Dean and Martha Lowe v. Joseph C. and Joyce A. Richards ( 2014 )

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
January 2014 Term FILED
April 10, 2014
_____________
released at 3:00 p.m.
RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
No. 13-0234 SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
_____________
DEAN LOWE AND MARTHA LOWE, INDIVIDUALLY
AND AS TRUSTEES OF THE DEMAR REVOCABLE TRUST,
Petitioners
V.
JOSEPH C. RICHARDS AND JOYCE A. RICHARDS, AND
HUGH E. HEGYI, TRUSTEE OF THE HERMAN HEGYI TRUST,
Respondents
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Berkeley County
Honorable John C. Yoder, Judge
Civil Action No. 11-C-979
REVERSED AND REMANDED
Submitted: March 25, 2014
Filed: April 10, 2014
Michael L. Scales, Esq. Charles F. Printz, Jr., Esq.
Martinsburg, West Virginia Jonathan T. Mayhew, Esq.
Attorney for Petitioners, Bowles Rice LLP
Dean and Martha Lowe Martinsburg, West Virginia
Attorney for the Respondents,
Joseph C. and Joyce A. Richards
CHIEF JUSTICE DAVIS delivered the Opinion of the Court.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. “Whenever it is determined that a court has no jurisdiction to entertain
the subject matter of a civil action, the forum court must take no further action in the case
other than to dismiss it from the docket.” Syllabus point 1, Hinkle v. Bauer Lumber & Home
Bldg. Center, Inc., 158 W. Va. 492, 211 S.E.2d 705 (1975).
2. The circuit courts of West Virginia have subject matter jurisdiction to
resolve an interstate boundary line dispute between private litigants involving the issue of
whether real property is located within the State of West Virginia or another state. Under the
decision in Durfee v. Duke, 375 U.S. 106, 84 S. Ct. 242, 11 L. Ed. 2d 186 (1963), resolution
of the boundary line issue by a circuit court is not binding on the affected states.
3. “When a statute is clear and unambiguous and the legislative intent is
plain, the statute should not be interpreted by the courts, and in such case it is the duty of the
courts not to construe but to apply the statute.” Syllabus point 5, State v. General Daniel
Morgan Post No. 548, Veterans of Foreign Wars, 144 W. Va. 137, 107 S.E.2d 353 (1959).
4. Under W. Va. Code § 29-23-2 (1987) (Repl. Vol. 2013) the Boundary
Commission has a mandatory duty to investigate state, county, and municipal boundary line
i
disputes when requested to do so by the governor or Legislature. The statute does not
authorize private citizens to make such a request to the Boundary Commission.
5. “Under Rule 19(a) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure a party
becomes an indispensable party if he has an interest relating to the subject of the action and
is so situated that the disposition of the action in his absence may as a practical matter impair
or impede his ability to protect that interest.” Syllabus point 1, Pauley v. Gainer, 177 W. Va.
464, 353 S.E.2d 318 (1986).
6. In a real property action involving private parties that requires the
determination of the boundary line between West Virginia and another state, neither the State
of West Virginia nor the other state are required parties to the litigation.
ii
Davis, Chief Justice:
Dean and Martha Lowe, petitioners herein, (“the Lowes”) appeal from an order
of the Circuit Court of Berkeley County dismissing their counterclaim and third-party
complaint.1 In the actions filed by the Lowes, they sought to obtain real property claimed by
respondents Joseph and Joyce Richards (“the Richards”) and Hugh Hegyi as Trustee of the
Hegyi Trust (“the Hegyi Trust”). The property in question is situated on the border of West
Virginia and Virginia. The circuit court determined that it did not have subject matter
jurisdiction to resolve the Lowes’ claims because they involved a determination of a
boundary line between West Virginia and Virginia. The circuit court also found that the
Lowes failed to join indispensable parties to the litigation, i.e., the States of West Virginia
and Virginia. Here, the Lowes contend that the circuit court had subject matter jurisdiction
over the claims and that the States of West Virginia and Virginia were not indispensable
parties.2 After a careful review of the briefs, the record submitted on appeal, and listening
to the arguments of the parties, we reverse and remand.
1
The Lowes filed their actions individually and as Trustees of the Demar
Revocable Trust.
2
Although the Lowes set out six assignments of error, all issues can be resolved
by addressing the issues of subject matter jurisdiction and indispensable parties.
1
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
This matter began in November 2011 when the Hegyi Trust filed an action
against the Lowes seeking a declaratory judgment and injunction.3 The Hegyi Trust owned
approximately 29 acres of real estate on the eastern boundary line of Frederick County,
Virginia. The Lowes owned approximately 50 acres of real estate on the western boundary
line of Berkeley County. The Lowes’ property adjoined the Hegyi Trust property on the
north and east. The Hegyi Trust filed its action against the Lowes to obtain a right of way
across the Lowes’ property so that it could access its property in Virginia.
In 2012, the Lowes filed a counterclaim against Hegyi Trust and a third-party
complaint against the Richards alleging claims for ejectment and adverse possession. The
third-party complaint alleged that the Richards owned 9.89 acres of real estate in Frederick
County, Virginia, that was adjacent to the Lowes’ property. The Lowes’ third-party
complaint alleged that part of the property claimed by the Hegyi Trust and the Richards was,
in fact, located in Berkeley County, West Virginia. Consequently, the Lowes sought title to
such property through adverse possession.4
3
The Hegyi Trust also named as a defendant a man named George Sekel. A
default judgment was entered against Mr. Sekel, and he is not a party to this appeal.
4
The Lowes’ claims for ejectment and adverse possession were based upon
their surveyor’s determination that the boundary line between West Virginia and Virginia,
(continued...)
2
The Richards filed a motion to dismiss the Lowes’ counterclaim and third-party
complaint.5 On February 15, 2013, the trial court granted the motion to dismiss. In doing
so, the trial court held that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction of the Lowes’ claims because
those claims had to be litigated in the United States Supreme Court or in a state
administrative proceeding. The trial court also ruled that the Lowes failed to join two
indispensable parties, those being the States of West Virginia and Virginia. As a result of
these two rulings, the trial court also determined that the Lowes’ third-party complaint failed
to set out a cause of action against the Richards. The Lowes now appeal the dismissal of
their claims against the Richards.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In this proceeding, the trial court granted the Richards’ motion to dismiss the
Lowes’ claims against them based upon a lack of subject matter jurisdiction, failure to join
4
(...continued)
in relation to the property claimed by the Hegyi Trust and the Richards, was N. 50° 16' 09"
West. The Lowes contended that any of the real property claimed by the Hegyi Trust and the
Richards that was north of this line was in West Virginia.
5
Although the Richards styled their motion as one seeking dismissal of the
counterclaim and third-party complaint, they sought only dismissal of the third-party
complaint against them. The counterclaim, of course, was against the Hegyi Trust. The
Hegyi Trust did not join the Richards’ motion, and the Trust did not file a separate motion
to dismiss. The Hegyi Trust filed a motion with this Court requesting that it not participate
in this appeal, which was granted.
3
indispensable parties, and the failure to state a claim for relief. We have held that
“[a]ppellate review of a circuit court’s order granting a motion to dismiss a complaint is de
novo.” Syl. pt. 2, State ex rel. McGraw v. Scott Runyan Pontiac-Buick, Inc., 194 W. Va. 770,
461 S.E.2d 516 (1995).6 This same standard applies to our review of statutes and rules
relevant to this case. As we held in Syllabus point 1 of Appalachian Power Co. v. State Tax
Department of West Virginia, 195 W. Va. 573, 466 S.E.2d 424 (1995), “[i]nterpreting a
statute or an administrative rule or regulation presents a purely legal question subject to de
novo review.” Mindful of these applicable standards, we will consider the substantive issues
raised by the parties.
6
The parties submitted exhibits to support their respective positions on the three
theories for dismissing the action, i.e., lack of subject matter jurisdiction, failure to join
indispensable parties, and failure to state a claim for relief. Even though a trial court
considers materials outside the complaint on a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction, this “does not convert the motion into a Rule 56 summary judgment motion.”
Franklin D. Cleckley, Robin Jean Davis and Louis J. Palmer, Jr., Litigation Handbook on
West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, § 12(b)(1), p. 328 (4th ed. 2012). It also has been
recognized that consideration of materials outside the complaint on a motion to dismiss for
failing to join indispensable parties does not result in the motion being converted to a
summary judgment motion. See Cleckley, et al., Litigation Handbook § 12(b)(7), p. 397 (“A
court may consider evidence outside the pleadings when ruling on a motion under Rule
12(b)(7).”). On the other hand, consideration of materials outside the complaint on a motion
to dismiss for failing to state a claim upon which relief may be granted requires the motion
“be treated as one for summary judgment and disposed of under Rule 56.” Cleckley, et al.,
Litigation Handbook, § 12(b)(6), p. 393. Although the trial court’s dismissal of the Lowes’
claims, on the grounds of failure to state a cause of action, was technically a summary
judgment dismissal, our standard of review of that aspect of the dismissal is still de novo.
See Syl. pt. 1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W. Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994) (“A circuit court’s
entry of summary judgment is reviewed de novo.”).
4
III.
DISCUSSION
Resolution of the Lowes’ appeal requires this Court to address two dispositive
issues. We first must determine whether the circuit court had subject matter jurisdiction to
resolve the Lowes’ claims. Then, we must decide whether the States of West Virginia and
Virginia are required parties. We will address each issue separately.
A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
The circuit court granted the Richards’ motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1)
of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure. The circuit court believed that it did not have
subject matter jurisdiction to resolve the issues. This Court has recognized that “[w]henever
it is determined that a court has no jurisdiction to entertain the subject matter of a civil action,
the forum court must take no further action in the case other than to dismiss it from the
docket.” Syl. pt. 1, Hinkle v. Bauer Lumber & Home Bldg. Ctr., Inc., 158 W. Va. 492, 211
S.E.2d 705 (1975). See Syl. pt. 5, State ex rel. Dale v. Stucky, 232 W. Va. 299, 752 S.E.2d
330 (2013). The circuit court determined that it could not resolve the Lowes’ claims without
establishing that a boundary line of N. 50° 16' 09" West existed between the States of West
Virginia and Virginia. The circuit court further believed that this issue had to be litigated
before the United States Supreme Court or administratively pursuant to W. Va. Code § 29­
23-2 (1987) (Repl. Vol. 2013). We disagree.
5
1. Exclusive jurisdiction of the United States Supreme Court over
boundary disputes between two or more states. The circuit court found that any dispute
involving the location of a boundary line between two states had to be litigated in the United
States Supreme Court. In making this determination, the circuit court recognized that
Congress has expressly decided that the United States Supreme Court “shall have original
and exclusive jurisdiction of (1) all controversies between two or more states.” 28 U.S.C.A.
§ 1251(a) (1978). See Maryland v. Louisiana, 451 U.S. 725, 735, 101 S. Ct. 2114, 2123, 68
L. Ed. 2d 576 (1981) (“The Constitution provides for this Court’s original jurisdiction over
cases in which a ‘State shall be a Party.’ Art. III, § 2, cl. 2. Congress has in turn provided
that the Supreme Court shall have ‘original and exclusive jurisdiction of all controversies
between two or more States.’ 28 U.S.C. § 1251(a).”). The problem with the circuit court’s
ruling is that neither West Virginia nor Virginia were named parties in the Lowes’ action.
On at least two occasions, the United States Supreme Court has addressed the issue of private
parties litigating state boundary line disputes. As shown below, in both cases, the Supreme
Court has ruled that its original jurisdiction is not invoked when private parties dispute the
location of boundary lines between non-party states.
The first case decided by the Supreme Court that involved private parties
litigating the location of the boundary lines of two states was Durfee v. Duke, 375 U.S. 106,
6
84 S. Ct. 242, 11 L. Ed. 2d 186 (1963).7 In Durfee, two plaintiffs filed an action in a
Nebraska trial court against a Missouri resident to quiet title to certain land located on the
Missouri River. The main channel of the river formed the boundary between the states of
Nebraska and Missouri. The defendant contested subject matter jurisdiction and argued that
the disputed land was in Missouri. The trial court found that the land was situated in
Nebraska and ruled in favor of the plaintiffs. The Supreme Court of Nebraska affirmed the
judgment. The defendant did not petition the United States Supreme Court for a writ of
certiorari to review that judgment. Instead, the defendant filed an action against the plaintiffs
in a Missouri trial court alleging that the land was in Missouri. The suit was removed to a
federal district court. The federal district court expressed the view that the land was in
Missouri, but that the judgment of the Nebraska Supreme Court was res judicata and binding
upon the court. The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed after concluding that the
district court was not required to give full faith and credit to the Nebraska judgment. The
Supreme Court granted certiorari and reversed the judgment of the Eighth Circuit. In finding
that the Nebraska decision was res judicata, the Supreme Court determined that state courts
could resolve interstate boundary line property disputes by private citizens but that such
determinations are not binding on the affected states. The Supreme Court addressed the
issues as follows:
7
In fairness to the circuit court, neither party cited to the decision in Durfee
when the circuit court considered the motion to dismiss. In fact, it was not until the Lowes
filed their reply brief in this appeal that the Durfee decision was relied upon.
7
It is argued that an exception to this rule of jurisdictional
finality should be made with respect to cases involving real
property because of this Court’s emphatic expressions of the
doctrine that courts of one State are completely without
jurisdiction directly to affect title to land in other States. This
argument is wide of the mark. Courts of one State are equally
without jurisdiction to dissolve the marriages of those domiciled
in other States. But the location of land, like the domicile of a
party to a divorce action, is a matter to be resolved by judicial
determination. The question remains whether, once the matter
has been fully litigated and judicially determined, it can be
retried in another State in litigation between the same parties.
Upon the reason and authority of the cases we have discussed,
it is clear that the answer must be in the negative.
It is to be emphasized that all that was ultimately
determined in the Nebraska litigation was title to the land in
question as between the parties to the litigation there. Nothing
there decided, and nothing that could be decided in litigation
between the same parties or their privies in Missouri, could bind
either Missouri or Nebraska with respect to any controversy they
might have, now or in the future, as to the location of the
boundary between them, or as to their respective sovereignty
over the land in question. Either State may at any time protect
its interest by initiating independent judicial proceedings here.
Durfee, 375 U.S. at 115-16, 84 S. Ct. at 247, 111 L. Ed. 2d 186 (internal quotations and
citation omitted). In a terse concurring opinion by Justice Black, he made the following
pertinent observation:
we are not deciding the question whether the respondent would
continue to be bound by the Nebraska judgment should it later
be authoritatively decided, either in an original proceeding
between the States in this Court or by a compact between the
two States under Art. I, s 10, that the disputed tract is in
Missouri.
8
Durfee, 375 U.S. at 117, 84 S. Ct. at 248, 11 L. Ed. 2d 186 (Black, J., concurring).8
The issue of a trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction over the location of
boundary lines between two states was addressed again by the Supreme Court in Mississippi
v. Louisiana, 506 U.S. 73, 113 S. Ct. 549, 121 L. Ed. 2d 466 (1992). The decision in that
case started out in federal district court in Mississippi as a dispute between private plaintiffs
and private defendants as to the ownership of land that was situated along the west bank of
the Mississippi River near Lake Providence, Louisiana. The plaintiffs were Mississippi
residents who claimed ownership of the land as being in Mississippi. The defendants were
Louisiana residents claiming ownership of the land as being situate in Louisiana. The State
of Louisiana intervened in the case and filed a third-party complaint against the State of
Mississippi seeking a determination of the boundary between the two states. The district
court ultimately ruled that the disputed land was located within the territorial boundaries of
Mississippi rather than Louisiana. The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed. The
Supreme Court granted certiorari to address two issues: (1) whether the district court had
subject matter jurisdiction over Louisiana’s third-party complaint against Mississippi and (2)
8
During oral argument, counsel for the Richards attempted to argue that Durfee
was limited to disputes involving the location of state boundary lines in rivers or bodies of
water. There is no language in Durfee that restricts its application to only interstate water
boundary line disputes. The intent of Durfee was simply to acknowledge that not all
interstate boundary line disputes had to be litigated in the United States Supreme Court.
Under Durfee, private litigants have the right to have interstate boundary lines determined
as between the litigants in a local state court.
9
whether the district court had subject matter jurisdiction of the dispute between private
parties as to the location of the boundary line between the two states. As to the first issue,
the Supreme Court held “that 28 U.S.C. § 1251(a), granting to this Court original and
exclusive jurisdiction of all controversies between two States, deprived the District Court of
jurisdiction of Louisiana’s third-party complaint against Mississippi.” Mississippi, 506 U.S.
at 74, 113 S. Ct. at 551, 121 L. Ed 2d 466. As to the second issue, the Supreme Court found
that the district court had subject matter jurisdiction over the dispute of private parties as to
the location of the boundary line between the two states. The opinion addressed the second
issue as follows:
The District Court is conceded to have had jurisdiction
over the claims of the private plaintiffs against the private
defendants, and in deciding questions of private title to riparian
property, it may be necessary to decide where the boundary lies
between the two States. Adjudicating such a question in a
dispute between private parties does not violate § 1251(a),
because that section speaks not in terms of claims or issues, but
in terms of parties. The States, of course, are not bound by any
decision as to the boundary between them which was rendered
in a lawsuit between private litigants. See Durfee v. Duke, 375
U.S. 106, 115, 84 S. Ct. 242, 247, 11 L. Ed. 2d 186 (1963).
Mississippi, 506 U.S. at 78, 113 S. Ct. at 553, 121 L. Ed. 2d 466.
The issue of litigating in a trial court an interstate boundary line dispute
between government officials and private litigants was addressed in People ex rel. Scott v.
Dravo Corp., 295 N.E.2d 284 (Ill. App. Ct. 1973). In Scott, various Illinois officials filed
10
an action in state court against three private corporate defendants seeking a declaration that
an island called Dog Island was within the territorial limits of the State of Illinois and not the
State of Kentucky. The declaration was sought so that the three corporate defendants, which
had entered into contracts to perform construction work on Dog Island, would be required
to comply with Illinois tax laws. The circuit court dismissed the complaint for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction. The plaintiffs appealed. The appellate court applied Durfee and held that
the trial court had jurisdiction to determine whether the property was situated within the state
of Illinois:
The State of Illinois is not seeking to tax property or
activity in Kentucky, nor is it claiming the power to tax because
of some incidence or connection with some activity in
Kentucky. Rather, it is asserting judicial jurisdiction over
activity wholly within its own boundary. If the plaintiffs
succeed in establishing as fact what they allege in their
complaint, clearly they will be entitled to the relief they seek.
Nothing appears at this juncture that will deprive the Illinois
court of jurisdiction. Indisputably, the defendants will not be
foreclosed from proof that, as a matter of fact, Dog Island is a
part of Kentucky, and the Illinois court is accordingly without
jurisdiction to render a valid judgment. But the Illinois court,
under the rules of judicial jurisdiction and Res judicata
discussed in the Durfee case, may receive evidence regarding
the location of Dog Island with reference to the State boundary
line, and therefrom make a determination of its jurisdiction.
We do not see this action as an intrusion into the
exclusive jurisdiction over disputes between States conferred
upon the Supreme Court by article III, section 2 of the
Constitution of the United States. . . . The two States are not in
contention here nor are the issues tendered in the complaint
sufficient to engage them in controversy.
11
Scott, 295 N.E.2d at 290. See River Farms, Inc. v. Superior Court of San Bernardino Cnty.,
252 Cal. App. 2d 604, 612 (1967) (“A state court has the power to determine, as between
private contestants, the disputed question whether real property is within its boundaries or
is in a neighboring state[.]”); Kissell v. Stevens, 261 S.W. 299 (Ark. 1924) (allowing private
parties to litigate issue of whether property was located in Arkansas or Tennessee); U. S.
Gypsum Co. v. Uhlhorn, 232 F. Supp. 994 (E.D. Ark. 1964) (determining private parties
could litigate issue of whether property was located in Arkansas or Tennessee).
Based upon the United States Supreme Court decision in Durfee and the other
authorities cited, we now hold that the circuit courts of West Virginia have subject matter
jurisdiction to resolve an interstate boundary line dispute between private litigants involving
the issue of whether real property is located within the State of West Virginia or another
state. Under the decision in Durfee v. Duke, 375 U.S. 106, 84 S. Ct. 242, 11 L. Ed. 2d 186
(1963), resolution of the boundary line issue by a circuit court is not binding on the affected
states.
It is clear from our holding that the circuit court had subject matter jurisdiction
over the Lowes’ claims against the Richards. Insofar as the States of West Virginia and
Virginia are not parties to this litigation, the case did not fall within the exclusive jurisdiction
of the United States Supreme Court. See Louisiana v. Mississippi, 516 U.S. 22, 23-24, 116
12
S. Ct. 290, 292, 133 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1995) (“We held that there was no jurisdiction in the
District Court, or in the Court of Appeals, to grant any relief in the quiet title action to one
State against the other, that authority being reserved for jurisdiction exclusive to this
Court.”); California v. Texas, 457 U.S. 164, 167-68, 102 S. Ct. 2335, 2337, 72 L. Ed. 2d 755
(1982) (“[T]his dispute is a controversy between two States within our original jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1251(a).”).
2. The West Virginia Boundary Commission. The circuit court’s order also
found, as an alternative ground for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, that the Lowes’ dispute
was required to be resolved under W. Va. Code § 29-23-2 (1987) (Repl. Vol. 2013). The
relevant language of this statute provides as follows:
(a) There is hereby created a boundary commission which
shall consist of three members, who shall be residents and
citizens of the state, all of whom shall have experience
involving map reading or surveying. The commission members
shall investigate state, county and municipal boundary disputes
when requested to do so by the governor or Legislature. The
commission members shall be appointed by the governor, by and
with the advice and consent of the Senate, no later than the first
day of July, one thousand nine hundred eighty-seven. No more
than two members may belong to the same political party. The
commission members shall serve a term concurrent with that of
the governor’s term in office. Commission members may be
reappointed to additional terms.
W. Va. Code § 29-23-2(a).
13
In our review of a statutory provision, it is essential to afford the enactment an
interpretation that comports with the intent of the Legislature. We have held previously that
“[t]he primary object in construing a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the
Legislature.” Syl. pt. 1, Smith v. State Workmen’s Comp. Commn'r, 159 W. Va. 108, 219
S.E.2d 361 (1975). In order to ascertain legislative intent, it is necessary to consider the
wording of the statute at issue. “Where the language of a statute is clear and without
ambiguity the plain meaning is to be accepted without resorting to the rules of
interpretation.” Syl. pt. 2, State v. Elder, 152 W. Va. 571, 165 S.E.2d 108 (1968). Thus,
“[w]hen a statute is clear and unambiguous and the legislative intent is plain, the statute
should not be interpreted by the courts, and in such case it is the duty of the courts not to
construe but to apply the statute.” Syl. pt. 5, State v. General Daniel Morgan Post No. 548,
Veterans of Foreign Wars, 144 W. Va. 137, 107 S.E.2d 353 (1959).
Applying these tenets to the statute presently before us, we conclude that the
relevant language in W. Va. Code § 29-23-2(a) is clear and unambiguous. This statute
creates a Boundary Commission that has a nondiscretionary duty to “investigate state, county
and municipal boundary disputes when requested to do so by the governor or Legislature.”
W. Va. Code § 29-23-2(a). This statute expressly limits the authority of the Boundary
Commission to act only when requested by the governor or Legislature. The statute does not
authorize private parties to request the Boundary Commission to investigate a boundary
14
dispute. In view of the clear language of the statute, we now hold that under W. Va. Code
§ 29-23-2 (1987) (Repl. Vol. 2013), the Boundary Commission has a mandatory duty to
investigate state, county, and municipal boundary line disputes when requested to do so by
the governor or Legislature. The statute does not authorize private citizens to make such a
request to the Boundary Commission.
It is obvious from the statute and our holding that even if the Lowes went to
the Boundary Commission and made a request for a boundary line determination, as
suggested by the circuit court, the statute did not authorize the Boundary Commission to act
on the request. Thus, it is clear that the circuit court committed error in finding that it lacked
subject matter jurisdiction on the grounds that the Lowes had to file their dispute with the
Boundary Commission.9
9
The Richards have argued in their response brief that the issue of the boundary
line between West Virginia and Virginia “is a non-justiciable political question committed
to the legislative and executive branches of government under the law of nations and
pursuant to W.Va. Code §§ 29-23-1 (1987) et seq.” The “political question” argument made
by the Richards simply has no application to this litigation. See, e.g., State ex rel. League of
Women Voters of W. Va. v. Tomblin, 209 W. Va. 565, 574, 550 S.E.2d 355, 364 (2001)
(“Questions involving perceived conflict between the legislative and executive branches are,
by and large, political questions, which do not present issues with which this Court can, or
should, concern itself”); State ex rel. Cooper v. Caperton, 196 W.Va. 208, 216-17, 470
S.E.2d 162, 170-71 (1996) (“Respected authorities have called for judicial deferral to the
political branches regarding the meaning and adequacy of constitutional amendment
procedures.”); Killen v. Logan Cnty. Comm’n, 170 W. Va. 602, 624, 295 S.E.2d 689, 711
(1982) (Neely, J., dissenting) (“The issue of taxation is, probably more than any other
subject, first and last an issue for the legislature. It is the classic political question into which
(continued...)
15
B. Indispensable Parties
The circuit court also granted the Richards’ motion to dismiss under Rule
12(b)(7) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure because it reasoned the Lowes failed
to join indispensable parties to the litigation, those being the State of West Virginia and
Virginia. We disagree.
“Rule 12(b)(7) allows dismissal for failure to join a party under Rule 19.”
Cleckley, et al., Litigation Handbook, § 12(b)(7), p. 397.
Under Rule 19(a) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure
a party becomes an indispensable party if he has an interest
relating to the subject of the action and is so situated that the
disposition of the action in his absence may as a practical matter
impair or impede his ability to protect that interest.
Syl. pt. 1, Pauley v. Gainer, 177 W. Va. 464, 353 S.E.2d 318 (1986). The circuit court found
that the rights of West Virginia and Virginia would be affected by its ruling; therefore, the
States were indispensable parties. The order addressed the matter as follows:
9
(...continued)
courts should not intrude themselves.”). As indicated above, the United States Supreme
Court has held that neither the federal constitution nor a federal statute prohibits private
parties from litigating interstate boundary line disputes in state courts. To the extent that the
“political question” doctrine has any application to interstate boundary line disputes, it would
be limited to the context of a dispute between two or more states. However, even in that
context, the doctrine cannot be invoked to prevent the United States Supreme Court from
presiding over a dispute between two or more states.
16
Both the States of Virginia and West Virginia are
indispensable parties to the determination of the physical
location of the border between the two states. A decree setting
the boundary between Virginia and West Virginia would
distribute territory between the two states, diminishing the area
of one state to the benefit of the other. Any decree of the border
without the presence of the states as parties would impair the
rights of those states to protect their sovereign territory and thus
cannot be made without their presence.
The circuit court’s ruling is inconsistent with the pronouncements made by the
United States Supreme Court in Durfee and Mississippi v. Louisiana, supra. In both cases
the Supreme Court recognized that states are not bound by decisions resolving interstate
boundary line disputes between private parties. Durfee held that “[e]ither State may at any
time protect its interest by initiating independent judicial proceedings here.” Durfee, 375 U.S.
at 116, 84 S. Ct. at 247. The decision in Mississippi also held with reservation that “[t]he
States, of course, are not bound by any decision as to the boundary between them which was
rendered in a lawsuit between private litigants.” Mississippi, 506 U.S. at 78, 113 S. Ct. at
553. Based upon these authorities, we hold that in a real property action involving private
parties that requires the determination of the boundary line between West Virginia and
another state, neither the state of West Virginia nor the other state are required parties to the
litigation.
17
Therefore, it is clear from our holding that the circuit court committed error in
dismissing the Lowes’ action on the grounds that West Virginia and Virginia were
indispensable parties.10 Under the authority of the United States Supreme Court and our
holding today, the rights of neither state will be impaired or impeded by the circuit court’s
decision on the merits of the Lowes’ claims.11
IV.
CONCLUSION
The circuit court’s order of February 15, 2013, dismissing the Lowes’
counterclaim and third-party complaint is reversed. The case is remanded for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and Remanded.
10
The circuit court’s decision that the Lowes’ claims should be dismissed, for
failure to state a claim for relief, was based solely upon the determination that it lacked
subject matter jurisdiction and that the Lowes failed to join indispensable parties. Insofar as
we have found the circuit court’s subject matter jurisdiction and indispensable parties rulings
were error, we summarily reverse the third basis for the circuit court’s decision to dismiss
the claims, i.e., failure to state a claim for relief.
11
We wish to make clear that in this appeal we have not considered the merits
of the Lowes’ claims. Rather, determination of the merits of the Lowes’ claims is reserved
for resolution on remand.
18