The absurdity of this
argument is evident on its face. The choice of the location to attempt service was
not Davis’s but that of the process server. Davis was a professional baseball
player and was merely present at his place of employment, one which is known to
separate the general public from the playing field. Rather than attempt to serve
Davis at his home or as he entered or exited the ballpark, the process server chose
to attend the baseball game and attempt service from the fan section of the
stadium. The railing located between Davis and the process server was a function
of the server’s choice to attempt service upon Davis from the crowd, not an
obstacle to service affirmatively placed by Davis.
¶22 Even the primary case on which Ewing relies, In re Ball, is
materially distinguishable from this case. In Ball, the defendant had previously
been served with legal papers from the same process server, who attempted to
serve similar documents pertaining to a new proceeding. Ball, 38 P.2d at 411.
When the process server was within about twelve feet of the defendant, he said, “I
have here another one of those things for you.” Id. The defendant responded,
“You have nothing for me,” and he started to walk away, at which point the server
handed the papers to, or tossed them at, the defendant and said, “Now you are
served.” Id. The papers landed a few feet from the defendant, but he did not pick
them up and continued to walk away.
¶23 Unlike Davis, the defendant in Ball knew the process server and was
informed of the nature of the documents the server had to deliver. More
importantly, the process server had made a reasonable attempt to physically place
the papers in the defendant’s hands, an attempt that was never made in the instant
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No. 2018AP2265
case. The defendant in Ball, by his statements and conduct, made clear that he
would not accept service. Davis made no such statements or evasive movements
here. Davis simply did not pick up an envelope thrown down at him from a
stranger in the stands.
¶24 In short, we reject Ewing’s proposed “speaking distance and
tossing” rule. Such a rule is inconsistent with existing Wisconsin law, as well as
being impractical and unreasonable. These concerns are particularly acute when,
as here, there is no support for the notion that the defendant ever acted so as to
evade or obstruct a proper attempt at service of process. Because the service
attempt here was insufficient under WIS. STAT. § 801.11(1)(a), the circuit court
lacked personal jurisdiction over Davis, and the action was properly dismissed
upon summary judgment.
By the Court.—Judgment affirmed.
Not recommended for publication in the official reports.
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