State of West Virginia v. Brenda Cook ( 2020 )


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  •                              STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
    SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
    State of West Virginia,                                                               FILED
    Plaintiff Below, Respondent
    December 16, 2020
    EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
    vs.) No. 19-0635 (Grant County 17-F-66)                                            SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
    OF WEST VIRGINIA
    Brenda Cook,
    Defendant Below, Petitioner
    MEMORANDUM DECISION
    Petitioner Brenda Cook, by counsel Lawrence E. Sherman, Jr., appeals the June 11, 2019,
    order of the Circuit Court of Grant County that sentenced her on fourteen counts of “obtaining
    money by false pretenses” and eight counts of “uttering.” Respondent State of West Virginia, by
    counsel Benjamin F. Yancey, III, filed a response in support of the circuit court’s order. Petitioner
    filed a reply.
    The Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
    arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
    by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
    presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons,
    a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 of the
    Rules of Appellate Procedure.
    Following an investigation by the West Virginia Department of Health and Human
    Services’ Inspector General’s Office, petitioner Brenda Cook was originally indicted for crimes
    related to at least 148 checks totaling $116,628.89 that were allegedly written between 2006 and
    2011. These charges arose from petitioner’s work as the Family Support Coordinator for the
    Potomac Highland Guild, Inc. (the “Guild”). In that role, petitioner assisted those in need of
    funding for assistive devices from the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources
    (“DHHR”). However, the circuit court dismissed the indictment without prejudice in 2015.
    In November of 2017, petitioner was indicted on fifteen counts of forgery in violation of
    West Virginia Code § 61-4-5, fifteen counts of uttering in violation of West Virginia Code § 61-
    4-5, fifteen counts of taking the identity of another person in violation of West Virginia Code §
    61-3-54, and fourteen counts of obtaining money under false pretenses in violation of West
    Virginia Code § 61-3-24(a). These charges also arose from petitioner’s work for the Guild. The
    charges focused on twenty-four checks dated October 5, 2012, from fifteen client accounts that
    totaled $22,600. The State claimed petitioner diverted that amount for her own use by depositing
    the money into her credit card accounts and using it to pay her bills.
    1
    Petitioner rejected an offer to plead guilty to five felonies, pay restitution, and serve one to
    ten years in prison.
    Prior to petitioner’s trial, the State moved pursuant to Rule 404(b) of the West Virginia
    Rules of Evidence to admit into evidence the 148 checks on 96 client accounts totaling
    $116,628.89, that were the subject of petitioner’s first/dismissed indictment. At the hearing on the
    motion, the State called Gwen Grove, an investigator from the Department of Health and Human
    Services’ Inspector General’s Office, who was assigned to petitioner’s case. Ms. Grove testified
    as follows:
    The State: Now, [petitioner, in her second indictment] is charged with multiple
    offenses dealing with applications and [twenty-four] checks that were from October
    2012; is that correct?
    Ms. Grove: Yes.
    The State: Now, . . . did it become apparent that she was representing that she was
    either being framed or set up as a result of being a whistleblower [alleging the Guild
    committed Medicaid fraud]?
    Ms. Grove: Yes.
    The State: . . . I want the [c]ourt to correct . . . the 404(b) motion[.] On the fourth
    line, it says there are 93 additional contracts. Miss Grove did you miscount, and are
    there 96?
    Ms. Grove: I did. I recounted yesterday, and there are 96.
    The State: All right. How many additional checks did your investigation team
    determine – not counting the ones in 2012 [for which petitioner was indicted] –
    were directed into Ms. Cook’s personal credit card accounts, [that paid] her bills?
    Ms. Grove: An additional 148 checks.
    The State: And of those 148 checks, how much additional money, in addition to the
    15 charged in the current indictment, was your investigatory team able to trace into
    her accounts.
    Ms. Grove: $116,628.89
    Over petitioner’s objection, the circuit court granted the State’s motion and allowed the
    evidence to be introduced as proof of petitioner’s intent, motive, common scheme, plan, or absence
    of mistake.
    Petitioner’s four-day trial took place in March of 2019. During voir dire, the court asked
    the venire whether any of them (1) knew petitioner socially or through business; (2) had a state of
    2
    mind or belief that would prevent them from being impartial; (3) could disregard anything they
    might have heard about the case and render an impartial verdict; (4) knew any of the witnesses,
    including defense witness Frank Brent; and (5) were conscious of a bias for or against petitioner
    that would interfere with their ability to be impartial. Venire member Victor Owens, who
    ultimately sat on the jury, did not respond to any of these questions.
    At trial, the State presented evidence that petitioner used her position at the Guild to
    unlawfully transfer twenty-four checks, on October 5, 2012, totaling $22,600 to her credit card
    accounts. The checks were connected to fifteen Guild accounts for which petitioner was
    responsible. The State also presented the Rule 404(b) evidence that petitioner transferred an
    additional 148 checks, totaling $116,628.89, from Guild accounts for which petitioner was
    responsible. Petitioner’s counsel moved to introduce rebuttal evidence, a three-ring binder
    containing petitioner’s credit card statement, receipts, and other documents. However, the court
    ruled that the contents of the binder were inadmissible because they were not provided to the State
    until a week before trial, and past the discovery deadline.
    Following the close of all evidence and a lunch break on the third day of trial, March 28,
    2019, petitioner’s counsel reported he had just learned from petitioner that she received a phone
    call from defense witness Frank Brent on the evening of March 27, 2019. 1 Mr. Brent testified
    earlier on March 27th at petitioner’s trial. Petitioner’s counsel told the court that Mr. Brent said he
    recognized juror Victor Owens as a former coworker and that, when the two worked together, they
    argued almost to the point of blows regarding whether petitioner had committed a murder in the
    1990s. 2 Mr. Brent stated that Juror Owens believed petitioner committed the murder, while he
    believed petitioner was innocent. Petitioner’s counsel then called Mr. Brent on the phone.
    Petitioner’s counsel said that Mr. Brent verified what he said to petitioner the night before. Mr.
    Brent also told petitioner’s counsel that he believed his encounter with Mr. Owens occurred in
    2011. Following the lunch break on March 28, 2019, petitioner’s counsel asked to voir dire Juror
    Owens in the courtroom based on Mr. Brent’s claims. The court responded as follows:
    Circuit Court: Why would we voir dire him now?
    Petitioner’s Counsel: I mean, if it was over my client and whether or not she was a
    murderer or it was a justified homicide or whatever, it maybe – I think it’s a real
    issue.
    1
    Later, petitioner said that Witness Brent both spoke to her during a break at trial on March
    27, 2019, regarding juror Victor Owens and called her again that evening to discuss Juror Victor
    Owens.
    2
    Petitioner was convicted of second-degree murder in 1997. However, on appeal, this
    Court vacated that conviction and remanded the case for the entry of a judgment of acquittal. The
    Court found that the State failed to prove beyond reasonable doubt that defendant did not act in
    defense of another in shooting the victim. See State v. Cook, 
    204 W. Va. 591
    , 593-94, 
    515 S.E.2d 127
    , 129-30 (1999). The dispute between defense witness Frank Brent and Juror Victor Owens
    allegedly occurred in 2011 and regarded whether petitioner had, in fact, committed the murder.
    3
    Circuit Court: I mean, we never discussed this during trial.
    Petitioner’s Counsel: No, we didn’t. But he may be, obviously prejudiced against
    my client if he feels that way about her. He should have raised his hand and said,
    “I can’t be fair and impartial.” I mean if he feels so passionate about her and called
    her a—
    Circuit Court: You don’t know that he can’t, except you got an opinion from Frank
    Brent that some time, in the past, they had an argument.
    Petitioner’s counsel also made a motion to replace Juror Owens with the alternate juror.
    The court denied that motion but said that if petitioner’s counsel obtained any more information,
    he should let the court know. Thereafter, the court instructed the jury, the parties made closing
    arguments, the court excused the alternate juror, and the jury began to deliberate.
    As the jurors deliberated, the court allowed petitioner to vouch the record regarding Mr.
    Brent’s claims against Juror Owens. Thereafter, the State claimed that as soon as the sole alternate
    juror was excused, s/he sat with petitioner’s supporters and was seen encouraging petitioner. The
    State opined that the alternate juror was tainted and, therefore, had been properly excused the day
    before. The State also speculated that Mr. Brent’s claim regarding Juror Owens was “nothing more
    than a ruse to get rid of [a juror], so that [petitioner’s] friend, the alternate would become one of
    the [jurors].” The court concurred that the alternate was “tainted definitely by now” and that “we’re
    going to continue with [the jury] we have.” The court also noted, apparently in error, that “Mr.
    Brent’s father was a key witness in [petitioner’s] acquittal [at her murder trial].”
    The jury convicted petitioner on twenty-two of the fifty-nine counts: eight counts of
    uttering and fourteen counts of obtaining money under false pretenses. The jury acquitted
    petitioner on the remaining thirty-seven counts.
    At petitioner’s June 6, 2019, sentencing hearing, her counsel again raised the issue of Juror
    Owens’ alleged bias and asked that the court bring all the jurors back into court to determine
    whether Juror Owens had improperly influenced the jury during their deliberations. The court
    replied that it was “not going to start letting people interview jurors when they lose cases” as it
    was “against every rule we got.” The court also noted that petitioner was purely speculating that
    Juror Owens had wrongfully influenced the jury. The State highlights that petitioner did not call
    Mr. Brent to testify regarding his claims about Juror Owens at her sentencing hearing.
    By order entered June 11, 2019, the circuit court ordered petitioner to pay restitution. The
    court then sentenced petitioner to one to ten years in prison on each of the twenty-two counts, with
    counts one to seven to be served consecutively, and counts eight to twenty-two to be served
    concurrently, beginning on the date petitioner starts her sentence on the eighth count. Petitioner’s
    net effective sentence is eight to eighty years in prison.
    Petitioner now appeals. Petitioner first argues that the circuit court erred by denying her
    the right to a fair trial when it failed to examine Juror Owens regarding his potential bias toward
    petitioner and, instead, discharged the alternate juror and sent the case to the jury that included
    4
    Juror Owens.
    “The determination concerning whether and the extent to which to permit individual voir
    dire rests within the sound discretion of the trial court, and is not subject to review in the absence
    of an abuse of discretion.” State v. Lassiter, 
    177 W. Va. 499
    , 503, 
    354 S.E.2d 595
    , 599 (1987)
    (citing State v. Beacraft, 
    126 W.Va. 895
    , 
    30 S.E.2d 541
     (1944); State v. Ashcraft, 
    172 W.Va. 640
    ,
    
    309 S.E.2d 600
     (1983)).
    “A motion for a new trial on the ground of the misconduct of a jury is
    addressed to the sound discretion of the court, which as a rule will not be disturbed
    on appeal where it appears that defendant was not injured by the misconduct or
    influence complained of. The question as to whether or not a juror has been subjected
    to improper influence affecting the verdict is a fact primarily to be determined by the
    trial judge from the circumstances, which must be clear and convincing to require a
    new trial; proof of mere opportunity to influence the jury being insufficient.”
    Syllabus point 7, State v. Johnson, 
    111 W.Va. 653
    , 
    164 S.E. 31
     (1932).
    Syl. Pt. 1, State v. Daniel, 
    182 W. Va. 643
    , 
    391 S.E.2d 90
     (1990).
    We first note that petitioner never brought Mr. Brent back into court following his March
    27, 2019, testimony so that he could address the court regarding his alleged claims regarding Juror
    Owens while petitioner’s trial was still ongoing. Nor did the defense call Mr. Brent at petitioner’s
    sentencing hearing when petitioner again complained about Juror Owens’s alleged bias.
    Petitioner’s failure to do so is significant. Absent such sworn testimony from Mr. Brent,
    petitioner’s claims are merely speculative and, as the State suggests, may have been falsely raised
    in an effort to assist petitioner.
    We also find that the jury’s verdict further undermines petitioner’s speculative claims. The
    jury, which included Juror Owens, acquitted petitioner of thirty-seven of the fifty-nine counts after
    hearing all the evidence at trial. As for the twenty-two charges of which petitioner was convicted,
    the entire jury convicted her of those counts. Moreover, no juror informed the court that any one
    juror had unduly influenced their deliberations or behaved contrary to the court’s instructions.
    Absent any evidence other than Mr. Brent’s unsubstantiated claims, we find that petitioner fails to
    show that she was prejudiced when the trial court rejected her motion to individually voir dire
    Juror Owens. Accordingly, we find no error.
    Petitioner next argues that the circuit court denied petitioner her right to a fair trial when it
    failed to allow petitioner to interview jurors other than Juror Owens to determine whether Juror
    Owens’s bias against petitioner influenced the verdict. We have said, “[a] jury verdict may not
    ordinarily be impeached based on matters that occur during the jury’s deliberative process which
    matters relate to the manner or means the jury uses to arrive at its verdict.” Syl. Pt. 1, State v.
    Scotchel, 
    168 W. Va. 545
    , 
    285 S.E.2d 384
     (1981). As noted above, petitioner did not raise her
    claim regarding Juror Owens until the close of all evidence and never produced Mr. Brent so that
    he could verify his claims. Further, the alleged incident supposedly happened in 2011, eight years
    prior to petitioner’s trial. In its post-trial order, the circuit court noted that it did “not desire to
    question . . . [J]uror [Owens] . . . on matters . . . which if they occurred at all, happened remote in
    5
    time to this jury trial.” Petitioner also fails to show that she was specifically prejudiced by the
    circuit court’s ruling. Thus, we find that the circuit court did not err in denying petitioner’s motion
    to voir dire the other jurors regarding Juror Owens.
    In petitioner’s third assignment of error, she argues that the circuit court erred in admitting
    evidence of the additional 148 checks deposited into petitioner’s credit card accounts as “other
    acts” evidence under Rule 404(b) of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence.
    This Court reviews a lower court’s determination regarding the introduction
    of Rule 404(b) other crimes evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. [State
    v.] McGinnis, 193 W.Va. [147,] at 159, 455 S.E.2d [516,] at 528 [(1994)]. We have
    emphasized that a circuit court abuses its discretion in admitting Rule 404(b)
    evidence only where the court acts in an “arbitrary and irrational” manner. 
    Id.
    State v. Hager, 
    204 W. Va. 28
    , 36, 
    511 S.E.2d 139
    , 147 (1998). “In reviewing the admission of
    Rule 404(b) evidence, we review in the light most favorable to the party offering the evidence . . .
    maximizing its probative value and minimizing its prejudicial effect.” State v. Willett, 
    223 W. Va. 394
    , 397, 
    674 S.E.2d 602
    , 605 (2009).
    As noted above, prior to trial, the State moved to admit 148 checks, totaling $116,628.89
    on 96 Guild accounts that were deposited into petitioner’s credit card accounts for which petitioner
    was not charged. Over petitioner’s objection, the circuit court granted the State’s motion and
    allowed Gwen Grove, an investigator from the Department of Health and Human Services’
    Inspector General’s Office, to testify regarding the checks as proof of intent, motive, common
    scheme, plan, or absence of mistake.
    The standard of review for a trial court’s admission of evidence pursuant to
    Rule 404(b) involves a three-step analysis. First, we review for clear error the trial
    court’s factual determination that there is sufficient evidence to show the other acts
    occurred. Second, we review de novo whether the trial court correctly found the
    evidence was admissible for a legitimate purpose. Third, we review for an abuse of
    discretion the trial court’s conclusion that the “other acts” evidence is more
    probative than prejudicial under Rule 403.
    State v. Taylor, 
    215 W. Va. 74
    , 78, 
    593 S.E.2d 645
    , 649 (2004) (quoting State v. LaRock, 
    196 W.Va. 294
    , 310-11, 
    470 S.E.2d 613
    , 629-30 (1996) (footnote omitted)). Under Rule 403 of the
    West Virginia Rules of Evidence, relevant evidence “may [be] exclude[d] . . . if its probative value
    is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice[.]” 
    Id.
    Here, the circuit court conducted a Rule 404(b) hearing and instructed the jury on the
    limited admissibility of “other acts” evidence. However, petitioner argues that the court abused its
    discretion on step three of the Rule 404(b) test (whether the evidence was more probative than
    prejudicial). Specifically, petitioner argues that the volume of “other acts” evidence produced by
    the State far exceeded the conduct charged and, therefore, was unfairly prejudicial, and used to
    enhance the State’s case, and not to prove intent, motive, common scheme, plan, or absence of
    mistake.
    6
    Our review of the record on appeal does not indicate that the State introduced the Rule
    404(b) evidence to prejudice the jury against petitioner; instead, the State used that evidence to
    counter an issue petitioner interjected into the case: that petitioner was being prosecuted because
    she discovered that the Guild was committing Medicaid fraud and was “paying her back” for being
    a whistleblower. Therefore, because the Rule 404(b) evidence was used for a probative and
    relevant purpose, we find that the circuit court did not err in allowing the evidence for the purposes
    of showing petitioner’s motive, opportunity, intent, common scheme, and plan.
    The circuit court also did not err in precluding petitioner from entering her rebuttal
    evidence where petitioner’s counsel did not give the three-ring notebook containing that evidence
    to the State until a week before trial and well after discovery had closed. Petitioner testified that
    she had been in possession of the information in the notebook since December of 2012, well before
    petitioner’s March of 2019 trial. “Discovery orders lie within the sound discretion of a trial court.”
    Bartles v. Hinkle, 
    196 W. Va. 381
    , 389, 
    472 S.E.2d 827
    , 835 (1996). Based on the facts herein, we
    find the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to allow petitioner’s rebuttal evidence
    at trial.
    In petitioner’s fourth assignment of error, she claims that the circuit court erred in barring
    her evidence that her office computer at the Guild had allegedly been tampered with in order to
    manufacture evidence against her.
    “The action of a trial court in admitting or excluding evidence in the exercise of its
    discretion will not be disturbed by the appellate court unless it appears that such action amounts
    to an abuse of discretion.” Syl. Pt. 1, State v. Calloway, 
    207 W. Va. 43
    , 
    528 S.E.2d 490
     (1999)
    (citing Syl. Pt. 10, State v. Huffman, 
    141 W. Va. 55
    , 
    87 S.E.2d 541
     (1955), overruled on other
    grounds, State ex rel. R.L. v. Bedell, 
    192 W. Va. 435
    , 
    452 S.E.2d 893
     (1994)).
    Petitioner states that, at trial, she attempted to show that the evidence against her was
    manufactured after she left her employment at the Guild, but before the DHHR conducted its
    investigation, a period of about a month. In support, petitioner offered the testimony of the Guild’s
    IT manager, Brandon Judy, and a forensic computer expert, Craig Corkrean. At trial, the court
    allowed petitioner to question Mr. Judy, but, when petitioner was two-thirds through her
    examination, the court stopped the examination on the ground that the documentary evidence was
    not computer-generated. The court also precluded Mr. Corkrean from testifying. Petitioner
    highlights that a pretrial order allowed Mr. Corkrean’s testimony; and that Mr. Corkrean was to
    address an issue that was not addressed by Mr. Judy, i.e., whether anyone manipulated petitioner’s
    computer after she left her employment with the Guild. Petitioner contends that Mr. Corkrean
    would have testified that after petitioner left the Guild, (1) her computer was kept in operation; (2)
    her computer was repeatedly accessed; (3) one of the contracts on her computer was accessed three
    times; and (4) he found two Medicaid fraud reports even though the State claimed it found no such
    reports on petitioner’s computer. Petitioner avers that this testimony could have shown the
    deficiency in the Inspector General’s report.
    Petitioner avers that she discovered that the Guild was wrongfully using the funds from the
    “Family Support Contract” to pay operational expenses, which amounted to Medicaid fraud.
    Petitioner contends that, when the court disallowed Mr. Corkrean’s testimony, she was precluded
    7
    from proving her theory that, after she left the Guild, Guild workers used her office computer to
    manufacture evidence against her in retaliation for her discovery of the Guild’s fraudulent activity.
    We find that the circuit court did not err in disallowing petitioner’s experts’ evidence. An April 2,
    2019, order in this case explains that,
    During [petitioner’s expert’s] Mr. Judy’s . . . testimony, the State objected on
    relevance. The [c]ourt sustained the objection[.] The State argued that any access
    to [petitioner’s] work computer after [petitioner] was terminated from [the Guild]
    was irrelevant because all of the documentation used in the prosecution of this
    matter was retrieved from the physical files that day before [petitioner] was
    terminated [and a month after she was suspended from work]. Petitioner objected
    to that characterization and claimed that she was set up by the other employees and
    documents were altered after she left her employment. Petitioner likewise argued
    that her [forensic computer] expert witness [Mr. Corkrean would] testify to post-
    termination logins of [her] work computer and that those logins are part of the basis
    of the claim that she was set up by other employees. The evidence that was
    presented by the State which was unchallenged by [petitioner] on direct is that the
    documents that serve as the basis for the indictment were collected and preserved
    on December 5, 2012 [when petitioner was suspended, but a month before she was
    terminated]. Therefore, the State’s objection is sustained on the issue. Furthermore,
    based upon [petitioner’s] failure to show any alterations of the computer by anyone
    other than [petitioner] prior to her termination from [the Guild], the [c]ourt finds
    that the testimony of [Mr. Corkrean] is unnecessary and irrelevant. Accordingly,
    witness Judy was dismissed from the stand and . . . Mr. Corkrean, will not be
    permitted to testify in this matter.
    Moreover, the following exchange occurred between the court and petitioner’s expert, Mr. Judy,
    at trial:
    The Court: [Mr. Judy], let me ask you this question. Do you have any evidence that
    [petitioner’s] computer while she was employed [with the Guild] was tampered
    with in any way?
    Mr. Judy: I do not have any evidence.
    The Court: Do you have any evidence or knowledge that [petitioner’s computer]
    was tampered with inappropriately after she left [the Guild]?
    Mr. Judy: I do not.
    Based on our review of the trial court’s thorough findings and Mr. Judy’s answers, we find no
    error.
    In her fifth assignment of error, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in prohibiting
    a defense witness, investigator Glen Cook, from testifying about the sufficiency of the Inspector
    General’s investigation regarding petitioner. At trial, Mr. Cook testified to his experience as a
    8
    private investigator, and to his thirty-one years in law enforcement as an investigator. Thereafter,
    the court excluded Mr. Cook from testifying about the sufficiency of the Inspector General’s
    investigation. Petitioner claims that, as a result, she could not show the investigation’s deficiencies.
    Petitioner argues that, even if Mr. Cook’s background did not qualify him to give a formal expert
    opinion, the trial court should have allowed Mr. Cook to testify as to (1) what he would have done
    differently if he had conducted the investigation; (2) whether witness statements were obtained in
    a manner consistent with his law enforcement training; and (3) what the data on the computer
    showed in the forensic investigation.
    The record on appeal shows that the Inspector General’s investigator fully testified
    regarding her investigation. The sufficiency of that investigation was a question for the jury. We
    have held that “‘[t]he jury is the trier of the facts and in performing that duty it is the sole judge as
    to the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses.’ Syl. Pt. 2, State v. Bailey, 
    151 W.Va. 796
    , 
    155 S.E.2d 850
     (1967).” Syl. Pt. 8, State v. McGilton, 
    229 W. Va. 554
    , 
    729 S.E.2d 876
     (2012) (citing Syl. Pt. 2, State v. Martin, 
    224 W. Va. 577
    , 
    687 S.E.2d 360
     (2009)). Thus, the
    court did not err in precluding Mr. Cook from opining about any alleged “deficiencies” in the
    investigation or what he would have done differently.
    In her sixth and final assignment of error, petitioner argues that her sentence violates the
    proportionality rule in Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution because it is
    impermissibly and shockingly harsh and disproportionate to the facts in this case. Petitioner notes
    that she is sixty years old, has no prior convictions, and paid restitution in full. She also claims that
    she was singled out for prosecution because she investigated and uncovered the Guild’s fraud.
    Thus, petitioner argues that the sentence is shocking and disproportionate to the offense, and based
    on impermissible factors, i.e., that she rejected a plea agreement and pursued a jury trial. Petitioner
    highlights that, under the plea offer, petitioner could have filed a Rule 35(b) motion for reduction
    of sentence with no opposition from the State and could have been released on probation after
    serving only eight months in jail. She further claims that this wide gap between the proposed
    sentence and the actual sentence shows that factors other than petitioner’s offenses influenced the
    court.
    There are two tests to determine whether a sentence is so disproportionate
    to a crime that it violates our constitution. Accord, Stockton v. Leeke, 
    269 S.C. 459
    ,
    
    237 S.E.2d 896
    , 897 (1977). The first is subjective and asks whether the sentence
    for the particular crime shocks the conscience of the court and society. If a sentence
    is so offensive that it cannot pass a societal and judicial sense of justice, the inquiry
    need not proceed further. When it cannot be said that a sentence shocks the
    conscience, a disproportionality challenge is guided by the objective test we spelled
    out in Syllabus Point 5 of Wanstreet v. Bordenkircher, 
    166 W.Va. 523
    , 
    276 S.E.2d 205
     (1981):
    In determining whether a given sentence violates the
    proportionality principle found in Article III, Section 5 of the West
    Virginia Constitution, consideration is given to the nature of the
    offense, the legislative purpose behind the punishment, a
    comparison of the punishment with what would be inflicted in other
    9
    jurisdictions, and a comparison with other offenses within the same
    jurisdiction.
    State v. Cooper, 
    172 W. Va. 266
    , 272, 
    304 S.E.2d 851
    , 857 (1983).
    The jury found petitioner guilty of twenty-two felony counts, yet she will be eligible for
    parole after serving only eight years in prison. Clearly, such a sentence is not impermissible,
    shockingly harsh, or disproportionate. As for the amount of money petitioner unlawfully obtained,
    $22,400, it is of no matter. The “uttering” statute says nothing about a dollar amount. Further, the
    “obtaining money” by “false pretenses” statute, West Virginia Code § 61-3-24(a)(3), mandates
    that the dollar amount need be only $1,000 or more, which was satisfied in petitioner’s case. As
    for petitioner’s age, there is nothing in the relevant law regarding a defendant’s age at sentencing.
    Further, petitioner presents no evidence that the State prosecuted her because she investigated and
    uncovered Medicaid fraud by the Guild. Instead, the State prosecuted petitioner because she used
    her position at the Guild to illegally divert money into her credit card accounts. As for petitioner’s
    claim that her sentence is disproportionate because the court relied on impermissible factors in
    sentencing her, i.e., her rejection of the State’s plea offer and the “bad acts” evidence admitted by
    the State against her, petitioner enters no evidence in support. Thus, we reject this assignment of
    error.
    For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the June 11, 2019, order of the Circuit Court of Grant
    County.
    Affirmed.
    ISSUED: December 16, 2020
    CONCURRED IN BY:
    Chief Justice Tim Armstead
    Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
    Justice Evan H. Jenkins
    DISSENTING:
    Justice Margaret L. Workman
    Justice John A. Hutchison
    Justices Workman and Hutchison would set for oral argument in accordance with Rule 19 of the
    West Virginia Rule of Appellate Procedure.
    Hutchison, J., dissenting:
    I dissent to the majority’s resolution of this case. I would have set this case for oral
    argument to thoroughly address the error alleged in this appeal. Having reviewed the parties’
    briefs and the issues raised therein, I believe a formal opinion of this Court was warranted—not a
    memorandum decision. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
    10