State v. Daniel J. Lewer ( 2021 )

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
December 22, 2021
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.
Appeal No. 2020AP446-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2017CF1331
STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT II
STATE OF WISCONSIN,
PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,
V.
DANIEL J. LEWER,
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for
Waukesha County: MICHAEL P. MAXWELL, Judge. Affirmed.
Before Gundrum, P.J., Neubauer and Reilly, JJ.
Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent or
authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).
No. 2020AP446-CR
¶1 PER CURIAM. Daniel Lewer appeals from a judgment convicting
him of operating while intoxicated (7th, 8th or 9th offense) and from a circuit
court order denying his postconviction motion alleging plain error relating to the
jury instruction for “operating” and ineffective assistance of trial counsel.1 We
affirm.
¶2 At trial, Lewer conceded that he was intoxicated, but he denied that
he operated his motorcycle within the meaning of WIS. STAT. § 346.63(1)(a)
(2017-18)2 because he walked or pushed his motorcycle from the bar to the
location where the police found him with his toppled motorcycle. Using the
standard jury instruction, the circuit court instructed the jury about the meaning of
“operate:”
Section 346.63(1)(a) of the Wisconsin Statutes is violated
by one who operates a motor vehicle on a highway while
under the influence of an intoxicant. Before you may find
the defendant guilty of this offense, the State must prove by
evidence which satisfies you beyond a reasonable doubt
that the following two elements were present:
One, the defendant operated a motor vehicle on a highway.
“Operate” means the physical manipulation or activation of
any of the controls of a motor vehicle necessary to set it in
motion. Two, the defendant was under the influence of an
intoxicant at the time the defendant operated a motor
vehicle.
¶3 At trial, a police officer testified that he responded to a call about a
man (Lewer) slumped over his motorcycle on the side of the road. The
Lewer’s counsel informed this court that Lewer has passed away. The appeal
1
continues. State v. McDonald, 144 Wis. 2d 531, 536-37, 424 N.W.2d 411 (1988) (right to appeal
continues despite defendant’s death).
2
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2017-18 version unless otherwise
noted.
2
No. 2020AP446-CR
motorcycle’s kickstand was not down, and the approximately 731-pound
motorcycle was tipped over on its right side with Lewer still on it. The
motorcycle’s engine was not running and its lights were not on. The ignition was
in the unlocked position, and no key was found at the scene or on Lewer’s person.
Lewer was unclear about his prior movements and where he was heading. The
officer detected the odor of intoxicants and other indicia of intoxication, including
unsteadiness when standing. Lewer refused testing and failed field sobriety tests.
After being arrested, Lewer told the officer, “I didn’t refuse. I know what it is. I
know I’m going away.” The officer testified that while Lewer was at the hospital
for a blood draw, he essentially stated “he knows he was wrong. He messed up.
His blood is going to be taken and he is going to go away for a long time.” 3 At the
jail, Lewer said “all I did was go for drinks and ride home and you pulled me
over.” The officer testified on cross-examination that Lewer nodded his head in
the affirmative when asked if he drove the motorcycle and stated that he “dumped
my [ride or Harley].” Lewer did not tell the officer that he walked the motorcycle
from the bar to the place where the officer found him.
¶4 The bartender testified that after Lewer stumbled out of the bar, he
heard a motorcycle start. Various videos from the night of Lewer’s arrest show
that Lewer had difficulty coordinating his movements. About four minutes after
Lewer left the bar, a homeowner noticed him slumped on his motorcycle outside
her property and called police. Although she did not hear a motorcycle arrive
outside her house, the homeowner testified, “[t]he traffic is white noise after
awhile.” The police chief of the municipality where Lewer was arrested testified
3
Lewer’s blood alcohol concentration was .324, well in excess of lawful levels given his
prior operating while intoxicated convictions.
3
No. 2020AP446-CR
that in his experience as a motorcycle rider, a motorcycle like Lewer’s could be
started without a key if the ignition was in the “on” position.
¶5 Lewer testified that he was intoxicated when the police officer found
him and his level of intoxication caused him to have memory problems about the
events culminating in his arrest. As best as he could recall, he left his keys at his
mother’s house and rode his motorcycle from his mother’s house to the bar. When
he left the bar, he straddled the motorcycle and walked it away from the bar to
where he was found. Lewer attributed to his inebriation any statements he made
to the police that suggested he drove rather than walked the motorcycle.
¶6 Lewer’s private investigator walked the motorcycle from the bar to
the place where Lewer was found. The investigator was not intoxicated when he
made the trip. The investigator’s walking trip took five minutes and fifteen
seconds. Based on the bartender’s testimony about the time Lewer left the bar and
when the bartender heard the motorcycle start and the time the homeowner noticed
Lewer outside her property, Lewer’s trip on the night of his arrest took
approximately four minutes.
¶7 Lewer’s plain error claim originates in two questions the jury
submitted. During deliberation, the jury asked: (1) “Does ‘putting in reverse’ or
‘raising the kickstand’ qualify as ‘physical manipulation of controls’”? and
(2) “Does ‘putting in motion’ necessitate that its machine generated motion or can
it be human generated?” The court discussed the questions with counsel, and both
lawyers agreed that the operating instruction should stand as given, and the jurors
should be directed to read the instruction again. As to both questions, the court
instructed the jury to “[c]onsider the instruction as written based upon your
common sense and experience.” The jury convicted Lewer.
4
No. 2020AP446-CR
¶8 Postconviction, Lewer argued that the circuit court committed plain
error when it failed to clarify the meaning of operate for what he contends was a
confused jury. Lewer further argued that his trial counsel was ineffective for not
objecting to the circuit court’s refusal to clarify the jury instruction.
¶9 In rejecting Lewer’s plain error4 claim after a hearing, the circuit
court noted that as with the initial jury instructions, the “necessity for, the extent
of, and the form of re-instruction” in response to inquiries from the jury is within
the circuit court’s discretion. State v. Simplot, 180 Wis. 2d 383, 404, 509 N.W.2d
338 (Ct. App. 1993) (citation omitted). The circuit court concluded that the
operating jury instruction accurately stated the law and it was not error to direct
the jury to re-read the instruction.
¶10 Whether plain error occurred presents a question of law we review
independently. State v. Bell, 2018 WI 28, ¶8, 380 Wis. 2d 616, 909 N.W.2d 750.
¶11 As noted, the circuit court gave the standard jury instruction defining
“operate.” Lewer relies upon Milwaukee County v. Proegler, 95 Wis. 2d 614, 291
N.W.2d 608 (Ct. App. 1980), and Village of Cross Plains v. Haanstad, 2006 WI
16, 288 Wis. 2d 573, 709 N.W.2d 447, to argue that “operate” requires a running
engine. Therefore, Lewer argues, in response to the jury’s questions about
“putting in reverse” or “raising the kickstand” and human generated motion, the
circuit court should have given a clarifying instruction emphasizing the need for a
running engine.
4
Lewer must allege plain error affecting a substantial right because his counsel
acquiesced in the circuit court’s decision to direct the jury to the previously provided instruction.
See State v. Paulson, 106 Wis. 2d 96, 104-05, 315 N.W.2d 350 (1982) (a plain error claim may
be lodged in the absence of a proper objection).
5
No. 2020AP446-CR
¶12 Lewer reads Proegler and Haanstad too broadly. By its terms, the
definition of operating in WIS. STAT. § 346.63(3)(b) is not restricted to a running
engine. Operating requires “physical manipulation or activation of any of the
controls of a motor vehicle necessary to put it in motion.” WIS. STAT.
§ 346.63(3)(b). Lewer has not provided any authority for the proposition that
lifting a motorcycle’s kickstand,5 putting the motorcycle in reverse or moving it
without a running engine does not constitute operating such that the standard jury
instruction should have been modified in response to the jury’s questions. We
agree with the State that a reasonable jury could conclude that lifting a
motorcycle’s kickstand constituted “physical manipulation” of a control necessary
to put the motorcycle in motion. Furthermore, using its common sense and
experience, the jury could have disbelieved Lewer’s claim that he walked the
engine-off motorcycle in favor of finding more credible the evidence that he
started the engine and drove the motorcycle until it toppled (the bartender’s
testimony about hearing the motorcycle start, Lewer’s intoxicated state, memory
and coordination problems, Lewer’s statements and responses to law enforcement
from which it could be reasonably inferred that he started and drove the
motorcycle, and the amount of time that elapsed between Lewer’s departure from
the bar and being found with the toppled motorcycle versus Lewer’s private
investigator’s reconstruction of the motorcycle’s journey). We conclude that the
circuit court properly exercised its discretion when it referred the jury to the
operating instruction previously given. The record does not show plain error.
Simplot, 180 Wis. 2d at 405.
5
When the officer found Lewer on his topped motorcycle, the kickstand was up, not
down.
6
No. 2020AP446-CR
¶13 Because the circuit court did not commit plain error, we need not
address Lewer’s claim that his trial counsel was ineffective for not advocating for
something other than directing the jury’s attention to the previously given
instruction. We decide cases “on the narrowest possible ground.” State v.
Blalock, 150 Wis. 2d 688, 703, 442 N.W.2d 514 (Ct. App. 1989) (we do not reach
issues we need not reach if other issues dispose of the appeal).
¶14 Postconviction, Lewer lodged another ineffective assistance of trial
counsel claim: during closing argument trial counsel disclosed that Lewer was a
felon, a fact previously unknown by the jury. In his closing, trial counsel said:
Well, as pointed out multiple times Mr. Lewer is a
convicted felony [sic] with nine convictions on his record.
He has had some contact with the police. Do you think that
might have an effect on how willingly he is able to
communicate with the police and offer what really
happened.
¶15 At the evidentiary hearing on Lewer’s postconviction motion, trial
counsel testified that his observation of the jurors led him to worry that they did
not believe Lewer’s testimony that he walked his motorcycle. Counsel wanted to
help the jury understand why Lewer did not tell the officer on the night of his
arrest the same information he provided to the jury: he walked the motorcycle
from the bar to where he was found. In an attempt to place Lewer’s night of arrest
conduct in another context, counsel asked the jury to consider that Lewer’s
significant prior criminal history and his status as a felon may have motivated him
“to not want to talk to the cops.”
¶16 In urging the circuit court to conclude that his trial counsel was
ineffective, Lewer argued that revealing that he was a felon was substantially more
prejudicial than the evidence before the jury of his nine unspecified prior
7
No. 2020AP446-CR
convictions. The State countered that trial counsel’s revelation was not
significantly more prejudicial than the evidence of Lewer’s nine prior convictions,
trial counsel made a strategic decision to try to shape the jury’s assessment of
Lewer’s testimony, and even if trial counsel erred, it was not reasonably probable
the result of the trial would have been different had trial counsel refrained from
revealing Lewer’s status as a felon.
¶17 The circuit court rejected Lewer’s ineffective assistance of trial
counsel claim. Relying upon trial counsel’s testimony about why he revealed
Lewer’s status as a felon, the circuit court found that counsel made a strategic
decision to do so. We uphold the circuit court’s factual finding because it is not
clearly erroneous. State v. Jeannie M.P., 2005 WI App 183, ¶6, 286 Wis. 2d 721,
703 N.W.2d 694.
¶18 Ineffective assistance of counsel requires a showing of deficient
performance and prejudice. Id. We determine both de novo. See id. We are not
persuaded by Lewer’s appellate argument that trial counsel’s strategy was
unreasonable under all of the circumstances of the trial. A “strategic decision …
founded on rationality of fact and law” is not deficient performance. See State v.
Brewer, 195 Wis. 2d 295, 300, 536 N.W.2d 406 (Ct. App. 1995). Furthermore,
considering the evidence we have previously discussed, we see no prejudice
because it is not reasonably probable that the outcome would have been different
had trial counsel refrained from describing Lewer as a felon. See State v. Reed,
2002 WI App 209, ¶17, 256 Wis. 2d 1019, 650 N.W.2d 885. The jury knew that
Lewer had numerous prior convictions and as discussed elsewhere in this opinion,
the jury had the right to rely upon evidence before it that Lewer left the bar and
started and drove his motorcycle. The inability to show prejudice dooms Lewer’s
8
No. 2020AP446-CR
ineffective assistance of counsel claim. See State v. Moats, 156 Wis. 2d 74, 101,
457 N.W.2d 299 (1990).
¶19 Because we have rejected Lewer’s challenges to his conviction, we
also reject his request for a new trial in the interest of justice.
By the Court.—Judgment and order affirmed.
This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.
RULE 809.23(1)(b)5.
9