In re G.G. ( 2023 )

FILED
No. 22-0365 – In re G.G. June 8, 2023
released at 3:00 p.m.
EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
WOOTON, J., concurring: SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
This Court is confronted with a case involving a child’s placement “only
because too many people love this [child].” In re Clifford K., 217 W. Va. 625, 646, 619
S.E.2d 138, 159 (2005); see also In re J.P., 243 W. Va. 394, 400, 844 S.E.2d 165, 171
(2020) (same). Sadly, this is a rare occurrence in abuse and neglect cases. Here, the circuit
court was tasked with deciding which of two equally suitable and loving homes should
prevail in the contest to serve as G.G.’s permanent, adoptive placement. On one side are
the foster parents — the family with whom G.G. has been placed for so much of her young
life; on the other are G.G.’s maternal aunt and uncle, whom she only met late in these
proceedings, but who clearly want only the best for her. In resolving that contest the circuit
court ultimately determined that G.G.’s best interests were served by remaining with the
foster parents, basing that decision largely on the amount of time G.G. had been in the
foster parents’ home, and on the lack of a statutory preference for permanent placement
with blood relatives of the child.
I concur with the majority’s conclusion that under the current legal
framework there is no statutory preference for permanent placement with blood relatives,
generally. See Syl. Pt. 2, in part, In re K.L., 241 W. Va. 546, 826 S.E.2d 671 (2019) (“Apart
from the grandparent and the sibling preferences, there does not exist an adoptive
placement preference for a child’s blood relatives, generally.”). While I agree with the
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majority’s analysis of the law as it stands today, I believe recent amendments to the code
suggest that the legislature may be moving towards legislation establishing a placement
preference for a child’s blood relatives. Accordingly, I write separately for two reasons:
(1) to highlight that there is no statutory preference for permanent placement with a child’s
relatives; and (2) to stress that if there is to be such a permanent placement preference it
will (and should) be accomplished through legislation.
Petitioners argued before this Court that in enacting the Foster Child Bill of
Rights, West Virginia Code section 49-2-126 (Supp. 2022), the Legislature created a
statutory placement preference for blood relatives. Specifically, Petitioners point to section
49-2-126(a)(5), which provides that children in the child welfare system have “[t]he right
to be placed in a kinship placement, when such placement meets the objectives set forth in
this article[.]” The majority correctly concludes that this language requires the circuit to
analyze whether a child’s placement in a kinship placement would serve his or her best
interests. While I agree with the majority that this language does not in itself create a
statutory adoptive placement preference for the child’s relatives, a review of Chapter 49
suggests that such a preference may have been contemplated—not just by the language in
section 49-2-126(a)(5), but by other provisions referencing placement with relatives of the
child.
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The Foster Child Bill of Rights clearly establishes that a child has “[t]he right
to live in a safe and healthy environment, and the least restrictive environment possible[.]”
Id. § 49-2-126(a)(1) (emphasis added). In this regard, the legislation leaves little question
as to what constitutes the “least restrictive environment possible”; to wit: West Virginia
Code section 49-4-601a (Supp. 2022) provides that “placement of a child with a relative is
the least restrictive alternative living arrangement.” There is no reason to believe the
Legislature would ascribe the phrase “least restrictive environment possible” a different
meaning in the Foster Child Bill of Rights (West Virginia Code § 49-2-126(a)(1)) than in
West Virginia Code § 49-4-601a.
I agree with the majority that the plain language of section 49-4-601a limits
its application to initial placements after the child is removed from the home, and
acknowledge that there is no similarly limiting language found in the Foster Child Bill of
Rights. At a minimum, this suggests that in affording a child the general right to live in
“the least restrictive environment possible” and the separate right to “be placed in a kinship
placement,” the Legislature may be suggesting that a child’s relatives are to be entitled to
some type of preference. 1 The question is whether the Legislature intends that to be an
adoptive placement preference.
1
To be clear, while my focus is on the amendments to the code made after this
Court’s decision in In re K.L. was rendered, there is no shortage of provisions pre-dating
that opinion which also suggest the existence of an adoptive placement preference for a
child’s relatives. For example, the statutes governing permanency hearings at least twice
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I believe this Court is constrained from answering that question in the
affirmative; the various statutory references to placement with relatives do not rise to a
level sufficient for this Court to determine that there exists in the law an adoptive placement
preference for the child’s relatives, generally. Simply stated, other than grandparents and
siblings, there is no clear statutory directive to deviate from this Court’s holdings that there
is no permanent placement preference for a child’s relatives, generally.
The grandparent preference and the sibling preference both are set forth in
distinct statutory provisions or subsections addressing only the preference and any
direct circuit courts to consider “permanent placement with a relative.” The first such
instance appears in West Virginia Code section 49-4-608(b) (2015), which applies when a
child has not achieved permanency within twelve months of the dispositional decision. A
similar directive is found in West Virginia Code section 49-4-608(e)(6), which sets out the
required findings in circuit court orders following any permanency hearing, including that
the circuit court provide “compelling reasons why it continues to not be in the best interest
of the child to . . . be placed with a fit and willing relative.” Id. § 49-4-608(e)(6)(C)(iv).
While the full language of that provision runs the gamut of placement options—
reunification, adoption, legal guardianships, and placement with a relative—the explicit
reference to relative placement in the permanency context undeniably suggests the
existence of a preference.
Finally, turning to the dispositional statute, West Virginia Code section 49-4-604
(Supp. 2022), the Legislature has intimated that the circuit court must consider “whether
the child should . . . [b]e considered for permanent placement with a fit and willing relative”
in the context of a temporary guardianship under section 49-4-604(c)(5)(E0(ii) (emphasis
added). That directive is internally contradictory because it applies to a temporary
placement, but directs consideration of a permanent placement with a relative. We
addressed that statute in K. L. and determined that it only applied to temporary placements.
241 W. Va. at 555, 826 S.E.2d at 680. Nonetheless, this statutory inconsistency adds to
confusion as to whether there exists a permanent placement preference for relatives of a
child.
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attendant considerations in effectuating that preference. For example, the grandparent
preference embodied at West Virginia Code section 49-4-114(a)(3) (2015) provides: “[f]or
purposes of any placement of a child for adoption by the department, the department shall
first consider the suitability and willingness of any known grandparent or grandparents to
adopt the child. . . .[the department] shall assure that the grandparents are offered the
placement of the child prior to the consideration of any other prospective adoptive
parents.” Id. (emphasis added). The language could not be plainer: grandparents are
entitled to the first chance at adoptive placement of the child. The subsection then sets out
plainly what is required to effectuate that preference (e.g., a successful home study). See
id. Likewise, the statute establishing the sibling preference (West Virginia Code section
49-4-111 (2015)), delineates a preference for keeping siblings together, when possible, and
if in the best interests of the children. There is no comparable statutory permanent
placement preference for blood relatives.
Abuse and neglect proceedings involve the protection of the most vulnerable
persons in this State’s court system: our children. The development of rules concerning
the protection of those children is a complex task, necessitating the careful balancing of
many factors, not the least of which is the best interests of those children. While we may
appreciate the potential benefits of a permanent placement preference for a child’s
relatives, the fact remains that under our system of government the Legislature has the
responsibility to examine the legal framework, assess any available evidence, consider
expert opinions, and engage in a comprehensive evaluation of what would aid in serving
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the best interests of the children of this state. See Syl. Pt. 2, in part, Huffman v. Goals Coal
Co., 223 W. Va. 724, 679 S.E.2d 323 (2009) (“It is the duty of the Legislature to consider
facts, establish policy, and embody that policy in legislation. It is the duty of this Court to
enforce legislation unless it runs afoul of the State or Federal Constitutions.”) (emphasis in
original). While a child’s relatives may offer potential advantages as placement options—
as the Legislature has recognized in providing that relatives receive preference for initial
placement, see West Virginia Code section 49-4-601a—it is not within the purview of this
Court to create a permanent placement preference in the absence of clear legislative
guidance. “The principles of judicial conservatism require us . . . not to bestow upon
ourselves the role of superlegislature simply because we do not believe [the Legislature]
went far enough.” Tug Valley Pharmacy, LLC v. All Plaintiffs Below in Mingo Cnty., 235
W. Va. 283, 298, 773 S.E.2d 627, 642 (2015) (Benjamin, J., concurring) (emphasis in
original). 2 For that reason, if the Legislature desires that such a preference exist, it must
revise the Code to make that clear; and if the public wishes that such a preference exist, its
remedy lies not with us, but with the elected members of the Legislature.
In sum, I agree with the majority that currently there is no statutory
preference for permanent placement of a child with blood relatives of that child. While
2
It is essential to recognize that the judiciary’s role is to interpret and apply the law,
not to legislate from the bench. See Henry v. Benyo, 203 W. Va. 172, 181, 506 S.E.2d 615,
624 (1998) (“As a Court charged with reviewing and interpreting the will of the
Legislature, we are constrained to abide by its mandates and to refrain from creating
‘judicial legislation.’”).
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there are hints or suggestions, there is no clear statutory expression sufficient to justify this
Court concluding that such a preference is the express public policy of the State.
Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons I respectfully concur.
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