State of West Virginia v. Joshua Neal Hubbard ( 2015 )

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
State of West Virginia, Plaintiff Below,
Respondent FILED
November 10, 2015
vs) No. 14-1101 (Monroe County 14-F-01) released at 3:00 p.m.
RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
Joshua Neal Hubbard, Defendant Below,
Petitioner
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Petitioner Joshua Neal Hubbard, by counsel Richard M. Gunnoe, appeals an order
from the Circuit Court of Monroe County, West Virginia, entered on October 1, 2014,
sentencing Petitioner to life in prison without mercy for his jury conviction of first degree
murder without a recommendation for mercy and one to five years in prison for his
conviction of conspiracy to commit a felony.1 The State, by counsel David A. Stackpole,
filed a response. Petitioner filed a reply. On appeal, Petitioner argues that the circuit court
erred in admitting his statement to police into evidence as the statement was taken in
violation of the prompt presentment statute. See W. Va. Code § 62-1-5 (2014) and W. Va.
R. Crim. P. 5(a).2
After carefully reviewing the record provided, the briefs and oral arguments of the
parties, and taking into consideration the relevant standard of review, the Court determines
that the circuit court committed no error. Based on our decision that this case does not
present a new question of law, a memorandum decision is appropriate under Rule 21 of the
West Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure.
1
The sentence for conspiracy was to run concurrent with his sentence for murder.
2
West Virginia Code § 62-1-5 provides, in pertinent part, that “[a]n officer making an
arrest under a warrant issued upon a complaint, or any person making an arrest without a
warrant for an offense committed in his presence or as otherwise authorized by law, shall
take the arrested person without unnecessary delay before a magistrate of the county where
the arrest is made.” See also W. Va. R. Crim. P. 5(a) (“An officer making an arrest under
a warrant issued upon a complaint or any person making an arrest without a warrant shall
take the arrested person without unnecessary delay before a magistrate within the county
where the arrest is made.”).
1
Petitioner and Amber Lee Richardson, Petitioner’s friend from high school, devised
a plan to kill Amber’s husband, Danny R. Richardson. On June 3, 2013, Petitioner staked out
Mr. Richardson’s home and waited for him to come outside. When Mr. Richardson left his
home, Petitioner confronted him and they got into an argument. Petitioner alleged that the
argument with Mr. Richardson had ended and Petitioner was walking away when Mr.
Richardson came at him with a knife; however, Petitioner stated that he threw the knife away
and it was not found by law enforcement. Petitioner admitted that he drew his gun and
started firing at Mr. Richardson. One bullet struck Mr. Richardson in the arm. The
altercation continued and Petitioner then used his gun like a club and hit Mr. Richardson in
the head multiple times before shooting the victim in the head. Mr. Richardson died as a
result of his wounds. Petitioner hid Mr. Richardson’s body and used bleach on the gun.
Petitioner then fled into the woods and hid in a camper. Amber Richardson told Sgt. Charles
Kevin McKenzie of the West Virginia State Police that she and Petitioner had devised a plan
to kill her husband. Amber was arrested and, the following day, Sgt. McKenzie obtained a
warrant for Petitioner’s arrest. Petitioner was apprehended at a camper that was located in
Greenbrier County.
Sgt. McKenzie was not present at the time of Petitioner’s arrest, but arrived shortly
thereafter. At 4:49 p.m. on June 4, 2013, Sgt. McKenzie and another officer transported
Petitioner to the Lewisburg detachment of the West Virginia State Police. Petitioner was not
questioned during the ride but Petitioner informed Sgt. McKenzie that he wanted to make a
statement to law enforcement. They arrived at the Lewisburg detachment around 5:10 p.m.
According to Sgt. McKenzie, Petitioner was hot, hungry and exhausted so the officers
provided him with food and something to drink. Petitioner then was advised he was under
arrest for first degree murder.
Shortly after 5:10 p.m., Cpl. Jerry W. Davis, Jr., also with the West Virginia State
Police, arrived at the detachment to assist with Petitioner’s interview. Cpl. Davis spoke with
Petitioner and Petitioner told him the same thing he had previously told Sgt. McKenzie – that
he wished to make a statement. At 5:26 p.m., Sgt. McKenzie testified that he completed an
“Interview and Miranda Rights Form[.]” Sgt. McKenzie testified that he went over the form
with Petitioner. According to the contents of the form, Sgt. McKenzie advised Petitioner that
he was under arrest for first degree murder and was going to be questioned about that crime.
Petitioner was also read his Miranda3 rights, which were contained within the form. At 5:35
p.m, Petitioner initialed and signed the form, which included the following: “I agree to be
interviewed, answer questions, and make a statement.” Cpl. Davis also signed the form as a
witness. Sgt. McKenzie testified that Petitioner appeared to understand his rights. Sgt.
3
See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
2
McKenzie and Cpl. Davis spoke to Petitioner “for approximately an hour and a half, two
hours[]” to get Petitioner’s side of the story. Petitioner told Cpl. Davis that “he felt more
comfortable talking” without being recorded, so that first conversation was not recorded and
Petitioner was informed it was not recorded. Around 7:23 p.m., Petitioner gave a recorded
statement. At this time, Petitioner stated that he “felt comfortable talking and giving a taped
conversation.” There were no allegations of coercion or inducements made to Petitioner and
Petitioner was described as being cooperative. During the interview, Petitioner admitted to
devising a plan with Amber Richardson to kill her husband. Petitioner further admitted to
waiting for Mr. Richardson to come outside his residence. Finally, Petitioner admitted to
killing Mr. Richardson, but maintained that the victim had pulled a knife on him first. The
taking of the statement ended at 9:47 p.m. and Petitioner was taken to the magistrate at
approximately 10:00 p.m., after being fingerprinted.
On January 14, 2014, Petitioner was indicted on one count of murder, one count of
accessory to murder and one count of conspiracy to commit murder. On June 2, 2014,
Petitioner filed a motion to suppress the statement he made to the state police on the basis that
“such statements were obtained or otherwise taken in violation of the Defendant’s
constitutional rights.” The trial court held a suppression hearing on July 10, 2014, and, by
order entered August 12, 2014, determined that Petitioner’s statement was “given voluntarily
after he had been advised of his constitutional rights and had waive[d] . . . his rights.”
Petitioner raised the issue of a prompt presentment violation4 at a September 10, 2014,
hearing on pretrial motions. Subsequent to that hearing, Petitioner filed a motion to
reconsider the August 12, 2014, order. By order entered September 18, 2014, the trial court
denied Petitioner’s motion to reconsider. During Petitioner’s trial, he took the stand in his
defense and recounted the same events that he had previously disclosed to the state police
officers in his statement to them. Following the close of all the evidence, the jury convicted
Petitioner of first degree murder with no recommendation of mercy and conspiracy to commit
a felony. Petitioner was sentenced to life in prison without mercy for the murder conviction
and one to five years for the conspiracy conviction with the sentences to be served
concurrently. The instant appeal followed.
Petitioner’s only assigned error on appeal is whether the trial court erred in allowing
his statement to police into evidence. Petitioner argues that the statements he gave to police
were taken in violation of the prompt presentment statute. See W. Va. Code § 62-1-5; W. Va.
R. Crim. P. 5(a). Petitioner maintains that “the time period from his arrest to the beginning
of his recorded statement constituted unreasonable delay[.]” Further, Petitioner contends
4
See supra n.2.
3
there were “inconsistencies” in the evidence below that “raise suspicion as to the reason the
Petitioner gave a recorded statement, and as to the reason there was a delay on the part of law
enforcement in presenting him to a Magistrate.” Conversely, the State contends that Petitioner
mischaracterizes the state police officers’ testimony and that it was Petitioner who voluntarily
indicated a desire to make a statement to the officers, which is a permissible reason to delay
promptly presenting a defendant to a magistrate after arrest.
We apply the following standards of review to the issue before us: “On appeal, legal
conclusions made with regard to suppression determinations are reviewed de novo. Factual
determinations upon which these legal conclusions are based are reviewed under the clearly
erroneous standard. In addition, factual findings based, at least in part, on determinations of
witness credibility are accorded great deference.” Syl. Pt. 1, State v. Rogers, 231 W.Va. 205,
744 S.E.2d 315 (2013) (quoting Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Stuart, 192 W.Va. 428, 452 S.E.2d 886
(1994)). Further, we held in syllabus point two of Rogers that
“[w]hen reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, an
appellate court should construe all facts in the light most
favorable to the State, as it was the prevailing party below.
Because of the highly fact-specific nature of a motion to
suppress, particular deference is given to the findings of the
circuit court because it had the opportunity to observe the
witnesses and to hear testimony on the issues. Therefore, the
circuit court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error.” Syl.
Pt. 1, State v. Lacy, 196 W. Va. 104, 468 S.E.2d 719 (1996).
231 W. Va. at 207, 744 S.E.2d at 317, Syl. Pt. 2. Finally, “a circuit court’s denial of a motion
to suppress evidence will be affirmed unless it is unsupported by substantial evidence, based
on an erroneous interpretation of law, or, based on the entire record, it is clear that a mistake
has been made.” Lacy, 196 W.Va. at 107, 468 S.E.2d at 722, Syl. Pt. 2, in part.
Regarding Petitioner’s claim that the state police officers violated the prompt
presentment statute in taking his statement prior to taking him to a magistrate, we recognize
that “[o]ur prompt presentment rule contained in W.Va. Code [§] 62-1-5, and Rule 5(a) of the
West Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure, is triggered when an accused is placed under
arrest. Furthermore, once a defendant is in police custody with sufficient probable cause to
warrant an arrest, the prompt presentment rule is also triggered.” Syl. Pt. 2, State v.
Humphrey, 177 W.Va. 264, 351 S.E.2d 613 (1986). Moreover, we have held that “[w]hen a
statement is obtained from an accused in violation of the prompt presentment rule, neither the
statement nor matters learned directly from the statement may be introduced against the
accused at trial.” Syl. Pt. 1, State v. DeWeese, 213 W. Va. 339, 582 S.E.2d 786 (2003).
4
Despite this recognition regarding the significance of a violation of the prompt
presentment statute, we also have determined that
“[c]ertain delays such as delays in the transportation of a
defendant to the police station, completion of booking and
administrative procedures, recordation and transcription of a
statement, and the transportation of a defendant to the magistrate
do not offend the prompt presentment requirement.” State v.
Sugg, 193 W.Va. 388, 395-96, 456 S.E.2d 469, 476-77 (1995)
(citing State v. Ellsworth J.R., 175 W.Va. 64, 70, 331 S.E.2d 503,
508 (1985)) (footnote omitted).
Rogers, 231 W. Va. at 210, 744 S.E.2d at 320. Thus, not all delays in taking a defendant to
the magistrate result in a violation of the prompt presentment statute. It is only if the delay
is for the purpose of obtaining a confession from a defendant that a violation of prompt
presentment occurs. As we stated in DeWeese,
merely detaining a defendant in jail under an arrest warrant for
fifteen hours before taking him/her to a magistrate will not
trigger a sanctionable violation of the prompt presentment rule.
A sanctionable violation occurs if the purpose for detaining the
defendant is to conduct an interrogation to obtain an
incriminating statement from the defendant about his or her
involvement in the crime for which he or she was arrested. See
State v. Milburn, 204 W.Va. 203, 511 S.E.2d 828 (1998) (holding
that delay in taking defendant to magistrate did not violate the
prompt presentment rule because the delay was for the purpose
of questioning the defendant about a crime for which he was not
arrested).
Deweese, 213 W. Va. at 344 n.8, 582 S.E.2d at 791 n.8 (emphasis added); see Syl. Pt. 1, State
v. Guthrie, 173 W.Va. 290, 315 S.E.2d 397 (1984) (“‘The delay in taking a defendant to a
magistrate may be a critical factor [in the totality of circumstances making a confession
involuntary and hence inadmissible] where it appears that the primary purpose of the delay
was to obtain a confession from the defendant.’ Syllabus Point 6, State v. Persinger, [169]
W.Va. [121], 286 S.E.2d 261 (1982), as amended.”) (emphasis added)). Consequently, if the
delay in promptly presenting a defendant is due to the defendant’s desire to voluntarily give
a statement to law enforcement, the prompt presentment statute is not violated. “[O]ur prior
cases do permit delay in bringing a suspect before a magistrate when the suspect wishes to
make a statement.” DeWeese, 213 W. Va. at 345 n.10, 582 S.E.2d at 792 n.10; accord
5
Humphrey, 177 W.Va. at 265, 351 S.E.2d at 614, Syl. Pt. 3 (“The delay occasioned by
reducing an oral confession to writing ordinarily does not count on the unreasonableness of
the delay where a prompt presentment issue is involved.”).
While Petitioner argues that the delay in taking him to the magistrate was solely to
obtain a statement from him, the trial court, after hearing the officers’ testimony, determined
that “the officers’ conduct did not violate the prompt presentment rule.” Instead, it was
Petitioner who wished to make a statement to police and communicated that desire to Sgt.
McKenzie during the trip to the Lewisburg detachment after Petitioner’s arrest. Based upon
Petitioner’s desire to make a statement, the officers proceeded to give him Miranda warnings
and obtained a waiver of his rights before Petitioner voluntarily spoke to the officers. The
record was devoid of any evidence of coercion. Instead, the officers’ testimony indicated that
Petitioner was polite and cooperative with them. Further, Petitioner testified at trial5 to giving
the officers a statement in which he told them the truth and “[g]ave them everything.”
Petitioner never stated that the statement he gave to the law enforcement officers was coerced
in any way. Therefore, we find that the trial court did not err in denying Petitioner’s motion
to suppress his statement as the court correctly determined that the delay occasioned in this
case in bringing Petitioner before a magistrate was due to Petitioner’s voluntarily decision to
give a statement to the officers.
For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the decision of the Circuit Court of
Monroe County and affirm the October 1, 2014, order in which Petitioner was sentenced to
life in prison without mercy for his jury conviction of first degree murder, and to a concurrent
sentence of one to five years for his conspiracy to commit a felony conviction.
5
As an ancillary matter, even though we resolved this case on the prompt presentment
violation argued by the parties, we further note that Petitioner, by taking the stand and
testifying consistently with the statement he had previously given to the state police officers,
eviscerated his argument that the delay in taking him to a magistrate “had a coercive
influence on his decision to give a statement.” Petitioner’s trial testimony, which
unequivocally was not coerced, was consistent with the statement he had previously given
to police. In other words, when Petitioner voluntarily testified at trial he essentially negated
or waived any error that he maintained occurred as a result of his allegation that the prompt
presentment statute was violated. See Syl. Pt. 1, State v White, 223 W. Va. 527, 678 S.E.2d
33 (2009) (“‘When there has been a knowing and intentional relinquishment or abandonment
of a known right, there is no error and the inquiry as to the effect of a deviation from the rule
of law need not be determined.’ Syl. Pt. 8, in part, State v. Miller, 194 W.Va. 3, 459 S.E.2d
114 (1995).”).
6
Affirmed.
ISSUED: November 10, 2015
CONCURRED IN BY:
Chief Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Brent D. Benjamin
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Allen H. Loughry II
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