State of West Virginia ex rel. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corp. v. Judge Moats, and State of West Virginia ex rel. Johnson & Johnson v. Judge Moats ( 2021 )

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
FILED
January 2021 Term June 11, 2021
released at 3:00 p.m.
EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
Nos. 20-0694 and 20-0751
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA EX REL.
AMERISOURCEBERGEN DRUG CORPORATION, ET AL.,
Petitioners
v.
THE HONORABLE ALAN D. MOATS, LEAD PRESIDING JUDGE,
OPIOID LITIGATION, MASS LITIGATION PANEL, ET AL.,
Respondents
AND
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA EX REL.
JOHNSON & JOHNSON, ET AL.,
Petitioners
v.
THE HONORABLE ALAN D. MOATS, LEAD PRESIDING JUDGE,
OPIOID LITIGATION, MASS LITIGATION PANEL, ET AL.,
Respondents
ORIGINAL PROCEEDING IN PROHIBITION
PETITION FOR PROHIBITION NO. 20-0751 DENIED
PETITION FOR PROHIBITION NO. 20-0694 DENIED IN PART AND
GRANTED IN PART
Submitted: February 17, 2021
Filed: June 11, 2021
Albert F. Sebok, Esq. Lindsay S. See, Esq.
Gretchen M. Callas, Esq. Solicitor General
Candice M. Harlow, Esq. Ann L. Haight, Esq.
Charleston, West Virginia Deputy Attorney General
JACKSON KELLY PLLC Vaughn T. Sizemore, Esq.
Todd A. Mount, Esq. Deputy Attorney General
SHAFFER & SHAFFER, PLLC Abby G. Cunningham, Esq.
Madison, West Virginia Assistant Attorney General
Counsel for Petitioner Charleston, West Virginia
AmerisourceBergen Linda Singer, Esq.
Drug Corporation Elizabeth Smith, Esq.
Motley Rice LLC
Michael W. Carey, Esq. Charles R. “Rusty” Webb
Steven R. Ruby, Esq. The Webb Law Centre, PLLC
Raymond S. Franks II, Esq. Charleston, West Virginia
David R. Pogue, Esq. Counsel for Respondent State of West
CAREY DOUGLAS KESSLER & Virginia ex rel. Patrick Morrisey,
RUBY PLLC Attorney General
Charleston, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioner Cardinal
Health, Inc. Anthony Majestro, Esq.
Powell & Majestro, PLLC
Webster J. Arceneaux III, Esq. Charleston, West Virginia
LEWIS GLASSER, PLLC Paul T. Farrell, Jr., Esq.
Charleston, West Virginia Farrell Law
Counsel for Petitioners Rite Aid of Huntington, West Virginia
West Virginia, Inc. and Rite Aid of Robert P. Fitzsimmons, Esq.
Maryland, Inc. d/b/a Rite Aid Mid- Clayton J. Fitzsimmons, Esq.
Atlantic Customer Support Center Mark A. Colantonio, Esq.
FITZSIMMONS LAW FIRM PLLC
Erik W. Legg, Esq. Wheeling, West Virginia
FARRELL, WHITE & LEGG PLLC Letitia N. Chafin, Esq.
Huntington, West Virginia THE CHAFIN LAW FIRM, PLLC
Counsel for Petitioners Endo Williamson, West Virginia
Pharmaceuticals Inc.; Endo Health Kevin C. Harris, Esq.
Solutions Inc.; Par Pharmaceutical Eric J. Holmes, Esq.
Companies, Inc.; Par Pharmaceutical LAW OFFICES OF HARRIS &
Inc. HOLMES, PLLC
Ripley, West Virginia
Keith A. Jones, Esq. Anne McGinness Kearse, Esq.
JONES LAW GROUP, PLLC Natalie Deyneka, Esq.
Charleston, West Virginia MOTLEY RICE LLC
Steven A. Luxton, Esq. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina
MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS Counsel for Respondent Counties and
LLP Municipalities
Washington, DC
Counsel for Petitioners Watson Stephen B. Farmer, Esq.
Laboratories, Inc.; Warner Chilcott FARMER, CLINE & CAMPBELL,
PLLC
Company, LLC; Actavis Pharma, Inc. Charleston, West Virginia
f/k/a Watson Pharma, Inc.; Actavis Timothy R. Linkous, Esq.
South Atlantic LLC; Actavis Kadian LINKOUS LAW, PLLC
LLC; Actavis Laboratories UT, Inc.; Morgantown, West Virginia
Actavis Laboratories FL, Inc. f/k/a Counsel for Respondent Hospitals
Watson Laboratories, Inc.-Florida;
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.; and
Cephalon, Inc.
Michael B. Hissam, Esq.
J. Zak Ritchie, Esq.
HISSAM FORMAN DONOVAN
RITCHIE PLLC
Charleston, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioner Mylan
Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Ronda L. Harvey, Esq.
Fazal A. Shere, Esq.
Marc F. Mignault, Esq.
Gabriele Wohl, Esq.
BOWLES RICE LLP
Charleston, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioners The Kroger
Co., Kroger Limited
Partnership I, and
Kroger Limited Partnership II
Jon B. Orndorff, Esq.
Kelly Calder Mowen, Esq.
LITCHFIELD CAVO, LLP
Barboursville, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioner Noramco, Inc.
Keith A. Jones, Esq.
JONES LAW GROUP, PLLC
Charleston, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioner Anda, Inc.
Rita Massie Biser, Esq.
Moore & Biser PLLC
South Charleston, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioner Henry Schein,
Inc.
Neva G. Lusk, Esq.
Tai Shadrick Kluemper, Esq.
SPILMAN THOMAS & BATTLE,
PLLC
Charleston, West Virginia
Elbert Lin, Esq.
HUNTON ANDREWS KURTH LLP
Richmond, Virginia
Counsel for Petitioner Walmart Inc.
and Wal-Mart Stores East, LP
Bryant J. Spann, Esq.
Robert H. Akers, Esq.
THOMAS COMBS & SPANN,
PLLC
Charleston, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioners Walgreen Co.
and Walgreens Boots Alliance, Inc.
Carte P. Goodwin, Esq.
Joseph M. Ward, Esq.
Alex J. Zurbuch, Esq.
FROST BROWN TODD LLC
Charleston, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioners CVS Indiana
L.L.C.; CVS Rx Services, Inc.; CVS
TN Distribution, L.L.C.; CVS
Pharmacy, Inc.; and West Virginia
CVS Pharmacy, L.L.C.
Christopher D. Pence, Esq.
Wm. Scott Wickline, Esq.
Hardy Pence PLLC
Charleston, West Virginia
Sarah M. Benoit, Esq.
ULMER & BERNE LLP
Columbus, Ohio
Counsel for Petitioners Amneal
Pharmaceuticals LLC; Amneal
Pharmaceuticals of New York, LLC;
and Impax Laboratories, LLC
Stephen D. Annand, Esq.
Keith J. George, Esq.
Marisa R. Brunetti, Esq.
ROBINSON & MCELWEE, PLLC
Charleston, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioners Mallinckrodt
LLC; Mallinckrodt Brand
Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Mallinckrodt
Enterprises LLC; and SpecGX LLC
Marc E. Williams, Esq.
Robert L. Massie, Esq.
Jennifer W. Winkler, Esq.
NELSON MULLINS RILEY &
SCARBOROUGH LLP
Huntington, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioners Janssen
Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Ortho-McNeil-
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. n/k/a
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.;
Janssen Pharmaceutica, Inc. n/k/a
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; and
Johnson & Johnson
William R. Slicer, Esq.
Shuman McCuskey Slicer PLLC
Charleston, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioners Abbott
Laboratories and Abbott Laboratories,
Inc.
John H. Mahoney II, Esq.
DINSMORE & SHOHL LLP
Huntington, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioner Fruth
Pharmacy, Inc.
Todd A Mount, Esq.
SHAFFER & SHAFFER, PLLC
Madison, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioner H.D. Smith
LLC f/k/a H.D. Smith Wholesale
Drug Company
Tim J. Yianne, Esq.
Patricia M. Bello, Esq.
LEWIS BRISBOIS BISGAARD &
SMITH LLP
Charleston, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioners Allergan
Finance, LLC f/k/a Actavis, Inc. f/k/a
Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc.;
Allergan Sales, LLC; Allergan USA,
Inc.; and Warner Chilcott Sales (US),
LLC
JUSTICE WALKER delivered the Opinion of the Court.
CHIEF JUSTICE JENKINS and JUSTICE ARMSTEAD dissent in No. 20-0751, concur
in part and dissent in part in No. 20-0694, and reserve the right to file separate opinions.
JUSTICE HUTCHISON concurs in Nos. 20-0751 and 20-0694 and reserves the right to
file a separate opinion.
JUSTICE WOOTON concurs in No. 20-0751, concurs in part and dissents in part in No.
20-0694, and reserves the right to file a separate opinion.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. “A writ of prohibition will not issue to prevent a simple abuse of
discretion by a trial court. It will only issue where the trial court has no jurisdiction or
having such jurisdiction exceeds its legitimate powers. W. Va. Code 53-1-1.” Syllabus
Point 2, State ex rel. Peacher v. Sencindiver, 160 W. Va. 314, 233 S.E.2d 425 (1977).
2. “A trial court exceeds its legitimate powers when it denies a jury trial
to one entitled thereto who makes a proper demand therefor.” Syllabus Point 2, State ex
rel. W. Va. Truck Stops, Inc. v. McHugh, 160 W. Va. 294, 233 S.E.2d 729 (1977).
3. “In determining whether to entertain and issue the writ of prohibition
for cases not involving an absence of jurisdiction but only where it is claimed that the lower
tribunal exceeded its legitimate powers, this Court will examine five factors: (1) whether
the party seeking the writ has no other adequate means, such as direct appeal, to obtain the
desired relief; (2) whether the petitioner will be damaged or prejudiced in a way that is not
correctable on appeal; (3) whether the lower tribunal’s order is clearly erroneous as a matter
of law; (4) whether the lower tribunal’s order is an oft repeated error or manifests persistent
disregard for either procedural or substantive law; and (5) whether the lower tribunal’s
order raises new and important problems or issues of law of first impression. These factors
are general guidelines that serve as a useful starting point for determining whether a
discretionary writ of prohibition should issue. Although all five factors need not be
satisfied, it is clear that the third factor, the existence of clear error as a matter of law,
i
should be given substantial weight.” Syllabus Point 4, State ex rel. Hoover v. Berger, 199
W. Va. 12, 483 S.E.2d 12 (1996).
ii
WALKER, Justice:
Beginning in 2017, various cities, counties, hospitals, and the State of West
Virginia sued manufacturers and distributors of prescription opioid pain medication and
other defendants. This Opioid Litigation is now more than eighty lawsuits pending before
the Mass Litigation Panel. In the consolidated petitions before us, Petitioners are
defendants in the Opioid Litigation who ask this Court for extraordinary relief prohibiting
enforcement of the Panel’s recent rulings that (1) Petitioners do not have a right to a jury
trial of Respondents’ public nuisance claims (liability only); and (2) those same public
nuisance claims are not subject to the 2015 amendments to West Virginia’s comparative
fault statute. Respondents, who are plaintiffs in the Opioid Litigation, urge us not to disturb
these rulings by the Panel. For the reasons discussed below, we grant in part and deny in
part Petition No. 20-0694 and deny Petition No. 20-0751. We conclude that the Panel did
not clearly err when it found that the 2015 amendments do not apply to the public nuisance
claims. But, we also find that the Panel did clearly err by not safeguarding Petitioners’
right to try issues common to Respondents’ public nuisance claims and their legal claims
to a jury.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In June 2019, this Court referred five cases filed by West Virginia county
commissions against manufacturers and distributors of prescription opioid pain medication
and other defendants to the Panel, pursuant to Rule 26.06(c)(3) of the West Virginia Trial
1
Court Rules (the Opioid Litigation). 1 The Panel consists of seven active or senior status
circuit court judges, appointed by the Chief Justice with the approval of this Court. Its
function is to efficiently manage and resolve mass litigation, like the Opioid Litigation,
which now includes more than eighty lawsuits brought by the State of West Virginia,
counties, municipalities, and hospitals against several categories of defendants and in
various combinations.
All Petitioners are defendants in the Opioid Litigation. All Respondents are
plaintiffs in the Opioid Litigation. For the sake of clarity, we refer to Petitioners,
collectively as “Defendants,” and Respondents, collectively, as “Plaintiffs.” Where a
particular issue pertains only to the State, or does not pertain to the State, we say so.
During a status conference on December 6, 2019, the Panel proposed that the
parties consider resolving all public nuisance claims (liability only) in a non-jury trial, to
be conducted before trying remedies for the nuisance claims or any other claims. The Panel
acknowledged that Camden-Clark Memorial Hospital Corp. v. Turner 2 (Camden-Clark)
1
See W. Va. Trial Court Rule 26.06(c)(3) (“The Chief Justice, whether acting
directly upon the motion or upon the recommendation of the Panel member or members,
shall enter an order either granting or denying the motion, or providing modified relief.
The order shall be filed with the Clerk of the Supreme Court of Appeals who shall send a
copy of the order to the Panel Chair and to the clerk(s) of the circuit court(s) where the
actions are pending for service on all parties.”). This Court also ordered that all then-
pending, later-filed, and later-remanded cases involving the same or similar common
questions of law or fact be joined before the Panel. That order resulted in the Opioid
Litigation, from which the petitions before the Court arise.
2
212 W. Va. 752, 575 S.E.2d 362 (2002).
2
may limit its ability to try an equitable claim before allowing a jury to decide related, legal
claims. Specifically, the Panel stated:
Injunctions regularly are decided by courts. It is an
equitable type remedy ordinarily that wouldn’t be entitled to a
jury trial. It would be decided by the court.
The [c]ourt would determine what the proper abatement
is. [The Federal District Court for the Northern District of
Ohio] is dealing with that. He took the position, as I understand
it, that there is no absolute right to a jury trial, but he decided
to give them one.
Well, we haven’t decided that. We have a case,
[Camden-Clark], that says where there are legal issues coupled
with injunctive - - a request for injunctive relief, the legal issue,
if it is to be tried by a jury, it is to go first.
***
Now right now the question is well, are our hands tied
under [Camden-Clark]?
***
Then we will finish the matter when that is complete
and set the rest of it aside for the time being or you can rely on
[Camden-Clark] and say, no, I am not going to do it, that this
is going to be a war to the bitter end.
Still, the Panel encouraged the parties to consider a Phase I Trial. 3 In later filings, Plaintiffs
expressed support for a Phase I Trial, while Defendants rejected the proposal. 4
3
The State was not then a part of the Opioid Litigation. The Panel permitted it to
join the mass litigation on February 19, 2020.
4
Plaintiffs represent that McKesson Corp. has stipulated to a non-jury trial of the
public nuisance claims against it. According to briefing before the Panel, this came about
after certain Plaintiffs agreed to limit their claims to public nuisance in exchange for
3
On February 19, 2020, the Panel issued an order, applicable to all cases,
formalizing its earlier proposal and ordering the Phase I Trial. The Panel reasoned that
West Virginia Rule of Civil Procedure 39(a) empowered it to act on its own initiative to
find that a right to a jury trial did not exist as to a particular issue, so that it could order a
non-jury trial of Plaintiffs’ public nuisance claims (liability only) over Defendants’
objections. 5 The Panel concluded that the public nuisance claims sounded in equity, and
not law, so article III, § 13 of the West Virginia Constitution—guaranteeing a right to a
jury trial in suits at “common law” 6—did not preclude the Phase I Trial. Finally, the Panel
McKesson Corp.’s consent to a bench trial. In addition, in “All Plaintiffs’ Consolidated
Memorandum of Law In Opposition to Certain Defendants’ (1) Motion for Clarification or
Reconsideration of Order Regarding Trial Liability for Public Nuisance; (2) Motion for
Clarification or Reconsideration of Orders Regarding Public Nuisance Trial Plan; (3)
Motion for Dismissal of County and Municipal Plaintiffs’ Public Nuisance Claims for Lack
of Standing; and (4) Motion for Dismissal of the Hospital Plaintiffs’ Public Nuisance
Claims for Lack of Standing,” Plaintiffs stated that they “remain[ed] willing to enter into
[such a] stipulation with all Defendants.”
5
W. Va. R. Civ. P. 39(a) (“When trial by jury has been demanded as provided in
Rule 38 or a timely motion or request therefor has been made under subdivision (b) of this
rule, the action shall be designated upon the docket as a jury action. The trial of all issues
so demanded or requested shall be by jury, unless (1) the parties or their attorneys of record,
by written stipulation filed with the court or by an oral stipulation made in open court and
entered in the record, consent to trial by the court sitting without a jury or (2) the court
upon motion or of its own initiative finds that a right of trial by jury of some or all of those
issues does not exist under the Constitution or statutes of the State.”).
6
W. Va. CONST. art. III, § 13 (“In suits at common law, where the value in
controversy exceeds twenty dollars exclusive of interest and costs, the right of trial by jury,
if required by either party, shall be preserved; and in such suit in a court of limited
jurisdiction a jury shall consist of six persons. No fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise
reexamined in any case than according to rule of court or law.”).
The right to a jury trial in federal courts, guaranteed by the Seventh Amendment,
has not been extended to states through the Fourteenth Amendment. See Bostic v. Mallard
4
distinguished Camden-Clark, which it had previously recognized as a potential bar to the
Phase I Trial, as an employment law case that did not outweigh “‘the national public health
emergency . . . in West Virginia [posed by] opioid and drug addiction.’” 7
In March 2020, certain Defendants filed a motion, applicable to all cases,
urging the Panel to reconsider its February 19, 2020, order. 8 Defendants argued that the
Panel could not conduct the Phase I Trial without violating their right to try Plaintiffs’
other, legal claims to a jury. 9 Citing this Court’s decision in West Virginia Human Rights
Commission v. Tenpin Lounge, Inc., 10 along with similar, federal authority, 11 those
Defendants asserted that the Panel had to permit a jury to decide all issues common to
Plaintiffs’ equitable and legal claims before conducting the Phase I Trial; otherwise, the
Coach Co., Inc., 185 W. Va. 294, 301, 406 S.E.2d 725, 732 (1991). “However, the
interpretation of that amendment by the U.S. Supreme Court can certainly inform our
understanding of our similar state jury trial guarantee.” Bishop Coal Co. v. Salyers, 181
W. Va. 71, 76–77, 380 S.E.2d 238, 243–44 (1989).
7
Page 7 of the Panel’s order of February 19, 2020 (quoting Gov. Justice Issues
Statement on President Trump’s Declaration of National Public Health Emergency OFFICE
OF THE GOVERNOR JIM JUSTICE (Aug. 11, 2017) available at
https://governor.wv.gov/News/press-releases/2017/Pages/Gov.-Justice-Issues-Statement-
on-President-Trump’s-Declaration-of-National-Public-Health-Emergency.aspx (last
visited March 3, 2021)).
8
The title page of the Motion for Reconsideration states that it applies to all cases.
9
Defendants did not concede that Plaintiffs’ public nuisance claims were equitable.
10
158 W. Va. 349, 211 S.E.2d 349 (1975).
11
See, e.g., Beacon Theatres, Inc. v. Westover, 359 U.S. 500 (1959).
5
Panel would deprive Defendants of their right to try those issues to a jury. These
Defendants also argued that because Plaintiffs sought money to abate the alleged public
nuisance, the public nuisance claims are legal claims that must be tried to a jury. 12 In May
2020, certain Defendants filed a “Supplemental Brief and Motion for Clarification or
Reconsideration of Orders Regarding Public Nuisance Trial Plan,” applicable to all cases,
and renewed their arguments that the Phase I Trial violated their right to a jury trial. 13
Meanwhile, certain Defendants filed notices of nonparty fault under the 2015
Act. 14 In June 2020, Plaintiffs—excluding the State—moved to strike the notices of
12
Defendants also argued that the monetary relief sought by Plaintiffs could not be
deemed “incidental” to any equitable relief, as this Court’s precedent, McMechen, et al. v.
Hitchman-Glendale Consolidated Coal Co. et al., 88 W. Va. 633, 107 S.E. 480 (1921),
conflicted with more recent decisions of this Court and the Supreme Court of the United
States. Defendants also distinguished proceedings in the Federal District Court of the
Southern District of West Virginia, in which three distributors had agreed to a bench trial,
and disputed Plaintiffs’ ability to secure a prospective remedy insofar as they alleged a
temporary and continuing public nuisance.
13
Defendants also challenged the Phase I Trial on due process grounds, disputed
the practicality of conducting a single trial of all public nuisance claims (liability only),
advocated for a “bellwether” trial of the City of Clarksburg and Harrison County’s claims
and appropriate discovery, and contested the Panel’s ability to bifurcate the liability for
public nuisance from causation. Those issues are not now before the Court.
14
See W. Va. Code § 55-7-13d(a)(2) (2015) (“Fault of a nonparty shall be
considered if the plaintiff entered into a settlement agreement with the nonparty or if a
defending party gives notice no later than one hundred-eighty days after service of process
upon said defendant that a nonparty was wholly or partially at fault. Notice shall be filed
with the court and served upon all parties to the action designating the nonparty and setting
forth the nonparty’s name and last-known address, or the best identification of the nonparty
which is possible under the circumstances, together with a brief statement of the basis for
believing such nonparty to be at fault . . . .”).
6
nonparty fault. 15 Plaintiffs argued that the 2015 Act did not apply to their public nuisance
claims because those claims accrued before the 2015 Act took effect. And, even if the
public nuisance claims accrued after the Act’s effective date, they argued that it would still
not apply to the public nuisance claims because those claims are equitable and do not seek
damages—a prerequisite to the 2015 Act’s application. For the same reason, they argued
that a predecessor to the 2015 Act did not apply to their public nuisance claims, either.
Defendants responded that Plaintiffs’ claim accrual argument was a “judicial admission
that their nuisance claims are time-barred.” Defendants also argued that the public
nuisance claims sought damages, and not equitable relief, so the 2015 Act applied to those
claims.
Also in June 2020, Defendants in the State’s case filed notices of nonparty
fault. The next month, the State moved to strike those notices. The State argued that the
notices did not identify the nonparties alleged to be at fault with the specificity required by
the 2015 Act. The State also argued that the 2015 Act did not apply to its claims seeking
abatement of public nuisance and for equitable relief and civil penalties for alleged
The notice filed by AmerisourceBergen Drug Corporation, for example, identified
categories of nonparties that it contended were wholly or partially at fault for the harm
alleged by Plaintiffs or any recovery in the case. These categories are, among others,
nonparty pharmacies, nonparty pharmacists, nonparty prescribing practitioners, nonparty
individuals involved in illegal drug sales, and nonparty pharmaceutical manufacturers.
15
When the motion was filed, no party that had been sued by the State had filed a
notice of nonparty fault. The State, however, supported the motion to strike.
7
violations of the West Virginia Consumer Credit and Protection Act (WVCCPA). 16
Finally, the State argued that its public nuisance claim had accrued before the effective
date of the 2015 Act. Defendants in that case responded that the State’s claim accrual
argument amounted to an admission that its public nuisance claim was time-barred and that
the State sought damages for its public nuisance and WVCCPA claims, meaning that the
2015 Act applied and that they could pursue a theory of nonparty fault.
On July 23, 2020, the Panel denied certain Defendants’ pending (1) motion
for reconsideration and (2) motion for clarification or reconsideration of the Panel’s orders
regarding the Phase I Trial. The Panel emphasized its broad authority to adopt procedures
to fairly and efficiently manage and resolve matters, such as the Opioid Litigation, and
rejected Defendants’ proposal to conduct a bellwether trial of one city’s and one county’s
public nuisance claims (liability and remedies). A state-wide trial, the Panel explained,
was conducted in the Tobacco and Asbestos Litigations and had worked. The Panel found
Defendants’ bifurcation argument equally unpersuasive and clearly communicated its
commitment to a non-jury trial of the public nuisance claims (liability only), as those claims
and the abatement remedy were equitable, so that Defendants had no right to try them to a
jury. 17 Finally, the Panel found that its trial plan provided for sufficient discovery.
16
W. Va. Code § 46A-1-101, et seq.
The Panel also ruled that the Phase I Trial (nuisance liability) would include the
17
determination of causation. The Panel observed that both Plaintiffs and Defendants
contended that causation should be part of the Phase I Trial (nuisance liability).
8
The Panel granted Plaintiffs’ (excluding the State) motion to strike
Defendants’ notices of nonparty fault on July 29, 2020. The Panel recounted its February
order regarding the non-jury trial of Plaintiffs’ public nuisance claims (liability only) and
reiterated its determination that those public nuisance claims are equitable. The Panel
distinguished the equitable remedy of abatement from the damages remedy to which the
2015 Act applies. 18 The Panel recognized Defendants’ argument that abatement is
traditionally accomplished by injunctive relief—not payment of money—but found that its
powers to fashion equitable relief are broad, and that nothing precludes it from ordering
Defendants to pay the costs associated with abating the alleged public nuisance (assuming
any Defendants are found liable). Because the Panel decided the question based on its
determination that the public nuisance claims are equitable, it did not reach Plaintiffs’ claim
accrual argument and Defendants’ responsive, statute of limitations argument. The Panel
then entered an order on August 4, 2020, incorporating its July 29, 2020, order, and
granting the State’s motion to strike notices of nonparty fault as to its public nuisance and
WVCCPA claims.
These petitions followed. In Petition No. 20-0694, Defendants challenge the
Panel’s February 19, 2020, and July 23, 2020, orders (relating to jury trial of the public
nuisance claims); and July 29, 2020 order (relating to applicability of 2015 Act to cities’,
See W. Va. Code § 55-7-13c(a) (stating that “[i]n any action for compensatory
18
damages, the liability of each defendant for compensatory damages shall be several only
and may not be joint”).
9
counties’, and hospitals’ public nuisance claims). In Petition No. 20-0751, Johnson &
Johnson and additional defendants—sued by the State—challenge the Panel’s August 4,
2020, order relating to applicability of the 2015 Act to the State’s public nuisance claim. 19
Pursuant to the Rule to Show Cause, entered December 3, 2020, the petitions were
consolidated for purposes of oral argument, consideration, and decision.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“This Court is restrictive in the use of prohibition as a remedy.” 20 “A writ of
prohibition will not issue to prevent a simple abuse of discretion by a trial court. It will
only issue where the trial court has no jurisdiction or having such jurisdiction exceeds its
legitimate powers. W. Va. Code 53-1-1.” 21 “[E]xtraordinary remedies are reserved for
‘really extraordinary causes,’” 22 and not “as a substitute for an appeal.” 23 “[P]rohibition
may be invoked when it clearly appears that the trial court is without jurisdiction or has
19
Petitioners in Petition No. 20-0751 do not challenge that portion of the August 4,
2020, order in which the Panel found that the State’s WVCCPA claim was not subject to
the 2015 Act.
20
State ex rel. W. Va. Fire & Cas. Co. v. Karl, 199 W. Va. 678, 683, 487 S.E.2d
336, 341 (1997).
21
Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. Peacher v. Sencindiver, 160 W. Va. 314, 233 S.E.2d 425(1977).
22
State ex rel. Vanderra Res., LLC v. Hummel, 242 W. Va. 35, 40, 829 S.E.2d 35,
40 (2019) (quoting Am. El. Power Co. v. Nibert, 237 W. Va. 14, 19, 784 S.E.2d 713, 718
(2016)).
State ex rel. Owners Ins. Co. v. McGraw, 233 W. Va. 776, 780, 760 S.E.2d 590,
23
594 (2014).
10
exceeded its legitimate powers” 24—for example, “when [the trial court] denies a jury trial
to one entitled thereto who makes a proper demand therefor.” 25
In cases that do not involve an allegation that the lower court has acted
without jurisdiction, we consider five factors to determine whether to issue the
discretionary writ of prohibition. These factors are:
(1) whether the party seeking the writ has no other adequate
means, such as direct appeal, to obtain the desired relief; (2)
whether the petitioner will be damaged or prejudiced in a way
that is not correctable on appeal; (3) whether the lower
tribunal’s order is clearly erroneous as a matter of law; (4)
whether the lower tribunal’s order is an oft repeated error or
manifests persistent disregard for either procedural or
substantive law; and (5) whether the lower tribunal’s order
raises new and important problems or issues of law of first
impression. These factors are general guidelines that serve as a
useful starting point for determining whether a
discretionary writ of prohibition should issue. Although all
five factors need not be satisfied, it is clear that the third factor,
the existence of clear error as a matter of law, should be given
substantial weight.[26]
24
Syl. Pt. 10, in part, State ex rel. Lynn v. Eddy, 152 W. Va. 345, 163 S.E.2d 472(1968).
Syl. Pt. 2, in part, State ex rel. W. Va. Truck Stops, Inc. v. McHugh, 160 W. Va.
25294, 233 S.E.2d 729 (1977). See Louis J. Palmer, Jr. & Robin Jean Davis, LITIGATION
HANDBOOK ON WEST VIRGINIA RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 1044 (2017) (“A denial of a
jury demand as a matter of right may be challenged through a writ of mandamus.”).
26
Syl. Pt. 4, in part, State ex rel. Hoover v. Berger, 199 W. Va. 12, 483 S.E.2d 12(1996).
11
It bears repeating that those “factors are general guidelines that serve as a useful starting
point for determining whether a discretionary writ of prohibition should issue.” 27
III. ANALYSIS
Defendants contend that the Panel committed several clear errors of law that
mandate this Court’s intervention by extraordinary writ. Defendants argue that the Panel
misapplied state and federal law to find that Plaintiffs’ public nuisance claims are
“equitable,” rather than “legal.” Similarly, they assert that the Panel fundamentally
misunderstood the nature of the abatement remedy claimed by Plaintiffs. It is not, they
argue, an equitable remedy; it is a claim for damages. According to Defendants, those clear
legal errors have impacted the Opioid Litigation in two ways. First, they claim that the
errors resulted in the erroneous denial of Defendants’ right to try Plaintiffs’ public nuisance
claims (liability only) to a jury. And, second, Defendants contend that the errors led to the
Panel’s erroneous conclusion that the 2015 Act does not apply to Plaintiffs’ public nuisance
claims and alleged abatement remedy. Additionally, and alternatively, Defendants argue
that the Panel clearly erred when it found that the Phase I Trial would not deprive
Defendants of their right to try Plaintiffs’ other, legal claims to a jury. We address
Defendants’ arguments regarding the nature of Plaintiffs’ public nuisance claims and
alleged remedy, before turning to Defendants’ alternative argument.
27
Syl. Pt. 4, in part, id. (emphasis added).
12
A. Nature of the Public Nuisance Claims and Abatement Remedy
The nature of Plaintiffs’ public nuisance claims and abatement remedy
matters for two reasons: Defendants’ right to try those claims (liability only) to a jury and
the applicability of the 2015 Act to the claims. We outline each of those contexts before
addressing Defendants’ arguments.
“Prior to the introduction of the Rules of Civil Procedure, a right to a jury
trial existed in an action at law. In an equitable dispute, however, the right to a jury trial
did not exist.” 28 Law and equity merged in 1960, 29 but that merger “did not extend the
right of jury trial to civil cases that, before the merger, would have been in equity,” 30 and
the legal-equitable distinction still matters for purposes of the jury trial right. “In
determining whether an action is legal or equitable in nature, both the issues involved and
the remedy sought are examined,” 31 but we give greater weight to the remedy sought. 32 In
28
Little v. Little, 184 W. Va. 360, 362, 400 S.E.2d 604, 606 (1990).
29
See W. Va. R. Civ. P. 2 (“There shall be one form of action to be known as ‘civil
action’.”) (Eff. July 1, 1960; amended eff. Apr. 6, 1998).
30
E. Shepherdstown Dev., Inc. v. J. Russell Fritts, Inc., 183 W. Va. 691, 695, 398
S.E.2d 517, 521 (1990) (citing Syl. Pt. 1, Tenpin Lounge, 158 W. Va. at 349, 211 S.E.2d
at 349) (emphasis in original).
31
Realmark Dev., Inc. v. Ranson, 214 W. Va. 161, 164, 588 S.E.2d 150, 153 (2003).
32
See Bishop Coal Co., 181 W. Va. at 77, 380 S.E.2d at 244 (“The test most often
applied by the Supreme Court under its expansive reading of the seventh amendment is
whether the relief sought is essentially legal (e.g. money damages) or equitable (e.g.
injunctive relief).”).
13
short, the right to a jury trial “applies where the legal remedy of damages is full and
adequate and can do complete justice between the parties.” 33
As for the 2015 Act, it provides that “[i]n any action for damages, the liability
of each defendant for compensatory damages[34] shall be several only and may not be
joint.” 35 Under § 55-7-13c(a), a defendant may “be liable only for the amount of
compensatory damages allocated to that defendant in direct proportion to that defendant’s
percentage of fault[.]” 36 The Legislature has provided that when “assessing percentages of
fault, the trier of fact shall consider the fault of all persons who contributed to the alleged
damages,” including nonparties. 37 Under West Virginia Code § 55-7-13d(a)(2) and (3),
when a defendant has properly raised the question of nonparty fault, and the jury assesses
a percentage of fault to that nonparty, “any recovery by a plaintiff shall be reduced in
proportion to the percentage of fault chargeable to such nonparty.” 38 So, whether
33
Realmark Dev., 214 W. Va. at 164, 588 S.E.2d at 153 (internal quotation omitted).
West Virginia Code § 55-7-13b (2015) defines “compensatory damages” as
34
“damages awarded to compensate a plaintiff for economic and noneconomic loss.”
35
Id. § 55-7-13c(a) (2015).
36
Id.
37
Id. § 55-7-13d(a)(1) (2015).
38
Id. § 55-7-13d(a)(2), (3).
14
Plaintiffs’ public nuisance claim is a “legal” claim that seeks “damages” is one key
consideration for both the jury trial right and applicability of the 2015 Act.
Under our decision in Realmark v. Ranson, the determination of whether a
claim is legal or equitable requires examination of “the issues involved and the remedy
sought[.]” 39 As to the issue in this case—public nuisance—we observe that “[c]ourts of
equity have an ancient and unquestionable jurisdiction to prevent or abate public
nuisance[.]” 40 But, we also observe the opposite. For example, while one court found that
the public nuisance claim before it was equitable, it noted that nuisance claims seeking
damages had, in some cases, been heard by a jury before the merger of law and equity. 41
As to the remedy sought by Plaintiffs—abatement—we have recognized that injunctive
relief is frequently the means by which a public nuisance is prevented or abated. 42 But,
other courts have recognized that an injunction may entail the payment of money by a
39
Realmark Dev., 214 W. Va. at 164, 588 S.E.2d at 153.
Town of Weston v. Ralston, 48 W. Va. 170, 194, 36 S.E. 446, 456 (1900)
40
(Brannon, J., concurring).
41
N.A.A.C.P. v. AcuSport, Inc., 271 F. Supp. 2d 435, 467 (E.D. N.Y. 2003). The
court distinguished these cases from the public nuisance claim before it because the latter
did not seek damages.
42
See, e.g., Duff v. Morgantown Energy Assocs. (M.E.A.), 187 W. Va. 712, 716, 421
S.E.2d 253, 257 (1992) (in the course of considering whether trial court properly enjoined
alleged private and public nuisance, stating that “[w]hile courts generally grant injunctions
to abate existing nuisances, there is also authority for courts to enjoin prospective or
anticipatory nuisances”).
15
defendant. 43 Defendants analogize Plaintiffs’ public nuisance claims and abatement
remedy to other claims and remedies ultimately found to be legal for purposes of the jury-
trial right, including a claim for unjust enrichment,44 a claim for front pay (rather than
reinstatement) under the Whistle-Blower Law, 45 an action to recover sums fraudulently
transferred out of a bankruptcy estate, 46 a suit for damages couched as one to enforce an
employee benefit plan’s reimbursement provision pursuant to § 502(a)(3) of the Employee
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, 47 and a suit seeking damages in fraud that was
essentially a tort action. 48 These cases include language supportive of Defendants’
position, generally—that monetary payments are damages—but they do not arise in the
43
Compare United States v. Price, 688 F.2d 204, 213 (3d Cir. 1982) (payments to
fund diagnostic study were appropriate component of injunctive relief because “[i]t is not
unusual for a defendant in equity to expend money in order to obey or perform the act
mandated by an injunction. Injunctions, which by their terms compel expenditures of
money, may similarly be permissible forms of equitable relief. In all cases the question the
court must decide is whether, considering all of the circumstances, it is appropriate to grant
the specific relief requested”) with Jaffee v. United States, 592 F.2d 712, 715 (3d Cir. 1979)
(plea for injunction ordering United States to provide medical care for soldiers exposed to
radiation was a “disguised claim for damages”).
44
Realmark Developments, 214 W. Va. at 164, 588 S.E.2d. at 164.
45
Thompson v. Town of Alderson, 215 W. Va. 578, 581, 600 S.E.2d 290, 293 (2004).
46
Granfinanciera, S.A. v. Nordberg, 492 U.S. 33, 49 (1989).
47
Great-W. Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v. Knudson, 534 U.S. 204, 218 (2002).
48
See Syl. Pt. 1, Wilt v. Crim, 87 W. Va. 626, 105 S.E. 812 (1921).
16
context of a public nuisance claim or abatement remedy. And, general statements may also
be found that support the contrary proposition. 49
Defendants have provided orders from actions pending in other states’ courts
and a federal district court analyzing public nuisance claims brought against prescription
opioid manufacturers and distributors, among others. The Federal District Court of the
Northern District of Ohio has ruled that similar, public nuisance claims are equitable. 50
The Supreme Court of the State of New York has ruled that similar, public nuisance claims
are legal. 51 And, in a one-page order, the District Court of Cleveland County, State of
Oklahoma, found that the State of Oklahoma’s public nuisance claim was equitable. 52
Defendants have not brought to our attention a decision by any appellate court reviewing
these orders.
We grant the extraordinary remedy of prohibition “to correct only
substantial, clear-cut, legal errors plainly in contravention of a clear statutory,
constitutional, or common law mandate which may be resolved independently of any
49
See, e.g., Curtis v. Loether, 415 U.S. 189, 196 (1974) (indicating that the Supreme
Court of the United States would not “go so far as to say that any award of monetary relief
must necessarily be ‘legal’ relief”).
50
In re Nat’l Prescription Opiate Litig., No. 1:17-MD-2804, 2019 WL 4043938, at
*1 (N.D. Ohio Aug. 26, 2019).
51
In re Opioid Litigation, No. 400000/2017 (Sup. Ct. New York, May 19, 2020).
52
State of Oklahoma v. Purdue Pharma L.P., No. CJ-2017-816 (D. Ct. of Cleveland
Cty., Ok. Apr. 16, 2019).
17
disputed facts[.]” 53 In view of the conflicting authorities outlined above, we cannot say
now that the Panel’s ruling—that Plaintiffs’ public nuisance claims are not legal claims for
damages that would trigger the constitutional jury trial right, or that are subject to the 2015
Act—is so clear-cut, or so plainly in contravention of a clear legal mandate as to merit
issuance of the extraordinary remedy of prohibition on those grounds. 54 For that reason,
we deny the writ requested by Petition No. 20-0751, challenging the Panel’s August 4,
2020, order as it relates to the applicability of the 2015 Act to the State’s public nuisance
claim. And, we deny in part the writ requested in Petition in No. 20-0694, insofar as it
seeks relief from (1) the Panel’s July 29, 2020, order granting Plaintiffs’ motion to strike
notices of non-party fault and (2) the portions of the Panels’ orders of February 19, 2020,
and July 23, 2020, denying Defendants’ requests for a jury trial of Plaintiffs’ public
nuisance claims (liability only) on the grounds that those claims are legal, and not
equitable.
53
State ex rel. Vanderra Res., LLC, 242 W. Va. at 40, 829 S.E.2d at 40 (internal
quotation omitted).
54
Defendants ask the Court to intervene in the extremely early stages of these cases.
West Virginia is a notice pleading state and the underlying litigation is in its early days.
See, e.g., Sticklen v. Kittle, 168 W. Va. 147, 163, 287 S.E.2d 148, 157 (1981) (“Such
simplified ‘notice pleading’ is made possible by the liberal opportunity for discovery and
the other pretrial procedures established by the Rules to disclose more precisely the basis
of both claim and defense and to define more narrowly the disputed facts and issues.”)
(internal quotation omitted). In discovery, Defendants will have the opportunity to
ascertain the particulars of Plaintiffs’ public nuisance theory and abatement remedy. Then,
the Panel may require Plaintiffs to describe the claims and their remedy, with particularity,
in their pre-trial memoranda. That description may clarify the application of the authorities
discussed above to the public nuisance claims and the abatement remedy.
18
But, the preceding analysis does not dictate a blanket denial of the writ
requested in Petition No. 20-0694. There, Defendants make an alternative argument
against the Panel’s Phase I Trial: that the Panel cannot conduct a bench trial on liability
for Plaintiffs’ public nuisance claims without violating Defendants’ right to try Plaintiffs’
other, indisputably legal claims to a jury. 55 For the reasons discussed below, we find that
Defendants are entitled to a writ, as moulded, on this alternative ground.56
B. Overlapping Issues
West Virginia Rule of Civil Procedure 18(a) enables joinder of legal and
equitable claims. 57 Consequently, a single action may include claims that require a jury
trial (i.e., claims for legal relief) and claims that do not. The question becomes then, in
what order shall those claims be tried when they share a common issue? We addressed the
55
As noted by the Solicitor General during oral argument, this alternative
argument—and so our conclusion, below, to grant in part Petition No. 20-0694—does not
apply to the State, which has brought claims for public nuisance and violation of the
WVCCPA. As noted above, that portion of the Panel’s August 4, 2020, order finding that
the State does not seek damages for its claim under the WVCCPA is not challenged in this
instance.
56
Because we have determined that the Panel’s ruling—Plaintiffs’ public nuisance
claims are not legal claims for damages—is not a clear error mandating an extraordinary
remedy, we proceed to address Defendants’ alternative argument. By analyzing
Defendants’ alternative argument, we do not endorse or shield from future review the
Panel’s ruling as to the non-legal nature of Plaintiffs’ public nuisance claims and abatement
remedy.
57
W. Va. R. Civ. P 18(a) (“Joinder of Claims. A party asserting a claim to relief as
an original claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, may join, either as
independent or as alternate claims, as many claims, legal or equitable, as the party has
against an opposing party.”).
19
effect of joinder of legal and equitable claims upon the jury trial right in Tenpin Lounge.
In that case, the West Virginia Human Rights Commission filed suit seeking specific
performance of a conciliation agreement with Tenpin Lounge. 58 Tenpin denied the
allegations and demanded a jury trial. 59 The Commission moved, essentially, to strike the
jury demand, and the circuit court denied the motion. The parties tried the case to a jury,
which found for Tenpin Lounge. The Commission appealed the judgment order and
argued, in part, that the circuit court erred when it had allowed the Commission’s specific
performance claim to go to a jury.
We first stated that “generally [] one is not entitled to a jury trial of equitable
issues.” 60 So, the circuit court did not err when it allowed the Commission’s equitable
claim to go to a jury because the Commission did not have a right to a non-jury trial of that
claim. 61 We explained that:
This matter may be summed up by the following quote
from 2B Barron and Holtzoff, Federal Practice and
Procedure, § 873, p. 32 (Rules ed. 1961): “The usual practice
is to try the legal issues to the jury and to try the equitable
issues to the court. Where there are some issues common to
both the legal and equitable claims, the order of trial must be
such that the jury first determines the common issues. The
court may, if it chooses, submit all the issues to the jury. There
is no constitutional right to a trial without a jury and reversible
58
Tenpin Lounge, 158 W. Va. at 351, 211 S.E.2d at 351.
59
Id. at 352, 211 S.E.2d at 351.
60
Id. at 353, 211 S.E.2d at 352.
61
Id. at 354, 211 S.E.2d at 352.
20
error cannot be predicated upon the submission of equitable
issues of fact to a jury.” We adhere to the principles so
expressed and accordingly find that the plaintiff’s position is
without merit. See Hurwitz v. Hurwitz, 78 U.S.App.D.C. 66,
136 F.2d 796, 148 A.L.R. 226 (1943); Lugar & Silverstein,
W.Va.Rules, p. 308; Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and
Procedure: Civil § 2334.[62]
Tenpin Lounge preserves the trial court’s flexibility to order the trial, so long as a jury first
decides the issues common to the legal and equitable claims.
Defendants argue here that common issues pervade the determination of
public nuisance liability and Plaintiffs’ legal claims. For example, the pleadings included
in the appendix for Petition No. 20-0694 bear this out. 63 The complaint filed by the
Monongalia County Commission, the Marion County Commission, the Doddridge County
Commission, the Randolph County Commission, and the Upshur County Commission—
included in its entirety in the appendix—contains ten claims: public nuisance, unjust
enrichment, fraud by concealment, negligence and negligent marketing, fraud and
intentional misrepresentation (manufacturer defendants), negligence and
misrepresentation, negligence, malicious and intentional conduct, negligence or medical
malpractice, and negligence and intentional diversion and distribution. Each claim
62
Id. at 354–55, 211 S.E.2d at 352–53.
63
During oral argument, counsel for city and county Plaintiffs acknowledged that
there are legal claims in the cities’ and counties’ complaints. The appendix record does
not include a complete complaint filed by a hospital plaintiff; but, the hospital plaintiffs do
not oppose Defendants’ representations that the complaints include legal claims, in
addition to the hospitals’ claims for public nuisance.
21
expressly incorporates the hundreds of factual allegations that precede it. Importantly,
Plaintiffs do not disagree with Defendants’ characterization of the overlap of their public
nuisance claims (liability only) and legal claims, nor do they contend that those other
claims are equitable and not legal. And, they do not protest that the legal claims are entirely
independent of their public nuisance claims (liability only). 64 Without that opposition, we
are left to conclude that Defendants have, in fact, identified overlapping issues among
Plaintiffs’ public nuisance (liability only) and legal claims. Applying Tenpin Lounge, a
jury must decide those overlapping issues.
Plaintiffs contend that the Phase I Trial does not infringe on Defendants’ jury
trial rights because they will get to try Plaintiffs’ legal claims to a jury—at some point. But
that argument doesn’t account for the logic that underpins Tenpin Lounge and similar,
federal authority: the danger that a “prior judicial determination of the equitable claim
effectively may well defeat the jury trial right on the legal claim because the determination
of the claim’s equitable aspects would prevent any relitigation of those issues, either
through res judicata or collateral estoppel, whichever doctrine bears on the particular legal
claim.” 65 Plaintiffs suggest that those concerns “will not become ripe unless and until there
64
Compare 9 CHARLES ALLEN WRIGHT & ARTHUR R. MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE
AND PROCEDURE § 2338 (4th ed. 2008) (stating that “there is no difficulty in giving the
judge discretion to decide trial order if the legal issues are independent of the equitable
issues, so that resolution of one will not affect the determination of the other. In cases of
that type, the question merely is one of the court’s administrative convenience and the
judge’s sense of how the trial of the case should proceed.”).
Id. at § 2305 (emphasis added). See also In re Nat’l Prescription Opiate Litig.,
65
2019 WL 4621690, at *3 (“Also supporting the decision to try nuisance liability to the jury
22
is a Phase III trial on damages claims (following the nuisance liability and abatement
remedy proceedings) or other causes of action that do not sound in equity.” Again, we are
not persuaded. If a court waits, as Plaintiffs suggest, then it acts in a fashion opposite to
this Court’s guidance in Tenpin Lounge, and undervalues this Court’s statement that
“reversible error cannot be predicated upon the submission of equitable issues of fact to a
jury.” 66
Finally, Plaintiffs argue that the Panel may exercise its discretion to craft an
efficient trial plan, and that the Panel appropriately exercised that discretion when it
ordered the Phase I Trial. We agree that courts managing highly complex litigation have
and need “significant flexibility and leeway with regard to their handling of these cases.” 67
“[I]nnovative means of trial management” are necessary to expeditiously resolve matters
is Supreme Court authority holding clearly that all facts found by a jury in adjudicating
legal claims, which are also relevant to the plaintiffs’ equitable claims, are binding on a
court’s subsequent determination of those equitable claims.”).
66
Tenpin Lounge, 158 W. Va. at 354, 211 S.E.2d at 53 (internal quotation omitted).
Plaintiffs encourage us to adopt the Panel’s stance that Camden-Clark, 212 W. Va. at 752,
575 S.E.2d at 362, is limited to the employment context, so the case is neither controlling
nor persuasive. While we do not agree that our holding in Camden-Clark cannot apply
outside the employment context, we also recognize that the case was, in part, driven by the
Court’s concern that an employer could “game” the system if permitted to “seek an
injunction before taking action adverse to an employee, and thus greatly reduce the
likelihood that a jury would ever hear that employee’s potential counterclaims.” Id. at 761,
575 S.E.2d at 371. Even if Camden-Clark is distinguishable, Tenpin Lounge still squarely
applies.
State ex rel. Mobil Corp. v. Gaughan, 211 W. Va. 106, 111, 563 S.E.2d 419, 424
67
(2002) (citing State ex rel. Appalachian Power Co. v. MacQueen, 198 W. Va. 1, 6, 479
S.E.2d 300, 305 (1996)).
23
like the Opioid Litigation, 68 which is why a presiding judge is empowered “to adopt any
procedures deemed appropriate to fairly and efficiently manage and resolve Mass
Litigation.” 69 But, those goals cannot override a party’s constitutionally-protected right to
a jury trial. 70 The Manual for Complex Litigation expressly recognizes this and advises
caution in similar circumstances. 71
Defendants have demonstrated that extraordinary relief is warranted to
preserve their right to try Plaintiffs’ legal claims to a jury. To the extent that the public
nuisance liability determination and Plaintiffs’ legal claims present common issues, the
order of trial must be such that the jury first determines those common issues. For that
reason, we grant in part and deny in part the writ requested in Petition No. 20-0694. We
emphasize that the issued writ is narrow and impacts only those issues common to
determination of liability for public nuisance and Plaintiffs’ legal claims. 72
68
State ex rel. Allman v. MacQueen, 209 W. Va. 726, 731, 551 S.E.2d 369, 374
(2001).
69
W. Va. Trial Ct. Rule 26.08.
70
See Syl. Pt. 3, State ex rel. Appalachian Power Co., 198 W. Va. at 1, 479 S.E.2d
at 300 (“A creative, innovative trial management plan developed by a trial court which is
designed to achieve an orderly, reasonably swift and efficient disposition of mass liability
cases will be approved so long as the plan does not trespass upon the procedural due process
rights of the parties.”).
71
MANUAL FOR COMPLEX LITIGATION (FOURTH) § 11.632 (2007).
72
See Tenpin Lounge 158 W. Va. at 354, 211 S.E.2d at 353 (“‘Where there are some
issues common to both the legal and equitable claims, the order of trial must be such that
the jury first determines the common issues. The court may, if it chooses, submit all the
24
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons discussed above, we deny the writ sought in Petition No. 20-
0751, and grant in part and deny in part the writ sought in Petition No. 20-0694.
PETITION FOR PROHIBITION NO. 20-0751 DENIED
PETITION FOR PROHIBITION NO. 20-0694 DENIED IN PART AND
GRANTED IN PART.
issues to the jury. There is no constitutional right to a trial without a jury and reversible
error cannot be predicated upon the submission of equitable issues of fact to a jury.’”)
(quoting 2B Barron and Holtzoff, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE, § 873, p. 32
(Rules ed. 1961)).
25