Wisconsin Voter Alliance v. Kristina Secord ( 2023 )


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  •        COURT OF APPEALS
    DECISION                                              NOTICE
    DATED AND FILED                          This opinion is subject to further editing. If
    published, the official version will appear in
    the bound volume of the Official Reports.
    December 27, 2023
    A party may file with the Supreme Court a
    Samuel A. Christensen             petition to review an adverse decision by the
    Clerk of Court of Appeals          Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
    and RULE 809.62.
    Appeal No.           2023AP36                                                 Cir. Ct. No. 2022CV443
    STATE OF WISCONSIN                                           IN COURT OF APPEALS
    DISTRICT II
    WISCONSIN VOTER ALLIANCE AND RON HEUER,
    PETITIONERS-APPELLANTS,
    V.
    KRISTINA SECORD,
    RESPONDENT-RESPONDENT.
    APPEAL from an order of the circuit court for Walworth County:
    DAVID W. PAULSON, Judge.                  Reversed and cause remanded for further
    proceedings.
    Before Neubauer, Grogan and Lazar, JJ.
    ¶1         LAZAR, J. Wisconsin Voter Alliance and Ron Heuer (collectively
    referred to as WVA) appeal the dismissal of their petition for a writ of mandamus
    directed to Kristina Secord, the Walworth County Register in Probate, seeking to
    No. 2023AP36
    obtain Notices of Voter Eligibility containing information that is statutorily
    required to be communicated and widely disseminated to local officials or
    agencies throughout the State.            See WIS. STAT. § 54.25(2)(c)1.g. (2021-22).1
    Pursuant to direction of the Wisconsin Court System (Court System) by its
    Director of State Courts, that statutory mandate is accomplished by sending all the
    information to the Wisconsin Elections Commission (WEC) for compilation and
    then WEC provides the information to the local election officials or agencies.
    Secord contends that, because the documents sought are confidential and not
    subject to public disclosure and/or because WVA has not demonstrated any need
    for the information, the circuit court did not err when it protected the privacy and
    sensitive information of individuals declared incompetent and that it appropriately
    exercised its discretion by dismissing WVA’s petition.
    ¶2       WVA’s arguments raise two issues: (1) is the ineligibility voting
    determination “pertinent to the finding of incompetency,” and, if so, has WVA
    demonstrated “a need for the information” sufficient to warrant release of the
    documents and/or information even if it is “pertinent to the finding of
    incompetency,” and (2) is the Notice sent to election officials with the court’s
    determination that a person is not competent to register to vote or to vote subject
    to disclosure under the Public Records Law.
    ¶3       WVA has filed multiple requests to other Wisconsin county clerks of
    court and has filed other petitions for writ of mandamus. At least one other circuit
    court case has been appealed. Another district of the court of appeals has issued
    1
    All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2021-22 version unless otherwise
    noted.
    2
    No. 2023AP36
    an opinion that addresses the first issue (with respect to the definition of “pertinent
    to the finding of incompetency”),2 and as a unitary court, we are bound by that
    opinion’s decision3 to the extent it is not distinguishable.4 See State v. Olson,
    
    2019 WI App 61
    , ¶¶15-19, 
    389 Wis. 2d 257
    , 
    936 N.W.2d 178
    . We, however,
    disagree with the Reynolds court’s conclusion on the first issue, and absent the
    2
    See Wisconsin Voter Alliance v. Reynolds, 
    2023 WI App 66
    , ¶¶20-34, ___ Wis. 2d
    ___, ___ N.W.2d ___. As of this writing, the recommendation for publication has just been
    approved. This court did not lightly forge ahead before publication; it is releasing this opinion
    because it is appropriate and separate from that in Reynolds.
    The procedural posture of Reynolds is distinguished from that in this appeal. In
    Reynolds, the Juneau County Register in Probate filed a motion to dismiss the petition for writ of
    mandamus on August 22, 2022, based upon WVA’s failure to comply with WIS. STAT.
    § 801.02(5), asserting that there was a lack of jurisdiction, insufficiency of process, and/or
    insufficiency of service of process. As an alternative, Reynolds contended that WVA failed to
    state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Two days later, without waiting for a response
    from WVA, the circuit court issued a decision and order, dismissing the writ on the merits and
    with prejudice. The Reynolds court did not have the benefit of a fully briefed, fully argued
    underlying case. While the appeals may have started on the same track, their paths diverged, and
    each was presented differently.
    The dissent also makes note that WVA had not filed a petition for review of the Reynolds
    opinion. See Dissent at n.2. That is neither here nor there and has no impact on the state of the
    law nor on the viability of our opinion.
    3
    This practice is more fully explained in Cook v. Cook, 
    208 Wis. 2d 166
    , 189, 
    560 N.W.2d 247
     (1997) as follows:
    If the court of appeals is to be a unitary court, it must speak
    with a unified voice. If the constitution and statutes were
    interpreted to allow it to overrule, modify or withdraw language
    from its prior published decisions, its unified voice would
    become fractured, threatening the principles of predictability,
    certainty and finality relied upon by litigants, counsel and the
    circuit courts. Further, with the ability to rely on the rules set out
    in precedent thus undermined, aggrieved parties would be
    encouraged to litigate issues multiple times in the four districts.
    4
    The dissent asserts that this majority opinion’s chief flaw is its very existence. See
    Dissent, ¶71. While the very same records sought by WVA are at issue in Reynolds and this
    appeal, that is neither dispositive nor a basis upon which to avoid ruling on an issue previously
    not decided. The question is whether the issues vary. And they do. At no point is the unified
    voice of this court fractured by this opinion.
    3
    No. 2023AP36
    Reynolds decision, we would have issued an opinion agreeing with WVA on the
    first issue. Our analysis of that issue is set forth in the attached concurrence.
    ¶4      We hold that if the voter ineligibility determination is, in fact,
    pertinent to the finding of incompetency, WVA has not only demonstrated a need
    for this information but has demonstrated that it is entitled to the requested Notices
    (in full or redacted form) pursuant to the Public Records Law.5                       WVA has,
    therefore, met all of the prerequisites to support its petition for a writ of
    mandamus.
    5
    This majority opinion does not “upend” the Public Records Law; it lets the “sun shine”
    in. See Schill v. Wisconsin Rapids Sch. Dist., 
    2010 WI 86
    , ¶2, 
    327 Wis. 2d 572
    , 
    786 N.W.2d 177
     (“Open records and open meetings laws, that is, ‘Sunshine Laws,’ ‘are first and foremost a
    powerful tool for everyday people to keep track of what their government is up to.... The right of
    the people to monitor the people’s business is one of the core principles of democracy.’” (quoting
    Editorial, Shine Light on Public Records, Wis. State J., Mar. 14, 2010, at B1)). “The legislature
    has declared that we are dedicated to preserving an open and transparent government.” State v.
    Beaver Dam Area Dev. Corp., 
    2008 WI 90
    , ¶2, 
    312 Wis. 2d 84
    , 
    752 N.W.2d 295
    .
    Nor is the majority opinion “all hat and no cattle,” see Madison Teachers, Inc. v. Scott,
    
    2018 WI 11
    , ¶40, 
    379 Wis. 2d 439
    , 
    906 N.W.2d 436
     (Ann Walsh Bradley, J., dissenting); it
    reaffirms Wisconsin’s longstanding goal of transparency and a “presumption of open access to
    public records,” id., ¶17 (quoting Osborn v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Wis. Sys., 
    2002 WI 83
    ,
    ¶13, 
    254 Wis. 2d 266
    , 
    647 N.W.2d 158
    ).
    As explained by our supreme court in Milwaukee J. Sentinel v. City of Milwaukee, 
    2012 WI 65
    , ¶4, 
    341 Wis. 2d 607
    , 
    815 N.W.2d 367
    :
    Wisconsin’s commitment to open, transparent government
    rings loud and clear in the Public Records Law. The Law
    reaffirms that the people have not only the opportunity but also
    the right to know what the government is doing and to monitor
    the government. The legislature has explicitly provided that “all
    persons are entitled to the greatest possible information
    regarding the affairs of government”; mandated that the Public
    Records Law “be construed in every instance with a presumption
    of complete public access”; and declared that the “denial of
    public access generally is contrary to public interest, and only in
    an exceptional case may access be denied.” WIS. STAT. § 19.31.
    4
    No. 2023AP36
    ¶5      Accordingly, we reverse the circuit court’s order dismissing WVA’s
    petition for writ and remand this matter for further proceedings consistent with this
    opinion.
    BACKGROUND
    ¶6      WVA sent an official request for public records to Secord on
    June 28, 2022, after a previous request and some correspondence between the
    parties. WVA sought information about wards under guardianship in Walworth
    County, specifically the names, addresses, birth dates, and “a copy of all wards
    under guardianship in [the] county.” On July 26, 2022, WVA clarified6 that it was
    seeking completed GN-3180 forms from 2016 to the present and information
    regarding guardianship of wards without voting rights for the same time period.
    ¶7      The requested forms7 are “Notices of Voting Eligibility,” which
    indicate that a circuit court has found a person incompetent to exercise the right to
    vote or restored a person’s right to register or vote. The forms themselves identify
    the “Wisconsin Elections Commission” as the agency to which these notices
    should be sent. See also WIS. STAT. § 54.25(2)(c)1.g. (“The determination of the
    court [that a person is ineligible to vote due to incompetency] shall be
    6
    This also distinguishes this appeal from that in WVA v. Reynolds, because the Juneau
    County Circuit Court did not allow WVA an opportunity to refine its request or to explain or
    defend its petition. See Reynolds, ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶¶12-13. Contrary to the dissent’s argument
    at ¶75, WVA’s ability to present its arguments in carefully composed, detailed, written appellate
    briefs is far afield from a summary explanation set out in a short email.
    7
    The Notice of Voting Eligibility (Form No. GN-3180) (as well as the Determination
    and Order on Petition for Guardianship Due to Incompetency (Form No. GN-3170), the
    underlying court order that finds a person incompetent) are templates created by the Consolidated
    Court Administration Programs (CCAP), which provides computer automation to the Wisconsin
    court system. Wisconsin Court System, Administrative Structure of the Courts (Nov. 2022),
    https://www.wicourts.gov/courts/resources/docs/structure.pdf.
    5
    No. 2023AP36
    communicated in writing by the clerk of court to the election official or agency
    charged … with the responsibility for determining challenges to registration and
    voting ….”).8 According to WEC, if and when it receives such a notice (and when
    the notice includes sufficient information to identify a specific voter), it adds the
    person to a list of disqualified voters that it publishes to local clerks, who perform
    inactivation of voter registrations for such persons. That inactivation—or lack
    thereof—is subject to public challenge. See WIS. STAT. § 6.48(3).
    ¶8       WEC also administers a public database called WisVote that
    includes information about all voters in Wisconsin. This information, available to
    any member of the public pursuant to Wisconsin’s Public Records Law, WIS.
    STAT. §§ 19.31-.37, includes each voter’s name, address, voter status, and “Voter
    Status Reason.” Sometime in 2022, WEC changed the “Voter Status Reason” for
    a voter who had voting rights revoked due to a finding of incompetency from
    “incompetent” to “administrative action.”9
    ¶9       WVA’s stated goals are “to improve the government’s accuracy in
    the WisVote database so that the court orders restricting the voting rights of the
    8
    The statutory mandate directs clerks of court to disseminate the forms to the
    appropriate county and municipal clerks or officials throughout the entire state and the Wisconsin
    Court System has put in place a procedure to better coordinate the fulfillment to
    that statutory mandate. There are 72 counties, 1,245 towns, 190 cities and 415 villages
    (a total of 1,850 municipalities not including counties).              See 2023-24 Wisconsin
    Blue      Book,      Local     Governments      in     Wisconsin,     at     1,    2     and     4.
    (https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/misc/lrb/blue_book/2023_2024/090_local_government_in_wisc
    onsin.pdf). By requiring that the forms be sent to WEC (as is noted on the very face of the form)
    and directing that WEC provide that information to the designated statutory recipients, the
    Wisconsin Court System is complying with the statute. This procedure is further evidence that
    the information on the Notice of Voting Eligibility forms is not inherently confidential due to the
    legislature’s intent that such information could be received by any of over 2,000 county and
    municipal clerks, and their employees and staff.
    9
    It is unclear why the WEC made the change in terminology.
    6
    No. 2023AP36
    wards are honored” and “to protect wards under ‘no vote’ guardianship orders
    from abuse.” On the same day it made its official request for records to Secord, it
    filed a petition for mandamus in Walworth County Circuit Court seeking a writ
    directing Secord to produce the requested documents.10 WVA asserted that the
    requested information is “already intended to be publicly available” and that to the
    extent WIS. STAT. § 54.75 applied, its request fell under the exception to the
    confidentiality requirement therein. This statute provides:
    All court records pertinent to the finding of
    incompetency are closed but subject to access as provided
    in [WIS. STAT. §] 51.30 or 55.22 or under an order of a
    court under this chapter. The fact that an individual has
    been found incompetent and the name of and contact
    information for the guardian is accessible to any person
    who demonstrates to the custodian of the records a need for
    that information.
    § 54.75 (emphasis added).
    ¶10     After a hearing, the circuit court granted Secord’s motion to dismiss,
    finding that WVA had no “clear legal right to access guardianship information,”
    “the confidentiality of [WIS. STAT. §] 54.75 extends to ‘All court records’
    including GN-3180” and “the completed form GN-3180 is a confidential record
    and not a public document.” WVA appeals, conceding it is not entitled to actual
    guardianship court orders and seeking reversal only with respect to “redacted
    Notices [with] sufficient information … to identify the person with publicly
    available WisVote data on that same person.”
    10
    As noted above, this type of request was also filed in other counties, and WVA has
    filed other petitions for writ of mandamus where the requests were denied.
    7
    No. 2023AP36
    STANDARD OF REVIEW
    ¶11    We will uphold the denial of a petition for a writ of mandamus
    “unless the [circuit court] erroneously exercised discretion.” Lake Bluff Hous.
    Partners v. City of S. Milwaukee, 
    197 Wis. 2d 157
    , 170, 
    540 N.W.2d 189
     (1995).
    That discretion “is erroneously exercised if based on an erroneous understanding
    of the law.” State ex rel. Zignego v. WEC, 
    2021 WI 32
    , ¶38, 
    396 Wis. 2d 391
    ,
    
    957 N.W.2d 208
     (quoting Lake Bluff Hous. Partners, 
    197 Wis. 2d at 170
    ).
    ¶12    In order to determine whether there was an erroneous exercise of
    discretion in this appeal, this court must look to the applicable statutes. Questions
    involving statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo. Reyes v. Greatway Ins.
    Co., 
    227 Wis. 2d 357
    , 364-65, 
    597 N.W.2d 687
     (1999); see also State ex rel.
    Kalal v. Circuit Ct. for Dane Cnty., 
    2004 WI 58
    , ¶¶44-51, 
    271 Wis. 2d 633
    , 
    681 N.W.2d 110
    . Even with a de novo review, we can still “benefit[] from the analysis
    of the [circuit] court.” State ex rel. Rupinski v. Smith, 
    2007 WI App 4
    , ¶13, 
    297 Wis. 2d 749
    , 
    728 N.W.2d 1
     (2006). Moreover, “[t]he application of the [Public]
    Records Law to undisputed facts is a question of law that [the appellate] court
    reviews de novo.” Zellner v. Cedarburg Sch. Dist., 
    2007 WI 53
    , ¶17, 
    300 Wis. 2d 290
    , 
    731 N.W.2d 240
    .
    ¶13    WVA’s petition for writ of mandamus was dismissed, pursuant to
    WIS. STAT. § 802.06(2)(a)6., for a failure to state a claim upon which relief could
    be granted. A circuit court’s dismissal order is reviewed independently. State ex
    rel. Greer v. Stahowiak, 
    2005 WI App 219
    , ¶¶5-7, 
    287 Wis. 2d 795
    , 
    706 N.W.2d 161
    .
    8
    No. 2023AP36
    DISCUSSION
    ¶14     This appeal requires us, once we determine11 if the records are
    indeed public records and no exemptions apply, to analyze and balance the
    interplay between various competing rights while, at the same time, protecting
    both an individual citizen’s right to privacy in a matter of utmost importance to the
    individual’s dignity as well as the right of every Wisconsin citizen to the
    constitutional guarantee of fair elections. Teigen v. WEC, 
    2022 WI 64
    , ¶22, 
    403 Wis. 2d 607
    , 
    976 N.W.2d 519
     (“If the right to vote is to have any meaning at all,
    elections must be conducted according to law.”). An individual’s confidentiality
    regarding a finding as to their competence—or lack thereof—is necessarily
    juxtaposed against one of the underlying pillars of our democracy: the right to
    vote. See League of Women Voters of Wis. Educ. Network, Inc. v. Walker, 
    2014 WI 97
    , ¶19, 
    357 Wis. 2d 360
    , 
    851 N.W.2d 302
    ; see also WIS. STAT. § 6.84(1)
    (“The legislature finds that voting is a constitutional right, the vigorous exercise of
    which should be strongly encouraged.”).
    ¶15     Recognizing and carefully walking that tightrope, the legislature
    created WIS. STAT. ch. 54 to safeguard individuals who are unable to take
    adequate and appropriate care of themselves while at the same time affording them
    privacy from public scrutiny and possible scorn or ridicule from the uninformed.
    The confidential protections afforded to these individuals in need of care,
    however, are not absolute—especially when they come into conflict with other,
    just as important, basic rights, including the right not only to vote but to have only
    11
    There is no doubt that this court follows the well-established analytical path detailed
    below, see infra paras. 24-31, and that WVA did not prevail “before the statutory analysis even
    beg[an],” Dissent, ¶85.
    9
    No. 2023AP36
    eligible votes considered in any election. See Zignego 
    396 Wis. 2d 391
    , ¶64
    (Rebecca Grassl Bradley, J., dissenting) (“[R]etaining thousands of potentially
    illegitimate registrations on Wisconsin’s voter lists substantially harms the
    integrity of elections and dilutes or even cancels votes of validly registered
    citizens. Removing ineligible voters from this state’s registration list is paramount
    if Wisconsin takes seriously its obligation to ensure fair and honest elections.”).
    ¶16     When faced with that imperative underpinning12 of our democracy,
    the right to vote in fair elections, our legislature declared that certain
    confidentiality and privacy rights for wards under guardianship must be
    constrained. Thus, once an individual is found to be incompetent and ineligible to
    12
    The court in State ex rel. McGrael v. Phelps, 
    144 Wis. 1
    , 14-15, 
    128 N.W. 1041
    (1910) (citations omitted), eloquently opined regarding the origins and establishment of the right
    to vote in the United States Constitution as follows:
    So the right to vote is one reserved by the people to members
    of a class and as so reserved, guaranteed by the declaration of
    rights and by sec. 1, art. III, of the Constitution. It has an
    element other than that of mere privilege. It is guaranteed both
    by the bill of rights, and the exclusive intrustment of voting
    power contained in sec. 1, art. III, of the constitution; and by the
    fundamentally declared purpose of government; and the express
    and implied inhibitions of class legislation, as well….
    Thus is given the right to vote a dignity not less than any
    other of many fundamental rights. So it has been rightly said by
    judicial writers, “It is a right which the law protects and enforces
    as jealously as it does property in chattels or lands[.] The law
    maintains and vindicates” it “as vigorously as it does any right of
    any kind which men may have or enjoy.” State v. Staten, 
    46 Tenn. 233
    , 241.... It has been not inaptly characterized in these
    lines:
    A weapon that comes down as still
    As snowflakes fall upon the sod;
    But executes a freeman’s will,
    As lightning does the will of God.
    10
    No. 2023AP36
    vote,13 that information must be communicated to the state agency responsible for
    elections (WEC) and subsequently published to the world (via the internet) and to
    each individual voting precinct so that ineligible votes are neither cast nor counted
    unless and until that voting eligibility is restored. The names and addresses of the
    wards are transmitted to a public entity outside the judicial system via a Notice
    form.
    ¶17      WVA raised concerns about the course and conduct of various
    entities in this process. No parties to this appeal dispute that the circuit court
    oversees guardianship proceedings and that the records, reports, and transcripts14
    leading up to a final order in which incompetency is found are statutorily
    confidential. No party disputes that if a ward who is found to be incompetent is
    also found to be ineligible to vote, the circuit court must communicate that voter
    ineligibility to WEC, the agency whose express and sole purpose is to ensure fair
    elections in Wisconsin. See WIS. STAT. § 5.05(1). And, no party disputes that
    individuals who are ineligible to vote are not permitted to vote. Correspondingly,
    we assume that all parties in this appeal—indeed all Wisconsin citizens—desire,
    13
    Obviously, not all individuals found to be incompetent lose their right to vote. “The
    court may, as part of a proceeding under [WIS. STAT. §] 54.44 in which an individual is found
    incompetent and a guardian is appointed, declare that the individual has incapacity to exercise
    one or more of the following rights:” The right to consent to marriage, to execute a will, to serve
    on a jury, to apply for an operator’s license, to consent to sterilization, to consent to organ, tissue
    or bone marrow donation, and to register to vote or to vote in an election. WIS. STAT.
    § 54.25(2)(c)1.
    14
    It is logical to assume that transcripts of hearings, where sensitive, confidential
    information, reports, and testimony is taken and the actual finding of incompetency is made,
    would be considered confidential. We, however, note that while such hearings are closed to the
    public by statute, the ward or his/her attorney are allowed to move that the hearing be open to the
    public. See WIS. STAT. § 54.44(5). Thus, an argument could be made that the confidentiality of
    an “open” hearing transcript has been waived. We need not—and do not—address that issue.
    See State v. Castillo, 
    213 Wis. 2d 488
    , 492, 
    570 N.W.2d 44
     (1997) (Appellate courts need not
    address non-dispositive issues and “should decide cases on the narrowest possible grounds.”).
    11
    No. 2023AP36
    seek, and deserve fair elections where valid votes are not canceled or diluted by an
    ineligible vote. “It has been repeatedly recognized that all qualified voters have a
    constitutionally     protected     right    to        vote,   and   to   have    their   votes
    counted.” Reynolds v. Sims, 
    377 U.S. 533
    , 554 (1964) (citations omitted); see
    also Vieth v. Jubelirer, 
    541 U.S. 267
    , 272 (2004) (recognizing the “one-person,
    one-vote” requirement under Article I, Section 2, of the United States
    Constitution).
    ¶18       Based upon these premises, WVA alleges that the numbers just do
    not add up: the number of “ineligible voters” listed in WEC’s publicly accessible
    website were inconsistent with the number of wards declared to be ineligible to
    vote county by county or were so low as to lend great doubt to their accuracy.15
    According to WVA, there is a clear disconnect—and whether the circuit courts are
    violating the legislature’s mandate to notify the local officials or agencies (as
    directed to do so by the Court System through WEC) of each ineligible voter or
    15
    For instance, WVA points to records it alleges show that a resident of Outagamie
    County who, despite being declared incompetent and ineligible to vote in February 2020, voted in
    the November 2020 and April 2021 elections, and as recently as March 2022, was still listed as
    active to vote on WisVote. She (or someone on her behalf) requested an absentee ballot in March
    2022. WVA also alleges that, as of November 2020, WisVote lists only 802 individuals who are
    incompetent and ineligible to vote in Wisconsin. That number did not include the Outagamie
    County individual. Wisconsin had a population of 5,893,718 as of 2020. Wisconsin: 2020
    Census, UNITED STATES CENSUS BUREAU, https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-
    state/wisconsin-population-change-between-census-decade.html (last visited Nov. 10, 2023).
    Seven counties had only one individual listed as incompetent/ineligible to vote, and twelve
    counties had no such individuals listed. Milwaukee County (population 594,548 as of 2019) had
    sixty-four people listed as incompetent/ineligible in 2020, while there was only one person so
    identified in the entire City of Milwaukee. WVA also claims that “[i]n Walworth County, 17 of
    157 persons identified as incompetent were found in the WisVote database.” While this does not
    indicate how many of the 157 were also ineligible to vote, the percentages appear inconsistent.
    12
    No. 2023AP36
    whether WEC is violating the statutes16 by somehow not accurately or timely
    acknowledging those notifications and thereby failing to list all ineligible voters
    on its website is not currently known.
    ¶19       Every citizen of this state has the right to discern where this error
    (intentional or not) lies because left unaddressed, it risks each citizen’s right to
    have his or her vote counted in the course of a fair election. “[T]he failure to
    follow election laws is a fact which forces everyone … to question the legitimacy
    of election results.” Teigen, 
    403 Wis. 2d 607
    , ¶25.17
    16
    See Teigen v. WEC, 
    2022 WI 64
    , ¶24, 
    403 Wis. 2d 607
    , 
    976 N.W.2d 519
     (“The
    Wisconsin voters, and all lawful voters, are injured when the institution charged with
    administering Wisconsin elections does not follow the law, leaving the results in question.”).
    17
    In Teigen, id., ¶25, our supreme court further explains:
    When the level of pollution is high enough, the fog creates
    obscurity, and the institution of voting loses its credibility as a
    method of ensuring the people’s continued consent to be
    governed. See State ex rel. Bell v. Conness, 
    106 Wis. 425
    , 428,
    
    82 N.W. 288
     (1900) (“He failed to show that he received a
    majority of the votes cast at the election, but he succeeded in
    showing a condition of affairs that taints the whole proceeding
    and calls for careful consideration. The purity and integrity of
    elections is a matter of such prime importance, and affects so
    many important interests, that the courts ought never to hesitate,
    when the opportunity is offered, to test them by the strictest legal
    standards.”). A man with an obscured vote may as well be “a
    man without a vote,” and without the opportunity for judicial
    review, such a man “is without protection; he is virtually
    helpless.” See 106 Cong. Rec. 5082, 5117 (1960) (statement of
    Sen. Lyndon B. Johnson).
    13
    No. 2023AP36
    I.     WVA met all the factors for a writ of mandamus.
    ¶20    In keeping with its stated policy of transparency and openness in the
    workings of our government, the Wisconsin legislature enacted a Public Records
    Law. The law, contained in WIS. STAT. § 19.31, states:
    [I]t is ... the public policy of this state that all persons are
    entitled to the greatest possible information regarding the
    affairs of government and the official acts of those officers
    and employees who represent them. Further, providing
    persons with such information is declared to be an essential
    function of a representative government and an integral part
    of the routine duties of officers and employees whose
    responsibility it is to provide such information. To that
    end, [WIS. STAT. §§] 19.32 to 19.37 shall be construed in
    every instance with a presumption of complete public
    access, consistent with the conduct of governmental
    business. The denial of public access generally is contrary
    to the public interest, and only in an exceptional case may
    access be denied.
    “Our supreme court has recognized this statement of the public interest to be ‘one
    of the strongest declarations of policy to be found in the Wisconsin Statutes.’”
    Wisconsin State J. v. Blazel, 
    2023 WI App 18
    , ¶51, 
    407 Wis. 2d 472
    , 
    991 N.W.2d 450
     (quoting Milwaukee J. Sentinel v. DOA, 
    2009 WI 79
    , ¶52, 
    319 Wis. 2d 439
    ,
    
    768 N.W.2d 700
    ).
    ¶21    “The [P]ublic [R]ecords [L]aw ‘serves one of the basic tenets of our
    democratic system by providing an opportunity for public oversight of the
    workings of government.’” Madison Tchrs., Inc. v. Scott, 
    2018 WI 11
    , ¶17, 
    379 Wis. 2d 439
    , 
    906 N.W.2d 436
     (quoting Nichols v. Bennett, 
    199 Wis. 2d 268
    , 273,
    
    544 N.W.2d 428
     (1996)); see also Newspapers, Inc. v. Breier, 
    89 Wis. 2d 417
    ,
    433-34, 
    279 N.W.2d 179
     (1979) (“The public records statute reflects a basic tenet
    of the democratic system—that the electorate must be informed of the workings of
    government.”).
    14
    No. 2023AP36
    This state recognizes a presumption of accessibility to
    public records, reflected in both the statutes and in our case
    law:
    [Sections] 19.32 to 19.37 shall be construed in
    every instance with a presumption of complete
    public access, consistent with the conduct of
    governmental business. The denial of public access
    generally is contrary to the public interest, and only
    in an exceptional case may access be denied.
    Nichols, 
    199 Wis. 2d at 273
     (alteration in original) (quoting WIS. STAT. § 19.31).
    “Mandamus is the proper means to challenge a governmental [entity’s] failure to
    comply with the requirements of Wisconsin’s [Public] [R]ecords [L]aw.”18 Greer,
    
    287 Wis. 2d 795
    , ¶7. Notwithstanding this presumption of openness, there is no
    absolute right of access to public records. “Access to records may be denied
    where there is a specific statutory exemption to disclosure, WIS. STAT. § 19.36, or
    where there is a common law or public policy exception.” Watton v. Hegerty,
    
    2008 WI 74
    , ¶10, 
    311 Wis. 2d 52
    , 
    751 N.W.2d 369
    .
    ¶22   “Mandamus is an extraordinary legal remedy, available only to
    parties that can show that the writ is based on a ‘clear, specific legal right which is
    free from substantial doubt.’” Lake Bluff Hous. Partners, 
    197 Wis. 2d at 170
    (quoting State ex rel. Collins v. American Fam. Mut. Ins. Co., 
    153 Wis. 2d 477
    ,
    483, 
    451 N.W.2d 429
     (1990)). It “may be employed to compel public officers to
    perform a duty that they are legally obligated to perform.” Watton, 
    311 Wis. 2d 52
    , ¶7.
    The terms “open records law” and “public records law” are commonly used
    18
    interchangeably. However, the appropriate term is “Public Records Law.” See WIS. STAT.
    §§ 19.31 to 19.39.
    15
    No. 2023AP36
    ¶23    According to Watton:
    In order to obtain a writ of mandamus compelling
    disclosure of records, the petitioner must establish that four
    prerequisites are satisfied: (1) the petitioner has a clear
    legal right to the records sought; (2) the government entity
    has a plain legal duty to disclose the records; (3) substantial
    damages would result if the petition for mandamus was
    denied; and (4) the petitioner has no other adequate remedy
    at law.
    Id., ¶8; Pasko v. City of Milwaukee, 
    2002 WI 33
    , ¶24, 
    252 Wis. 2d 1
    , 
    643 N.W.2d 72
    .
    ¶24    Our supreme court has instructed courts to undertake a two-step
    procedure to determine whether a document/record should be disclosed.
    Linzmeyer v. Forcey, 
    2002 WI 84
    , ¶¶10-11, 
    254 Wis. 2d 306
    , 
    646 N.W.2d 811
    .
    First, we must “determine whether the open records law applies to the record in
    question.” Id., ¶10. To do that, we must “look at the statutory language of that
    law, along with its statutory and common law exceptions.” Id.
    ¶25    “Documents on file with a court or custodian may be considered
    public records.” State ex rel. Mitsubishi Heavy Indus. Am., Inc. v. Circuit Ct. for
    Milwaukee Cnty., 
    2000 WI 16
    , ¶19, 
    233 Wis. 2d 1
    , 
    605 N.W.2d 868
    . Even
    though the Reynolds court recently determined that the Notices of Voter
    Eligibility are “pertinent to the finding of incompetency,” they may still be subject
    to the Public Records Law. See Reynolds, ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶28. Significantly,
    no parties dispute that the Notices themselves constitute a “record,” as that term is
    defined in Wisconsin’s Public Records Law. See WIS. STAT. § 19.32(2). And we
    have not been presented with anything to conclude otherwise.
    ¶26    Thus, the Public Records Law applies to the Notices of Voting
    Eligibility (or any equivalent communication) sent to WEC, satisfying the first
    16
    No. 2023AP36
    step of the public records analysis. The “second issue is whether the presumption
    of openness under the … law is overcome by any other public policy.”
    Linzmeyer, 
    254 Wis. 2d 306
    , ¶11. “The fundamental question we must ask is
    whether there is harm to a public interest that outweighs the public interest in
    inspection of the [record.]” Id., ¶24. “Wisconsin law does recognize three types
    of exceptions to this general policy of open access: (1) statutory exceptions;
    (2) common law exceptions; and (3) public policy exceptions.” Democratic Party
    of Wis. v. DOJ, 
    2016 WI 100
    , ¶10, 
    372 Wis. 2d 460
    , 
    888 N.W.2d 584
    .
    ¶27    “Public policy and public interest favor the public’s right to inspect
    public records.” Hathaway v. Joint Sch. Dist. No. 1, 
    116 Wis. 2d 388
    , 392, 
    342 N.W.2d 682
     (1984). As the legislature states in WIS. STAT. § 19.31:
    [I]t is declared to be the public policy of this state that all
    persons are entitled to the greatest possible information
    regarding the affairs of government .... To that end, [WIS.
    STAT. §§] 19.32 to 19.37 shall be construed in every
    instance with a presumption of complete public access,
    consistent with the conduct of governmental business. The
    denial of public access generally is contrary to the public
    interest, and only in an exceptional case may access be
    denied.
    See Linzmeyer, 
    254 Wis. 2d 306
    , ¶14 (“The legislature has clearly articulated the
    policy regarding the release of government records” in the statute.).
    ¶28    Here, there is the general public policy of protecting the dignity and
    privacy of individuals who are determined to be incompetent.                    That policy,
    however, is expressly outweighed by the legislature’s mandate that voting
    ineligibility determinations are to be publicly communicated to the local officials
    or agencies through WEC (as directed by the Court System) and the public in
    general. No statutory exception is listed under the Public Records Law for these
    notices.
    17
    No. 2023AP36
    ¶29    There is an interesting twist to this public record law inquiry: The
    Notices of Voting Eligibility forms are already released, by express statutory
    mandate, to the local officials or agencies through WEC (as directed by the Court
    System)—with no restrictions or additional requirements of continued
    confidentiality. Not only that, but WEC then publishes the statutorily mandated
    information obtained from those Notices to the world by including that data on
    WisVote. Given the public status of the Notices, it is unreasonable for Secord to
    assert that the Notices are “closed” public records that may never be released to
    the public.   Their very nature and purpose is to release the form and all
    information contained therein precisely because the legislature (as is its
    prerogative) has made a public policy balancing and determination that the
    constitutional rights of voters in the state outweigh the privacy concerns of
    individuals declared not eligible to vote. Moreover, while no case sets forth the
    obvious standard that a publicly available or already released document can no
    longer cloak itself in the confidentiality provisions of the Public Records Law, this
    court, in Stone v. Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wis. Sys., 
    2007 WI App 223
    ,
    ¶20, 
    305 Wis. 2d 679
    , 
    741 N.W.2d 774
    , a case where a requester sought identical
    copies of documents, agreed “that it would be absurd to construe the term ‘record’
    in WIS. STAT. § 19.32(2) as including an identical copy of an otherwise available
    record.” (emphasis added). That concept would equally apply where a record was
    already made available to the public.
    18
    No. 2023AP36
    ¶30     Secord focuses her entire argument, with respect to whether the
    Notices of Voting Eligibility may be released, on the second sentence19 in WIS.
    STAT. § 54.75: “The fact that an individual has been found incompetent and the
    name of and contact information for the guardian is accessible to any person who
    demonstrates to the custodian of the records a need for that information.” But, she
    fails to read, reference, or give appropriate attention to the first sentence: “All
    court records pertinent to the finding of incompetency are closed but subject to
    access as provided in [WIS. STAT. §§] 51.30 or 55.22 or under an order of a court
    under this chapter.” Sec. 54.75 (emphasis added).
    ¶31     Next, each prerequisite for the petition for writ of mandamus must
    be addressed. First, there is a clear legal right. Access to public records is a vital
    and integral factor of Wisconsin’s avowed presumption towards open government.
    The legislature has expressly mandated its preferences for such open access with a
    statutory directive for the circuit court’s positive and plain duty to communicate
    voter eligibility determinations (regardless of whether a guardian is appointed) to
    local officials or agencies (accomplished based on direction of the Court System
    through WEC). The first two prerequisites have been satisfied.
    ¶32     WVA has detailed discrepancies between issued voter ineligibility
    determinations (as communicated by Notice to WEC) and what WEC promulgates
    on its WisVote database. Substantial damages lie not only with WVA and Heuer
    with respect to their efforts to improve WisVote’s database to ensure that circuit
    19
    The Reynolds court concluded that the second sentence was “inapplicable here,
    however, because [WVA]’s position is that it is entitled only to the [Notice of Voting Eligibility]
    forms, not to the information referenced in this sentence.” ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶33. Thus, the court
    concluded it “need not discuss whether [WVA] has demonstrated a ‘need’ for information that is
    not the subject of [WVA]’s request or mandamus action.” Id.
    19
    No. 2023AP36
    court orders restricting incompetent individuals from voting are honored, but
    damages also exist for all qualified voters in Wisconsin whose constitutional right
    to vote in fair elections where only valid votes are counted is at risk. Voter
    integrity and public confidence in our system of elections is placed in jeopardy.
    The damage to legitimate voters and the possible dilution of their votes legally
    cast is yet another damage.       Moreover, there is also the potential harm to
    vulnerable individuals subject to competency proceedings who may be coerced to
    vote illegally or may have their votes stolen. Taken altogether, WVA has clearly
    and convincingly established that substantial damage would result if its petition
    were denied.
    ¶33     Finally, respondents have failed to adequately counter WVA’s
    contention that there is no other adequate remedy at law. Neither the circuit court
    nor the Register in Probate is required to audit whether the local officials or
    agencies and WEC comply with the legislative mandate to identify the voters who
    are court-ordered as ineligible to vote. Neither was WVA obligated first to pursue
    a declaratory judgment action. That satisfies the final prerequisite.
    ¶34     Having met all prerequisites for its petition for a writ of mandamus,
    the circuit court erroneously dismissed WVA’s petition.
    20
    No. 2023AP36
    II.     In the alternative, WVA has demonstrated a public need20 for
    the Notices, which bolsters the release of the other information
    by “order of the court.”21
    ¶35     As an alternative, WVA argues public need.                        It has indeed
    demonstrated public need, which bolsters support for the release of these Notice
    forms under the Public Records Law as allowed by an “order of the court,” the
    circuit court incorrectly stated that WVA does not claim access to the voter
    ineligibility information under WIS. STAT. §§ 51.30 or 55.22 implying that WVA
    has not demonstrated a “need” for that information pursuant to WIS. STAT.
    § 54.75. Secord asserts that WVA does not need this information, claiming that
    WVA “at best, demonstrated a desire to obtain the statutorily protected and
    confidential information to achieve its own political goals,” is “engag[ed] in a
    wild-goose chase seeking to dispute the legitimacy of elections,” and that “a
    political witch hunt is not a sufficient ‘need.’”22
    20
    The dissent emphasizes that the legislature has several election reform bills pending
    that could make this opinion or its analysis inapt. Dissent, n.11. That is patently irrelevant. The
    legislature could always have bills pending that could alter the analysis of any opinion, but that is
    not a basis for this court to wait and see what comes of the sausage-making process that is
    legislative operations. See In re Ashley, 
    317 B.R. 352
    , 360 n.10 (Bankr. C.D. Ill. 2004)
    (mentioning “the aphorism that ‘no one should watch how laws or sausages are made.’”). Simply
    put, pending legislation is precisely that: pending. It is not binding and it has no effect on the
    courts nor the citizens of the State. Even if a new law finally wended its way through the
    legislature, in must be endorsed by the executive branch (the Governor) to become law. If the
    court were to take the policy of waiting for legislative and executive action, it would be
    abdicating its duties as a co-equal branch of the government. “The judicial power to interpret the
    law, [the United States Supreme] Court has held, ‘can no more be shared with another branch
    than the Chief Executive, for example, can share with the Judiciary the veto power, or the
    Congress share with the Judiciary the power to override a Presidential veto.’” Kisor v. Wilkie,
    
    588 U.S. ___
    , 
    139 S. Ct. 2400
    , 2438 (2019) (J. Gorsuch, concurring) (quoting Stern v. Marshall,
    
    564 U.S. 462
    , 483 (2011)).
    21
    We need not address WVA’s additional arguments, which are related to, among other
    things, declaratory judgment. See Castillo, 
    213 Wis. 2d at 492
    .
    22
    Frankly, we abhor the personal disparagements and hyperbolic rhetoric currently used
    in briefs. It is “at best” counterproductive, not to mention uncivil.
    21
    No. 2023AP36
    ¶36       This court is not required to determine what underlying motives rest
    beneath a legitimate “need” for information. Here, WVA asserts it has an interest
    in seeing that the voter rolls in Wisconsin are accurate so that our elections
    comport with constitutional guarantees. If maintaining accurate voter lists—as
    statutorily required by the legislature—is not a sufficient need, we are hard-
    pressed to articulate another.        In the current environment of unfortunate
    accusations flying from both sides, the judiciary must stand firm and—setting
    aside personalities, slings, and arrows—merely perform its obligations as one of
    the three co-equal branches of government. Deciding cases in conformity with the
    Constitution is “of the very essence of judicial duty.” Marbury v. Madison, 
    5 U.S. 137
    , 178 (1803) (a case in which, coincidentally, a writ of mandamus was at
    issue); see also Gabler v. Crime Victims Rts. Bd., 
    2017 WI 67
    , ¶2, 
    376 Wis. 2d 147
    , 
    897 N.W.2d 384
     (explaining the separation of powers doctrine and noting
    “[e]ncroachment on judicial power degrades the judicial independence that serves
    as a bulwark protecting the people against tyranny”).
    ¶37       WVA establishes two other bases for seeking this information. First,
    there is an alternative non guardianship procedure to obtain a designation of voter
    ineligibility.    Pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 54.25(2)(c)1.g., “any elector of a
    municipality may petition the circuit court for a determination that an individual
    residing in the municipality is incapable of understanding the objective of the
    elective process and thereby ineligible to register to vote or to vote in an election.”
    That determination, if made by a court, is likewise to be communicated to local
    officials or agencies, id. (through WEC as directed by the Court System). That
    establishes that Notices of Voting Eligibility may arise in non-guardianship
    situations and without a guardianship case.
    22
    No. 2023AP36
    ¶38    Next, any elector may initiate a challenge to a voter’s registration.
    See WIS. STAT. § 6.48(1).       This results in a public hearing.            Accordingly,
    electors—including Heuer—have a basis to seek information relating to
    individuals who are found to be incompetent in order to exercise their statutory
    right to challenge voter registrations.
    ¶39    By law and direction of the Court System, WEC is to assist in
    changing a voter’s status if a court declares that individual to be ineligible to vote
    (in this case, due to a finding of incompetency) after it receives the communication
    (the Notice) from a court pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 54.25(2)(c)1.g. The court in
    Zignego outlined the procedure to be utilized with respect to revisions to
    Wisconsin’s state voter registration lists:
    Subsections (1), (2), and (2g) outline a procedure
    whereby those who have not voted in the previous four
    years are changed to an ineligible status on the statewide
    registration list. WIS. STAT. § 6.50(1), (2), (2g). After a
    general election, the “commission” is required to examine
    the registration records and identify non-voting electors.
    § 6.50(1). The Commission then must mail a notice that
    tells the elector that their registration will be suspended
    unless the elector applies for continuation within 30
    days. Id. If continuation of registration is not applied for
    within 30 days, “the commission shall change the
    registration status of that elector from eligible to
    ineligible.” § 6.50(2). However, the “commission” may
    delegate changing of registration statuses “to a municipal
    clerk or board of election commissioners of a
    municipality.”      § 6.50(2g).   Ultimately, the statutory
    responsibility to change the registration status for non-
    voting electors is squarely placed on the Commission.
    Zignego, 
    396 Wis. 2d 391
    , ¶23.
    ¶40    We conclude that WVA has met all prerequisites for a petition for
    writ of mandamus such that the circuit court’s order must be reversed pursuant to a
    balancing of interests as required by the Public Records Law as allowed by the
    23
    No. 2023AP36
    first sentence in WIS. STAT. § 54.75.             We also conclude that WVA has
    demonstrated a need for information that further supports the release of the
    Notices of Eligibility under § 54.75 such that it is entitled to that information and
    to a reversal of the circuit court’s decision.
    CONCLUSION
    ¶41     The circuit court erroneously dismissed WVA’s petition for a writ of
    mandamus. We hold that because WVA has demonstrated that disclosure of these
    records (which have already been made publicly available pursuant to statute) is
    appropriate under the Public Records Law, WVA is entitled to the requested forms
    (in an appropriately redacted23 form). Accordingly, we reverse the circuit court’s
    order and remand this matter for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
    By the Court.—Order reversed and cause remanded for further
    proceedings.
    Recommended for publication in the official reports.
    23
    Neither WVA nor any member of the public should be given the guardianship case
    number or the birthdate of an individual in need. The released information should comport with
    what the WEC previously publicly posted on its webpage. We leave to the circuit court what
    other information, if any, should be redacted to protect the privacy of an individual.
    24
    No.    2023AP36(C)
    ¶42    LAZAR, J. (concurring). Because we disagree with the analysis in
    Wisconsin Voter Alliance v. Reynolds, 
    2023 WI App 66
    , ¶¶20-34, ___ Wis. 2d
    ___, ___ N.W.2d ___, with respect to the definition of the phrase “pertinent to the
    finding of incompetency,” we submit this concurrence. We conclude that the
    voter ineligibility determination is not pertinent to the finding of incompetency; it
    is a consequence of such a finding. Moreover, it is a determination that the
    legislature has independently designated as nonconfidential and subject to public
    disclosure via communication to local officials or agencies (as directed to do so by
    the Wisconsin Court System (Court System) through the Wisconsin Election
    Commission (WEC)), to WEC’s public website, and to the appropriate voting
    precincts in the state to allow electors to challenge voter eligibility. In other
    words, this information is publicly available.
    III.   The Notice of Voting Eligibility is not “pertinent to the finding of
    incompetency.”
    ¶43    The circuit court glosses over the key issue in this appeal: Is the
    Notice of Voting Eligibility (or any equivalent communication to the local
    officials or agencies through WEC, as directed by the Court System) “pertinent to
    the finding of incompetency” of the ward identified in that communication?
    Instead, it holds—with no explanation or articulation of what “pertinent to the
    finding of incompetency” means—that the Notice Form is “generated as a part of
    the Order at a Guardianship hearing and is a court record pertinent to the finding
    of incompetency.” It further states that the Form “is a written memorialization of
    the court decision as to voter competency.” These holdings require examination.
    No. 2023AP36(C)
    A. The statutory interpretation of “pertinent” in context
    ¶44    “[S]tatutory language is interpreted in the context in which it is used;
    not in isolation but as part of a whole; in relation to the language of surrounding or
    closely-related statutes; and reasonably, to avoid absurd or unreasonable results.”
    State ex rel Kalal v. Circuit Ct. for Dane Cnty., 
    2004 WI 58
    , ¶46, 
    271 Wis. 2d 633
    , 
    681 N.W.2d 110
     (citation omitted). The court will read statutory language to
    give reasonable effect to every word to avoid surplusage. 
    Id.
     Here, it is not just a
    question of what “pertinent” means, but rather how the entire phrase should be
    defined.
    ¶45    Before Reynolds, no Wisconsin cases explicitly defined what
    “pertinent” means. A travel down the centuries, however, sheds significant light
    not only on a definition of “pertinent” but how the phrase “pertinent to the finding
    of incompetency” should be applied in context. A 1906 defamation case regarding
    comments made to a grand jury, Schultz v. Strauss, 
    127 Wis. 325
    , 329, 
    106 N.W. 1066
     (1906), involved the question of whether words were “spoken in the course
    of judicial proceedings and were they pertinent and related to the subject of
    inquiry?”    Our supreme court held that “the alleged defamatory matter was
    applicable and pertinent to the subject under consideration by the grand jury, and
    that it was communicated to them in the course of a judicial proceeding.” 
    Id.
     The
    Schultz case is instructive. The comments were pertinent to the grand jury’s
    deliberation as to whether to issue a charge just as the WIS. STAT. ch. 54 petition,
    reports, and evidence are pertinent to the finding of incompetency, and for that
    reason, they, like the grand jury statements, are privileged or confidential. The
    determination of the grand jury—just as the voting eligibility determination in this
    appeal—is, however, not pertinent to the grand jury proceeding and is not
    confidential. Both the grand jury charge and the voter eligibility communications
    2
    No. 2023AP36(C)
    are expressly designed to be made public. Neither are “pertinent to the finding” of
    the respective deliberative body.
    ¶46    Next, in Bussewitz v. Wisconsin Teachers’ Ass’n, 
    188 Wis. 121
    ,
    128, 
    205 N.W. 808
     (1925), again tethering “pertinent” to what takes place in court
    on the record, the court looked back even further to a decision from 1841 to find
    that comments made in court were not subject to defamation charges, and quoted
    from that decision:
    “The question, therefore, in such cases is not whether
    the words spoken are true, not whether they are actionable
    in themselves, but whether they were spoken in the course
    of judicial proceedings, and whether they were relevant and
    pertinent to the cause or subject of inquiry. And in
    determining what is pertinent, much latitude must be
    allowed to the judgment and discretion of those who are
    intrusted with the conduct of a cause in court.”
    (quoting Hoar v. Wood, 
    44 Mass. 193
     (1841)).
    ¶47    The Bussewitz court’s favorable citation to the quote from Hoar
    evidences a decision to limit “pertinent” to those comments, spoken in the judicial
    proceeding, that relate to the “cause or subject of inquiry.” There was no effort to
    expand “pertinent” to what occurs after a judicial proceeding has concluded with a
    final order by the court.
    ¶48    A relatively recent Wisconsin case further addresses pertinent
    statements while discussing privileges and/or immunity for statements or actions
    made in the course of a judicial proceeding. In Snow v. Koeppl, 
    159 Wis. 2d 77
    ,
    81, 
    464 N.W.2d 215
     (Ct. App. 1990), when the court held that a court-ordered
    psychological evaluation for a family matter was privileged and its author was
    insulated from liability for breach of confidentiality and invasions of privacy, it
    declared that “[t]he determination whether the statements are pertinent and
    3
    No. 2023AP36(C)
    relevant to the issues is a question of law for the court [to review] and not a fact
    issue for the jury.” Here again, the Snow court (albeit combining pertinent and
    relevant) links the word “to the issues,” not to the consequences of a court order.
    
    Id.
    ¶49      This is further substantiated by the fact that the legislature has
    declared that an “‘[i]ndividual found incompetent’ means an individual who has
    been adjudicated by a court as meeting the requirements of [WIS. STAT.
    §] 54.10(3).” WIS. STAT. § 54.01(16).1 The inclusion of an adjudication or a
    finding adds context to the word “pertinent.” It emphasizes that, per Kalal, the
    word cannot be considered in isolation.               See Kalal, 
    271 Wis. 2d 633
    , ¶46.
    Additional cases add further illumination to the inquiry.
    ¶50      There are cases where “pertinent” is considered synonymous with
    “relevant” in the context of whether a character trait may be admitted into
    evidence under WIS. STAT. § 904.04(1)(a). In Milenkovic v. State, 
    86 Wis. 2d 272
    , 281, 
    272 N.W.2d 320
     (Ct. App. 1978), the court differentiated between
    pertinent and relevant, but did not define pertinent other than to note that prior
    1
    WISCONSIN STAT. § 54.10(3)(a) provides, in relevant part:
    A court may appoint a guardian of the person or a guardian of
    the estate, or both, for an individual based on a finding that the
    individual is incompetent only if the court finds by clear and
    convincing evidence that all of the following are true:
    ….
    2. For purposes of appointment of a guardian of the person,
    because of an impairment, the individual is unable effectively to
    receive and evaluate information or to make or communicate
    decisions to such an extent that the individual is unable to meet
    the essential requirements for his or her physical health and
    safety.
    4
    No. 2023AP36(C)
    sexual activity of a rape victim “is not a pertinent trait of character, nor is it
    relevant to consent in a rape case.” And, later, in State v. Davis, 
    2002 WI 75
    , ¶16,
    
    254 Wis. 2d 1
    , 
    645 N.W.2d 913
    , our supreme court explained that “‘[p]ertinent’
    refers to the relevance of the traits.” (Citing 7 Daniel Blinka, Wisconsin Practice:
    Wisconsin Evidence § 404.4, at 133 (2d ed. 2001)).
    ¶51      Neither of these cases provide much insight, nor do they show a
    tendency to expand the definition of pertinent beyond a reference to a
    determination regarding character traits. Taken altogether, these cases support a
    conclusion that “pertinent to a finding,” “pertinent to a judicial proceeding” or
    “pertinent to a specific character trait” is limited by the remainder of the phrase in
    which pertinent is embedded.
    ¶52      A perusal of dictionary definitions is, likewise, not dispositive, but is
    somewhat instructive. Merriam-Webster defines “pertinent” as “having a clear
    decisive relevance to the matter in hand.”             Pertinent, MERRIAM-WEBSTER
    DICTIONARY, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pertinent (last visited
    Oct. 31, 2023) (emphasis added). Black’s Law Dictionary defines it as “pertaining
    to the issue at hand; relevant.” Pertinent, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (8th ed.
    2004) (emphasis added). Again, this supports a conclusion that pertinent to the
    finding of incompetency contemplates information, data, and testimony that is
    referenced in the judicial proceedings and leads up to the court-ordered
    adjudication.
    ¶53      The actual order form finding incompetency (State Form No. GN-
    3170) is also on point. It specifically states, at the start, that a petition was filed, a
    hearing was held, and that the circuit court, “[a]fter consideration of the reports
    and other documents on file, all factors required by the statutes, and such
    5
    No. 2023AP36(C)
    additional information presented” finds and grants or denies the petition. The
    order concludes with the mandatory language that it “IS A FINAL ORDER FOR
    PURPOSE OF APPEAL IF SIGNED BY A CIRCUIT COURT JUDGE.” See
    WIS. STAT. § 808.03(1); Wambolt v. West Bend Mut. Ins. Co., 
    2007 WI 35
    , ¶4,
    
    299 Wis. 2d 723
    , 
    728 N.W.2d 670
    .
    ¶54    When appointing a guardian, the circuit court may order specific
    rights that are to be removed in full from the subject individual. The court can
    check a box to order that “[t]he individual has the incapacity to exercise the right
    to ... (3) register to vote or to vote in an election because the individual is unable to
    understand the objective of the elective process.” This is in a list of rights that
    “[i]f removed, ... may not be exercised by any person.”2 Therefore, no one—
    not even the guardian of the individual ward—may exercise the right to vote if that
    right has been “removed” due to a finding of incompetency.
    ¶55    After a final order “finding of incompetency” is made, the court then
    completes a Notice of Voting Eligibility and communicates that publicly to the
    local officials or agencies (as directed to do so by the Court System to WEC).
    That Notice has references to [WIS. STAT. §] ch. 54, thereby publicly putting
    WEC, the viewers of WisVote, and all voting precincts on notice that an
    individual has been declared incompetent.          Even though the Notice is also
    contained in the electronic court file, that is not dispositive because public
    documents can also be filed in confidential court files without losing their public
    2
    Seven other rights may “be removed in full or exercised by individual only with
    consent of guardian of person.”
    6
    No. 2023AP36(C)
    designation. The Notice is only completed and disseminated after a finding of
    incompetency.
    ¶56     Albeit in reference to the predecessor statute, the Wisconsin
    Attorney General has opined (interpreting WIS. STAT. § 880.33(6)) that “only the
    file containing the documents themselves are ‘records pertinent to the finding of
    incompetency.’ Only the documents themselves provide information which the
    court uses to find an individual is ‘substantially incapable of managing his
    property or caring for himself.’” 67 Wis. Op. Atty. Gen. 130, 131 (1978). 3 Once
    again, an authority4 defines documents and information that lead up to and are
    utilized in deliberations as things that are pertinent to a specific finding.
    ¶57     Thus, all of the legal authorities, all of the cases, and all of the
    dictionary definitions lead to the conclusion that there is a clear distinction
    between what is pertinent and what is pertinent to a specific finding. While
    “pertinent” could be considered similar to relevant, and could—arguably—mean
    that anything related to a judicial proceeding, whether it be before or after a court
    finding or determination, is “pertinent.”            That expansive use of the word is
    circumscribed with the addition of the rest of the limiting phrase: “to the finding
    3
    The Attorney General Opinion continued, and noted that “[t]he index and docket are
    not pertinent to the court’s consideration.” 67 Wis. Op. Atty. Gen. 130, 131. Attorney General
    Opinions are “only persuasive authority. An opinion has considerable weight if the legislature
    later amends and revises a statute but makes no changes in response to the opinion.” State ex rel.
    North v. Goetz, 
    116 Wis. 2d 239
    , 244-45, 
    342 N.W.2d 747
     (Ct. App. 1983). The statute
    referenced in the Attorney General Opinion (WIS. STAT. § 880.33(6)) was amended in 2005 (to
    WIS. STAT. § 54.75) but was not revised to alter the opinion set forth in 1978. See 2005 WIS. ACT
    387, § 471 (renumbering § 880.33(6) to WIS. STAT. § 54.75).
    4
    The Reynolds court also references this Attorney General Opinion but asserts that
    because the Notice is a part of the court file, WVA’s arguments are undercut. ___Wis. 2d ___,
    ¶30 n.8. We disagree as already detailed herein.
    7
    No. 2023AP36(C)
    of incompetency.” The inclusion of those words must mean something; they
    cannot be surplusage.
    B. The Notice of Voting Eligibility is a consequence, not a
    finding.
    ¶58    The circuit court, understandably and reasonably concerned over the
    privacy and dignity of individuals involved in guardianship proceedings and the
    possible release of sensitive information, failed to consider and differentiate the
    steps of the process “of finding incompetency” and it failed to align those steps
    with the clear legislative mandate with respect to elections and elector
    qualifications. Each step of the process must be carefully broken down and
    analyzed.
    ¶59    First, we look at what the legislature identifies as being confidential
    and what it requires to be made publicly available. As explained above, it is the
    procedure resulting in a “finding of incompetency” that is initially cloaked from
    public access. The legislature itemizes what documents, proof and procedural
    steps are inherently pertinent to that finding of incompetency: (1) the petition that
    initiates the guardianship proceeding, WIS. STAT. § 54.34(1); (2) the report of a
    guardian ad litem, if one was appointed, WIS. STAT. § 54.10(2); (3) the written
    statement by a licensed physician or licensed psychologist, or both, with the
    experts’ “professional opinion regarding the presence and likely duration of any
    medical or other condition causing the proposed ward to have incapacity,” WIS.
    STAT. § 54.36(1); (4) the jury or court hearing (as memorialized in a transcript or
    court minutes) at which the ward may challenge a finding of incompetency, WIS.
    STAT. § 54.44; and (5) the final order detailing the finding of incompetency and
    the legal consequences of such a determination, WIS. STAT. § 54.46.
    8
    No. 2023AP36(C)
    ¶60     The finding by the circuit court that is memorialized in that final
    order (Form GN-3170) is filed in the guardianship record. The order is detailed
    and contains numerous statements about the incompetency of the ward as well as
    various rights that the ward may—or may no longer—be eligible to exercise. See
    WIS. STAT. § 54.25(2)(c). That document is confidential—and rightly so due to its
    length and thorough detailed description5 of the ward’s condition. The execution
    of that order is the pure essence of the circuit court’s finding of incompetency.
    ¶61     At that point in time, the ward has been found to be incompetent.
    All of the records and forms leading up to that finding are “pertinent” to the
    finding of incompetency.             The next steps taken by the circuit court are
    consequences of such a finding.             The first of these steps is the legislature’s
    mandate that only in those cases where the right to vote has been removed, the
    circuit court must publicly acknowledge and communicate that voter ineligibility
    to the local officials or agencies (as directed to do so by the Court System through
    WEC) to preserve the sanctity of Wisconsinites’ right to vote.                        WIS. STAT.
    § 54.25(2)(c)1.g.
    ¶62     In fact, these Notices can be utilized in non guardianship instances
    where an individual is determined to be ineligible to vote.6 The fact that the form
    5
    The order allows a court to communicate the basis on which the individual was found
    to be incompetent: “a developmental disability,” “degenerative brain disorder,” “serious and
    persistent mental illness” or “other like incapacities.” Certainly, that sensitive information is not
    only pertinent to the finding of incompetency, but it is information the legislature has rightly
    declared to be confidential.
    6
    Pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 54.25(2)(c)1.g., “any elector of a municipality may petition
    the circuit court for a determination that an individual residing in the municipality is incapable of
    understanding the objective of the elective process and thereby ineligible to register to vote or to
    vote in an election.” That determination, if made by a court, is likewise to be communicated to
    the local officials or agencies (as directed to do so by the Court System through WEC). Id.
    9
    No. 2023AP36(C)
    can be used by a circuit court even when there is no guardianship case further
    bolsters the conclusion that the post-judicial-determination-of-voter-eligibility
    form is not pertinent to the finding of incompetency where it would be included in
    a confidential case file.
    IV.     The Reynolds interpretation of “pertinent to the finding of
    incompetency” is incorrect.
    ¶63     The Reynolds court concluded that the Notice of Voter Eligibility
    forms are “pertinent to the finding of incompetency” and are “therefore barred
    from disclosure under WIS. STAT. § 54.75.” ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶34. First, the
    Reynolds court disagrees with WVA’s argument (in that appeal) that the Notices
    are created after the proceedings and thus “could not have played a role in the
    court’s finding” of incompetency. Id., ¶25. The Reynolds court explained that
    WVA appeared to be trying to write words into the statute. Id., ¶26.
    ¶64     It is well recognized that courts may not add language to a statute.
    This canon of construction was nicely summarized by our supreme court in State
    v. Neill, 
    2020 WI 15
    , ¶23, 
    390 Wis. 2d 248
    , 
    938 N.W.2d 521
    , as follows:
    “One of the maxims of statutory construction is
    that courts should not add words to a statute to give it a
    certain meaning.” Fond Du Lac C[n]ty. v. Town of
    Rosendale, 
    149 Wis. 2d 326
    , 334, 
    440 N.W.2d 818
     (Ct.
    App. 1989) (citation omitted); see also Dawson v. Town of
    Jackson, 
    2011 WI 77
    , ¶42, 
    336 Wis. 2d 318
    , 
    801 N.W.2d 316
     (“We decline to read into the statute words the
    legislature did not see fit to write.” (citation omitted));
    State v. Wiedmeyer, 
    2016 WI App 46
    , ¶13, 
    370 Wis. 2d 187
    , 
    881 N.W.2d 805
     (“It is not up to the courts to rewrite
    the plain words of statutes[.]”). “[R]ather, we interpret the
    words the legislature actually enacted into law.” State v.
    Fitzgerald, 
    2019 WI 69
    , ¶30, 
    387 Wis. 2d 384
    , 
    929 N.W.2d 165
    .
    (Alterations in original).
    10
    No. 2023AP36(C)
    ¶65      While we agree that “[m]any court records that are pertinent to a
    [circuit] court’s decision—such as court forms, written opinions, and transcripts of
    proceedings in which decisions are made—are created after the court has made a
    decision,” Reynolds, ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶26, that—in and of itself—does not mean
    that every record created after such decisions necessarily are pertinent to a court’s
    findings. As explained above, there is a clear distinction between a finding and a
    consequence.
    ¶66      Next, the Reynolds opinion, like the circuit court in this appeal,
    considered the term “pertinent” and its dictionary definitions, but it did not delve
    into the word in the context of the entire phrase in which it is used. Reynolds
    looked to two dictionary definitions7 of “pertinent” and, again like the circuit court
    in this appeal, linked “pertinent” to “relevant,” concluding:
    Under any of these definitions, the requested [Notice of
    Voter Eligibility] forms are clearly “pertinent to the finding
    of incompetency.” The requested forms “hav[e] some
    7
    The Reynolds court elucidated as follows:
    [WVA]         also    offers     two      dictionary     definitions
    of “pertinent”: first, “[h]aving some connection with
    the     matter     at    hand;    relevant;     to   the     point,”
    https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/pertinen
    t (last visited Nov. 6, 2023); and second, “[p]ertaining to the
    issue at hand; relevant,” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1181 (8th
    ed. 2004). See Spiegelberg v. State, 
    2006 WI 75
    , ¶19, 
    291 Wis. 2d 601
    , 
    717 N.W.2d 641
     (in determining ordinary meaning
    of words that are undefined by statute, “[w]e may consult a
    dictionary to aid in statutory construction”). Although we do not
    perceive any consequential difference in these definitions, we
    note that a more recent edition of [WVA]’s second source
    defines “pertinent” as “[o]f, relating to, or involving the
    particular issue at hand; relevant.” Pertinent, BLACK’S LAW
    DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019).
    Reynolds, ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶27 (alterations in original).
    11
    No. 2023AP36(C)
    connection with” and “relat[e] to,” the finding of
    incompetency because they are created in the context of
    proceedings in which incompetency is determined for
    purposes of establishing guardianship. See WIS. STAT.
    § 54.25(2)(c)1.g. (“The court may, as part of a proceeding
    under [WIS. STAT. §] 54.44 in which an individual is found
    incompetent and a guardian is appointed, declare that the
    individual has incapacity to exercise ... [t]he right register
    to vote or to vote in an election.”).
    Reynolds, ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶28 (alterations in original).
    ¶67     This conclusion, based solely on the definition of pertinent, fails to
    consider how “pertinent” applies to the remainder of the phrase: “to the finding of
    incompetency.” As detailed above, this court has conducted that analysis and
    based upon the holdings in Hoar, Schultz, Bussewitz, and Snow, the word
    “pertinent” is circumscribed, and its potential expansive nature that is commonly
    linked to “relevant” is limited, when taken together with the remainder of the
    phrase in which it is used. The embedding of pertinent in the key phrase must—
    and does—mean something more than just “pertinent.” See Kalal, 
    271 Wis. 2d 633
    , ¶46 (“[S]tatutory language is interpreted in the context in which it is used; not
    in isolation but as part of a whole; in relation to the language of surrounding or
    closely-related statutes; and reasonably, to avoid absurd or unreasonable results.”).
    That something more is the legislature’s intent that a record that contains the
    voting ineligibility consequence of a limited number of circuit findings of
    incompetency is created after such a finding.               Not only that, but it is a
    consequence that statutorily must be publicly communicated to the local officials
    or agencies (as directed to do so by the Court System through WEC).
    ¶68     The circuit court was well-meaning in its effort to protect
    incompetent individuals, clearly “some of the most vulnerable citizens of
    Walworth County,” and to avoid “opening the door for intrusion into other
    confidential information to satisfy [WVA’s] objectives.”              We agree that the
    12
    No. 2023AP36(C)
    confidential, sensitive information of incompetent individuals must be protected
    (absent a court-found need for disclosure or determination that the Public Records
    Law otherwise requires disclosure), but conclude nevertheless that the Notice of
    Voting Eligibility is not pertinent to the finding of incompetency. Accordingly, it
    is subject to disclosure—in an appropriately redacted format.
    ¶69      I am authorized to state that Judge Shelley A. Grogan joins this
    concurrence.
    13
    No.      2023AP36(D)
    ¶70      NEUBAUER, J.              (dissenting). Today the majority upends
    Wisconsin’s Public Records Law, WIS. STAT. §§ 19.31-.39 (2021-22),1 and takes
    the unprecedented step of compelling the Walworth County Register in Probate to
    disclose to the public records contained in guardianship case files that this court
    recently concluded are confidential and exempt from disclosure. The majority’s
    opinion disregards this court’s obligation to adhere to prior precedent, ignores an
    applicable exception to disclosure in the Public Records Law, and tosses aside the
    analytical framework governing access to records claims. For these reasons, I
    respectfully dissent.
    I.         Reynolds Controls this Case.
    ¶71      Chief among the majority opinion’s flaws is its very existence. This
    court recently addressed the same issues raised in this appeal in Wisconsin Voter
    Alliance v. Reynolds, 
    2023 WI App 66
    , ___ Wis. 2d ___, ___ N.W.2d ___.2 In
    Reynolds, we concluded that the very same records sought by the Wisconsin
    Voter Alliance and its president, Ron Heuer (collectively, WVA), in this appeal—
    Notice of Voter Eligibility (NVE) forms contained in guardianship case files—are
    categorically exempt from disclosure under WIS. STAT. § 54.75 and a provision in
    1
    All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2021-22 version unless otherwise
    noted.
    2
    The Wisconsin Voter Alliance and Ron Heuer did not file a petition seeking review of
    our decision in Wisconsin Voter Alliance v. Reynolds, 
    2023 WI App 66
    , ___ Wis. 2d ___,
    ___N.W.2d ___, with the Wisconsin Supreme Court.
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    the Public Records Law, WIS. STAT. § 19.36(1). Reynolds, ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶20.
    The majority concedes it is bound by Reynolds unless that case can be
    distinguished.    Majority, ¶3.      Although Reynolds is not distinguishable, the
    majority refuses to follow it, preferring instead its own unsound legal analysis.
    The majority’s decision violates this court’s obligation under Cook v. Cook, 
    208 Wis. 2d 166
    , 
    560 N.W.2d 246
     (1997) to adhere to prior precedent. See 
    id.
     at 189-
    90 (“[O]nly the supreme court, the highest court in [Wisconsin], has the power to
    overrule, modify or withdraw language from a published opinion of the court of
    appeals.”).
    A. Reynolds is procedurally indistinguishable from this case.
    ¶72     In every material respect, Reynolds is on all fours with the present
    case. Both began as mandamus actions filed by WVA against county registers in
    probate seeking the disclosure of NVE forms and other information contained in
    guardianship case files under Wisconsin’s Public Records Law. See WIS. STAT.
    §§ 19.31-.39.3 In both cases, the circuit courts dismissed WVA’s petitions after
    concluding that a provision in the guardianship statutes, WIS. STAT. § 54.75,
    3
    Reynolds and this case are two of thirteen civil actions commenced by the Wisconsin
    Voter Alliance seeking writs of mandamus against county officials to obtain NVE forms. The
    other eleven are Wisconsin Voter Alliance v. Young, Brown County Circuit Court Case No. 22-
    CV-882; Wisconsin Voter Alliance v. Redman, Crawford County Circuit Court Case No. 22-CV-
    46; Wisconsin Voter Alliance v. Sheffler, Kenosha County Circuit Court Case No. 22-CV-771;
    Wisconsin Voter Alliance v. Siegenthaler, Lafayette County Circuit Court Case No. 22-CV-59;
    Wisconsin Voter Alliance v. Mayr, Langlade County Circuit Court Case No. 22-CV-86;
    Wisconsin Voter Alliance v. Goodwin, Marquette County Circuit Court Case No. 22-CV-47;
    Wisconsin Voter Alliance v. Mueller, Ozaukee County Circuit Court Case No. 22-CV-256;
    Wisconsin Voter Alliance v. Anderson, Polk County Circuit Court Case No. 22-CV-199;
    Wisconsin Voter Alliance v. Campbell, Taylor County Circuit Court Case No. 22-CV-53;
    Wisconsin Voter Alliance v. Halverson, Vilas County Circuit Court Case No. 22-CV-66; and
    Wisconsin Voter Alliance v. Peterson, Vernon County Circuit Court Case No. 22-CV-082.
    According to the Circuit Court Access Program (CCAP) website, all thirteen actions were
    commenced on July 26, 2022.
    2
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    exempted the documents and information WVA sought from disclosure under the
    Public Records Law. See Reynolds, ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶13; Majority, ¶10. In both
    cases, WVA appealed the dismissal orders and narrowed its dispute with the
    county registers to whether the NVE forms are exempt from disclosure under the
    Public Records Law. See Reynolds, ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶7; Majority, ¶10.
    ¶73    The majority’s attempts to distinguish the “procedural posture of
    Reynolds” are wholly unconvincing. Majority, ¶3 n.2. First, the majority notes
    that in Reynolds, the register in probate raised two grounds for dismissal in the
    circuit court: (1) WVA’s failure to comply with WIS. STAT. § 801.02(5), and
    (2) the “alternative” ground of failure to state a claim on which relief could be
    granted. Majority, ¶3 n.2. But Secord made the same two arguments in her
    motion to dismiss in the present case, so there is no difference between the two
    cases in that respect.
    ¶74    Next, the majority states that the circuit court in Reynolds dismissed
    WVA’s petition before WVA filed its opposition to Reynolds’ motion to dismiss.
    Majority, ¶3 n.2. Admittedly, that did not happen in the present case: WVA filed
    a brief opposing Secord’s motion to dismiss before the circuit court granted
    Secord’s motion. Why is that difference relevant or meaningful? The majority
    suggests that it left us in Reynolds without “a fully briefed, fully argued
    underlying case” and caused that appeal to “diverge[]” from this one. Id. This
    explanation does not hold water. Reynolds controls here because the parties in
    that case raised the same issues that are raised in this case.        The majority
    3
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    acknowledges that this is the key question, Majority, ¶3 n.4 (“The question is
    whether the issues vary.”), but it gives the wrong answer.4
    ¶75     Finally, the majority claims that unlike in the present case, the circuit
    court in Reynolds did not afford WVA an opportunity to “refine its request or to
    explain or defend its petition.” Majority, ¶6 n.6. This appears to be another
    reference to the fact that the circuit court in Reynolds dismissed WVA’s complaint
    before WVA filed a brief opposing Reynolds’ motion, which as explained above is
    not a meaningful distinction between Reynolds and this case.
    B. Reynolds is substantively indistinguishable from this case.
    ¶76     Because Reynolds and this case are procedurally indistinguishable
    and involve identical public records requests submitted by the same parties to
    registers in probate, Reynolds controls here and we are bound to follow it. The
    majority attempts to sidestep this obligation by claiming that its disagreement with
    Reynolds is confined to Judge Lazar’s concurring opinion. Majority, ¶3. This is
    not true. Reynolds reached multiple binding holdings that the majority opinion
    directly contravenes.
    ¶77     Reynolds concluded that the NVE forms sought by WVA in this
    case are confidential under WIS. STAT. § 54.75. It reached this conclusion by
    determining that the forms are, in the words of the first sentence of that statute,
    4
    The majority’s declaration that Reynolds only decided one of the three issues it
    identifies as raised here is simply not accurate. Nor is its assertion that Secord “focuses her entire
    argument” on the second sentence of WIS. STAT. § 54.75 in assessing whether the NVA forms are
    subject to disclosure. Majority, ¶30. The issues presented by WVA in its attempt to access the
    same NVA forms under the same statutes from a register in probate are the same; the majority
    simply attempts to distinguish them by ignoring the applicable statutes and precedent issue by
    issue.
    4
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    “court records pertinent to the finding of incompetency.” Reynolds, ___ Wis. 2d
    ___, ¶28; Sec. 54.75. This renders the forms “closed” to public access under
    § 54.75. Reynolds, ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶26. Reynolds also determined that the
    exception set forth in the second sentence of § 54.75, which permits disclosure of
    two discrete pieces of information—(1) “[t]he fact that an individual has been
    found incompetent” and (2) “the name of and contact information for” the
    individual’s guardian—to a “person who demonstrates … a need for that
    information,” does not apply to the NVE forms because they are not “the
    information referenced in this sentence.” Reynolds, ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶33 & n.9.
    In addition, Reynolds rejected WVA’s suggestion that the Wisconsin Election
    Commission’s (WEC) receipt of NVE forms following a circuit court’s
    determination that a ward’s right to vote or to register to vote should be restricted
    “might take the form outside the ‘closed’ status established by … § 54.75.”
    Reynolds, ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶32. The consequence of our statutory analysis in
    Reynolds is the NVE forms are categorically exempt from disclosure under WIS.
    STAT. § 19.36(1) of the Public Records Law, and thus, the balancing test in which
    the public’s interest in favor of disclosure is weighed against the public interest
    against disclosure does not apply. Reynolds, ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶¶22, 34 n.10; see
    also Watton v. Hegerty, 
    2008 WI 74
    , ¶¶27-28, 
    311 Wis. 2d 52
    , 
    751 N.W.2d 369
    .
    ¶78    On each of these points, the majority reaches the exact opposite
    conclusion. Contrary to Reynolds, the majority concludes that the NVE forms are
    subject to release under WIS. STAT. § 54.75. Majority, ¶4. Without analyzing the
    holding of Reynolds, or the language of the statutory exception, the majority
    counters that the second sentence of § 54.75 does apply to the forms, and simply
    skips to its conclusion that WVA has demonstrated a “need” for the forms.
    Majority, ¶4. The majority goes on to wholly ignore Reynolds’ explicit rejection
    5
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    of an argument based on the fact that the forms are sent to WEC and Reynolds’
    holding that the forms in the guardianship case files are “closed” to public access
    under § 54.75. Majority, ¶29. And finally, the majority applies the balancing test,
    concludes that the public interest in disclosure of the forms outweighs the public’s
    interest in preserving the confidentiality of guardianship records, and largely rests
    its decision to reverse the circuit court’s order on that balance of interests. Id.,
    ¶¶14-16, 19, 40. Each of these conclusions is in direct conflict with Reynolds.
    II.     The Majority’s Reinvention of Public Records Law Analysis is
    Legally Unsound.
    ¶79   The majority’s analysis largely rests on its application of a public
    interest balancing test. It does so despite Reynolds’ holding that NVE forms
    sought by WVA in this case are confidential under WIS. STAT. § 54.75 and
    therefore categorically exempt from disclosure under the Public Records Law. See
    WIS. STAT. § 19.36(1) (“Any record which is specifically exempted from
    disclosure by state or federal law or authorized to be exempted from disclosure by
    state law is exempt from disclosure under [WIS. STAT. §] 19.35(1) ….”). The
    consequences of the majority’s analysis, which enables one circuit court or two
    appellate judges to engage in public policy analysis and override statutory
    exceptions for confidential, privileged, or otherwise exempt records cannot be
    overstated. The majority’s disregard for well-established precedent and the plain
    language of § 19.36(1) exempting legislative designations of confidential or
    otherwise exempt records, amounts to and invites unchecked judicial activism.
    ¶80   As Reynolds recognized, prior cases under the Public Records Law
    have developed a multi-step test for determining the accessibility of records. In
    the first step, courts determine whether the Public Records Law applies to the
    items at issue. Democratic Party of Wis. v. DOJ, 
    2016 WI 100
    , ¶10, 
    372 Wis. 2d 6
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    460, 
    888 N.W.2d 584
    . To answer that question, a court must first assess whether
    the items are “records” as defined in WIS. STAT. § 19.32(2). See Linzmeyer v.
    Forcey, 
    2002 WI 84
    , ¶15, 
    254 Wis. 2d 306
    , 
    646 N.W.2d 811
    . If they are, the
    statutory presumption of accessibility codified in WIS. STAT. § 19.31 applies.
    Democratic Party, 
    372 Wis. 2d 460
    , ¶10.5
    ¶81     That presumption, however, “does not create an absolute right of
    access.” Watton, 
    311 Wis. 2d 52
    , ¶10. Instead, a requester who seeks access to
    public records has the right to inspect them “[e]xcept as otherwise provided by
    law.” WIS. STAT. § 19.35(1)(a). Thus, the next step in the analysis requires a
    court to determine whether “a specific statutory exemption to disclosure” or “a
    common law or public policy exception” prevents disclosure.                          Watton, 
    311 Wis. 2d 52
    , ¶¶9-10. WISCONSIN STAT. § 19.36 contains several such exemptions.
    “For the types of records described in [§ 19.36], the legislature has determined that
    they are categorically exempt from disclosure to the public.”                       Voces De La
    Frontera, Inc. v. Clarke, 
    2017 WI 16
    , ¶20, 
    373 Wis. 2d 348
    , 
    891 N.W.2d 803
    .
    ¶82     Relevant here, WIS. STAT. § 19.36(1) provides that “[a]ny record
    which is specifically exempted from disclosure by state or federal law or
    authorized to be exempted from disclosure by state law is exempt from disclosure
    5
    The majority trumpets its decision as a vindication of Wisconsin’s commitment to open
    and transparent government, Majority, ¶4 n.5, but it fails to identify a single case in which the
    judiciary has compelled disclosure notwithstanding an applicable statutory exemption. The
    majority has failed to identify a single case in which a court has engaged in a public records
    balancing test in the face of a statutory exemption. To the contrary, the cases the majority cites
    recognize that the right of public access is not absolute and will yield where that result is required
    by an explicit statutory exception to access. See, e.g., Watton v. Hegerty, 
    2008 WI 74
    , ¶10, 
    311 Wis. 2d 52
    , 
    751 N.W.2d 369
     (“[T]he presumption of access does not create an absolute right of
    access. Access to records may be denied where there is a specific statutory exemption to
    disclosure, WIS. STAT. § 19.36, or where there is a common law or public policy exception.”).
    7
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    under [WIS. STAT. §] 19.35(1).” Importantly, if this or any other exemption or
    exception applies to the records, “the analysis ends and the records will not be
    disclosed.” Democratic Party, 
    372 Wis. 2d 460
    , ¶11. If, however, no exemption
    or exception applies, the court proceeds to the final step, in which it balances the
    public interest in favor of disclosure against the public interest opposing
    disclosure. Milwaukee J. Sentinel v. DOA, 
    2009 WI 79
    , ¶¶54-55, 
    319 Wis. 2d 439
    , 
    768 N.W.2d 700
    ; Linzmeyer, 
    254 Wis. 2d 306
    , ¶24.
    ¶83    The Wisconsin Supreme Court has made clear that courts are not to
    weigh the interests for and against disclosure unless and until they determine that
    no statutory, common law, or public policy exception categorically exempts a
    record from disclosure. See, e.g., Hempel v. City of Baraboo, 
    2005 WI 120
    , ¶4,
    
    284 Wis. 2d 162
    , 
    699 N.W.2d 551
    . In Watton, for example, our supreme court
    held that statements of emergency detention possessed by a police department
    were exempted from disclosure by several statutes within Wisconsin’s Mental
    Health Act, WIS. STAT. ch. 51. Watton, 
    311 Wis. 2d 52
    , ¶20. Because the court
    determined that these statutes prohibited disclosure of the statements, the court did
    not “address Watton’s argument that the balance of interests between Wisconsin’s
    policy of open government and Gray’s interests in keeping his mental health
    records private tips in favor of disclosure.” Id., ¶28. The existence of a statutory
    exemption was the end of the analysis. See also Voces De La Frontera, 
    373 Wis. 2d 348
    , ¶44 (concluding that records were “statutorily exempt from
    disclosure under Wisconsin public records law” and thus declining to “reach the
    … balancing test”).
    ¶84    A year after Watton, in Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, the supreme
    court examined a collective bargaining agreement between the State and the
    Wisconsin State Employees Union which contained a provision prohibiting the
    8
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    State from disclosing certain information related to individuals represented by the
    union to the press and others. 
    319 Wis. 2d 439
    , ¶5. There, the court concluded
    that the legislature’s ratification of the agreement did not, by itself, create an
    exception to the Public Records Law.          Id., ¶54.   Only after reaching that
    conclusion did the court apply the balancing test to determine whether the union-
    represented individuals’ information had to be disclosed. Id.; see also Linzmeyer,
    
    254 Wis. 2d 306
    , ¶24 (analyzing balance of interests only after concluding that no
    exemptions prevented disclosure of report).
    ¶85    The majority’s analysis upends this well-established analytical path.
    The majority begins its discussion with the interest-balancing, asserting that it
    must weigh “an individual citizen’s rights to privacy in a matter of utmost
    importance to the individual’s dignity” against “the right of every Wisconsin
    citizen to the constitutional guarantee of fair elections.” Majority, ¶14. The
    majority then declares that the balance tips in favor of ensuring election integrity,
    concluding that “[e]very citizen of this state has the right” to know who is
    responsible for the purported error WVA has uncovered “because left
    unaddressed, it risks each citizen’s right to have his or her vote counted in the
    9
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    course of a fair election.” Id., ¶19. Thus, WVA has prevailed before the statutory
    analysis even begins.6
    ¶86     When the majority does reach the statute, its blink-and-you’ll-miss-it
    analysis is incomplete. The majority begins by noting that no party disputes that
    the NVE form is a “record” under WIS. STAT. § 19.32(2). Majority, ¶25. And …
    that’s about it. The majority recognizes the three categories of exceptions to
    disclosure, id., ¶26, including statutory exceptions, but asserts that “[n]o statutory
    exception” applies. Id., ¶28. But there is no analysis underlying that conclusion,
    no mention of the statutory exception in WIS. STAT. § 19.36(1) for records
    exempted from disclosure by state law, and no explanation why WIS. STAT.
    § 54.75 does not constitute such a state law. Again, all in direct conflict with
    Reynolds. Instead, the majority briefly delves back into the balance of interests
    for and against disclosure, Majority, ¶¶28-29, before concluding with a review of
    6
    What’s more, the majority’s approach to the interest-balancing is not consistent with
    Wisconsin law. The Wisconsin Supreme Court has instructed that the balancing test “must be
    applied with respect to each individual record.” Milwaukee J. Sentinel, 
    319 Wis. 2d 439
    , ¶56;
    see also Wisconsin State J. v. Blazel, 
    2023 WI App 18
    , ¶60, 
    407 Wis. 2d 472
    , 
    991 N.W.2d 450
    .
    No such individualized, form-by-form consideration appears in the majority opinion. Perhaps
    this is not surprising: the circuit court did not engage in that individualized inquiry because it
    concluded that the NVE forms were categorically exempt from disclosure under WIS. STAT.
    § 54.75. In the context of discussing the mandamus factors, the circuit court did determine that
    WVA’s stated need was speculative. The majority ignores the circuit court’s conclusion and
    jumps into the balancing analysis for itself. This is significant because, as explained in footnote
    eight of this dissent, the record contains no facts showing election integrity has been
    compromised in Walworth County.
    10
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    the four requirements for mandamus relief. Id., ¶¶31-34.7 This reasoning bears no
    resemblance to the framework set out in Democratic Party, Watton, and countless
    other public records cases. Thus, the majority’s analysis is in direct conflict with
    Reynolds and the statutory exemption at issue here, as well as WIS. STAT. ch. 19
    and well-established public records cases.
    III.    The Majority’s Reliance on the “Need” Exception Also Ignores
    Reynolds and the Statutory Language of WIS. STAT. § 54.75.
    ¶87     The majority also addresses, in a separate section, WVA’s
    “alternative” argument that it has shown a “public need” for the NVE forms.
    Majority, ¶¶35-40.        As noted above, the majority’s conclusion that WVA is
    entitled to the NVE forms cannot be reconciled with Reynolds and the text of WIS.
    STAT. § 54.75. The statute permits the disclosure of two pieces of information
    upon a showing of need—(1) “[t]he fact that an individual has been found
    incompetent” and (2) “the name of and contact information for” the individual’s
    guardian. Id. As Reynolds recognized, information regarding an individual’s
    eligibility to vote or register to vote is not accessible under this very limited
    exception. Reynolds, ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶33 & n.9. Nor is almost all of the other
    information that is displayed on the NVE form, such as the ward’s date of birth,
    7
    Before it addresses the mandamus factors, the majority accuses Secord of failing to
    “give appropriate attention” to the portion of the first sentence in WIS. STAT. § 54.75 which states
    that “court records pertinent to the finding of incompetency” are “subject to access … under an
    order of the court under this chapter.” Majority, ¶30. The majority does not explain why this
    portion of the statute merits attention, but to the extent the majority believes that it provides a
    path for WVA to obtain the NVE forms in this lawsuit, it is mistaken. WVA’s petition in this
    action seeks a writ of mandamus to compel the disclosure of records under Wisconsin’s Public
    Records Law, which is contained in Chapter 19 of the Wisconsin Statutes. Section 54.75, in
    contrast, permits access to guardianship records pursuant to an order issued “under this
    chapter”—WIS. STAT. ch. 54. A writ of mandamus issued under ch. 19 is not an order issued
    under ch. 54. Thus, the first sentence in § 54.75 is not a viable path to obtain the NVE forms.
    11
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    the guardianship case number and the date the ward was declared incompetent.
    The majority’s analysis fails to address what § 54.75 actually allows to be
    disclosed upon a showing of need and makes no attempt to explain how the NVE
    form or the information displayed on the form fits within that narrow category.8
    8
    While Reynolds is dispositive regarding the applicability of the exception in the second
    sentence of WIS. STAT. § 54.75, I note that, even if the fact that an individual had been found
    incompetent could be disclosed on a showing of need, WVA’s petition fails to make that
    showing.
    According to the majority, WVA “asserts it has an interest in seeing that the voter rolls in
    Wisconsin are accurate so that our elections comport with constitutional guarantees.” Majority,
    ¶36. But WVA’s petition does not plausibly allege any inaccuracy in the voter rolls, particularly
    as it pertains to individuals in Walworth County. As the circuit court noted, WVA does not
    allege that any person in Walworth County who is ineligible to vote as the result of being placed
    under a guardianship has voted illegally or even been sent a ballot. (The only occurrence of such
    behavior noted in the petition pertained to an individual in Outagamie County.) And WVA
    concedes it has no evidence that Secord is not sending NVE forms to WEC when the Walworth
    County Circuit Court places an individual under guardianship and finds them to be incapable of
    exercising the right to vote or to register to vote.
    Lacking such evidence, WVA relies entirely on the alleged difference between the
    number of individuals adjudicated as incompetent and placed under guardianships in Walworth
    County from 2016 through 2021 (157) and the number of persons from Walworth County who
    were listed as ineligible to vote in the database of voter registration information as of an
    unspecified date (1). That difference does not show a need to pry open Walworth County’s
    guardianship files. As Secord informed WVA in her June 24, 2022 letter, the year-by-year totals
    of adjudicated incompetents from 2016-2021
    do not differentiate between individuals who have retained rights
    and those who have had rights restricted. Individuals could be
    found incompetent and retain their right to vote, marry, serve
    on a jury, and many other rights outlined in § 54.25(2), Wis.
    Stats. Every finding of incompetency is not an automatic loss of
    voting rights.
    It is just as likely that many, if not most, of the persons placed under guardianship in Walworth
    County did not have their right to vote restricted. It is also possible that some of those individuals
    are no longer alive, no longer reside in Walworth County, or have since had their right to vote
    restored. As the circuit court aptly found, to contend that there is a “discrepancy” is entirely
    speculative. In short, the majority can point to no facts to show that there is a discrepancy or any
    wrongful voting in Walworth County.
    12
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    ¶88    If, as the majority professes, Cook requires us to follow Reynolds,
    then we must do so. Aside from that being our duty as judges, it is obviously the
    wiser course of action. What are the circuit courts presiding over WVA’s other
    mandamus actions, and the parties in those actions, supposed to do after today?
    Reynolds tells them the NVE forms are not subject to disclosure under WIS. STAT.
    § 54.75, and therefore WVA is not entitled to a writ of mandamus compelling their
    disclosure. Today, the majority tells those same courts and litigants the exact
    opposite. They are now faced with an impossible situation: they cannot follow
    both Reynolds and this case. In creating this state of affairs, the majority brings
    about the undesirable consequences foreshadowed in Cook: a fracturing of this
    court and an undermining of “the principles of predictability, certainty and finality
    relied upon by litigants, counsel and the circuit courts.” See Cook, 
    208 Wis. 2d at 189
    .
    ¶89    We do a disservice to the bench, the bar, and the public when we
    unnecessarily create such conflict and uncertainty. In its headlong rush to climb
    up and “walk[] [the] tightrope,” Majority, ¶15, between preserving the
    confidentiality of guardianship proceedings and ensuring electoral integrity, the
    majority ignores the more modest and prudent paths at its feet that were
    illuminated by Cook:
    The court of appeals, however, is not powerless if it
    concludes that a prior decision of the court of appeals or the
    supreme court is erroneous. It may signal its disfavor to
    litigants, lawyers and this court by certifying the appeal to
    this court, explaining that it believes a prior case was
    wrongly decided. Alternatively, the court of appeals may
    decide the appeal, adhering to a prior case but stating its
    belief that the prior case was wrongly decided.
    Cook, 
    208 Wis. 2d at 190
    . The majority’s failure to follow the binding precedent
    set forth in Reynolds and disregard of the analytical framework developed to
    13
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    address public records claims is an unprecedented choice with far-reaching
    implications for the rule of law in Wisconsin.
    IV.       The Concurrence’s Statutory Interpretation is Flawed.
    ¶90    I conclude by addressing the concurrence, which analyzes whether
    the NVE forms are “court records pertinent to the finding of incompetency” and
    thus “closed” to public access under WIS. STAT. § 54.75. In my view, Reynolds
    sets forth a more persuasive analysis of this statutory language, in particular the
    meaning of the word “pertinent.” Thus, I agree with Reynolds’ conclusion that the
    forms are “pertinent to the finding of incompetency.” See Reynolds, ___ Wis. 2d
    ___, ¶28. I address the concurrence to highlight what are, in my view, three errors
    in its statutory analysis.
    ¶91    First, a significant factor that leads the concurrence to conclude that
    NVE forms are not pertinent to the finding of incompetency is its belief that
    transmission of the forms from the circuit court to WEC makes the forms, and the
    information contained on them, publicly available.9            Concurrence, ¶42.       The
    concurrence contends that “voter eligibility communications are expressly
    designed to be made public,” id., ¶45; that a circuit court, upon finding an
    individual incompetent, “communicates that publicly … to WEC” via the NVE
    form, id., ¶55; and that the form itself “put[s] WEC, the viewers of WisVote, and
    all voting precincts on notice that an individual has been declared incompetent,”
    id.
    This belief also drives the majority’s balancing of interests and “need” analyses.
    9
    Majority, ¶29.
    14
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    ¶92     The concurrence’s view runs contrary to our conclusion in Reynolds
    that “the confidentiality of an NVE form contained in a circuit court file is not
    affected by WEC’s treatment of a duplicate of the same form.” ___ Wis. 2d ___,
    ¶32. The concurrence loses sight of the fact that the request at issue here seeks to
    compel disclosure of the NVE forms contained in the guardianship files of the
    register of probate, not WEC.
    ¶93     Next, in construing the phrase “pertinent to the finding of
    incompetency” in WIS. STAT. § 54.75, the concurrence relies significantly on
    several defamation cases to support its conclusion that the statutory language only
    extends to “information, data, and testimony that is referenced in the judicial
    proceedings and leads up to the court-ordered adjudication.” Concurrence, ¶¶45-
    47, 52.      Those defamation cases do not provide meaningful guidance in
    determining the scope of “pertinent” in § 54.75. In those cases, our supreme court
    considered whether the plaintiffs had stated viable defamation claims, which were
    premised on statements made in the course of judicial proceedings. See Schultz v.
    Strauss, 
    127 Wis. 325
    , 328-29, 
    106 N.W. 1066
     (1906) (assessing viability of
    defamation claim premised on a statement made during grand jury proceeding);
    Bussewitz v. Wisconsin Teachers’ Ass’n, 
    188 Wis. 121
    , 123-25, 
    205 N.W. 808
    (1925) (examining defamation claim premised on a statement made in
    counterclaim). To assess the claims’ viability, the court had to determine whether
    the statements at issue were “pertinent and related to the subject of inquiry” in the
    proceedings because if they were, they could not be the basis for a defamation
    claim. See Schultz, 
    127 Wis. at 328-29
     (“It is well recognized by numerous
    adjudications ‘that words spoken in the course of judicial proceedings, though they
    are such as impute crime to another, and therefore if spoken elsewhere, would
    15
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    import malice and be actionable in themselves, are not actionable if they are
    applicable and pertinent to the subject of inquiry.’” (citation omitted)).
    ¶94    The statements at issue in Schultz and Bussewitz were necessarily
    made in the course of judicial proceedings because the litigation privilege would
    not have been relevant had they been made outside the proceedings or after they
    had concluded.     Thus, these cases, and the others cited by the concurrence,
    specifically address the relevance of what takes place during a judicial
    proceeding—defamatory remarks or evidentiary determinations–and have nothing
    to do with whether an NVE form that is completed and sent to WEC after a
    finding of incompetency has been made is nonetheless “pertinent to” that finding.
    And, as Reynolds aptly points out, WVA’s attempt (embraced by the concurrence)
    to cabin “pertinent to the finding of incompetency” to the facts supporting the
    competency determination set forth during the proceeding, “transforms the
    language into something along the lines of ‘pertinent to the facts supporting the
    finding of incompetency,’” which is not what WIS. STAT. § 54.75 says. Reynolds,
    ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶30 n.8.
    ¶95    Finally, the concurrence faults Reynolds for not construing the term
    “pertinent” “in the context of the entire phrase in which it is used” in WIS. STAT.
    § 54.75—“pertinent to the finding of incompetency.” Concurrence, ¶66. That, in
    my opinion, ignores several key paragraphs in Reynolds.             In that case, we
    consulted several dictionary definitions of the word “pertinent,” and then
    considered those definitions with the rest of the statutory language. Reynolds, ___
    Wis. 2d ___, ¶¶28-30.       In paragraphs twenty-eight to thirty of Reynolds, we
    plugged the dictionary definitions of “pertinent” into the language of § 54.75 and
    explained why the NVE forms “‘hav[e] some connection with’ and ‘relat[e] to,’
    the finding of incompetency.”       Reynolds, ___ Wis. 2d ___, ¶¶28-30 (citation
    16
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    omitted). That is so, Reynolds states, because the forms are “created in the
    context of proceedings in which incompetency is determined for purposes of
    establishing guardianship,” id., ¶28; “contain[] information drawn directly from
    the guardianship proceedings,” id., ¶29; and were “the standard means of making a
    statutorily required report of the circuit court’s determination regarding
    restrictions to an individual’s voting rights as a result of the court’s finding of
    incompetency in a guardianship proceeding,” id., ¶30.                   The analysis in these
    paragraphs is what the concurrence incorrectly claims Reynolds lacks.10
    ****
    ¶96     No one disputes the important interest in ensuring that only those
    who are eligible to vote in Wisconsin elections are able to cast a ballot. As a state,
    we are well-served when government and the public work to make sure our
    elections are run with fairness, integrity, and fidelity to the law. Nor do I disagree
    with the majority that Wisconsin law embodies a strong commitment to allowing
    the public access to the workings of government. But the importance of these
    interests is not a license to trample or disregard other important aspects of
    10
    Equally unavailing, after reviewing a handful of irrelevant cases, several ancient, the
    concurrence declares that “all of the legal authorities, all of the cases, and all of the dictionary
    definitions” support its attempt to cabin “pertinent” to facts considered during a judicial
    proceeding. Concurrence, ¶57. Again, WIS. STAT. § 54.75 does not limit its reach to facts
    supporting the finding of incompetency, or to findings of incompetency. The concurrence’s
    analysis adds words and ignores the plain language of the statute: all records pertinent to the
    finding of incompetency are confidential.
    17
    No. 2023AP36(D)
    Wisconsin law. Today the majority does just that.11 It fails to adhere to precedent
    and to apply the well-established analysis that governs Public-Records-Law
    claims. It purports to vindicate the interest in ensuring voting integrity even
    though WVA has presented no evidence of irregularities in Walworth County.
    And it compels the disclosure of confidential court records expressly exempted
    from disclosure by statute. Because I do not agree with the majority’s analysis or
    conclusion, I respectfully dissent.
    11
    The majority’s flawed public policy analysis appears to be driven by its belief that the
    legislature should not have afforded confidential status to wards and, without any factual support,
    that the statutory reporting system to local election officials risks error. The proper route to
    address such matters is through the legislature. See State v. Pocian, 
    2012 WI App 58
    , ¶12, 
    341 Wis. 2d 380
    , 
    814 N.W.2d 894
    ; Meriter Hosp., Inc. v. Dane County, 
    2004 WI 145
    , ¶35, 
    277 Wis. 2d 1
    , 
    689 N.W.2d 627
     (“If a statute fails to cover a particular situation, and the omission
    should be cured, the remedy lies with the legislature, not the courts.” (citation omitted)).
    Recognizing this to be the case, several bills have been proposed to address the reporting system,
    including a proposal to require prompt reporting of a determination of incompetency to vote to
    WEC by email, as well as to local officials, to ensure that these individuals are identified as
    ineligible. See, e.g., 2023 A.B. 567. I do not highlight these pending bills, as the majority
    suggests, to suggest that we refrain from deciding this case until they are enacted into law.
    Majority, n.20. I do so to illustrate the point that, given the relevant statutes as they currently
    exist, it is the legislature’s role, not this court’s, to devise a remedy for the issues WVA claims to
    have uncovered. Whether such proposals are enacted or not, as discussed herein, the majority
    overrides the current statutes to craft its own approach, and makes public personal, sensitive, and
    confidential information of individuals who have complied with the law, so that WVA can do a
    comparison to the public voter database.
    18
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 2023AP000036

Filed Date: 12/27/2023

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 9/9/2024