William R. Durkin, Iii v. The State of Wyoming ( 2024 )

IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING
2024 WY 101APRIL TERM, A.D. 2024
September 24, 2024
WILLIAM R. DURKIN, III,
Appellant
(Defendant),
v.
S-23-0183, S-24-0040
THE STATE OF WYOMING,
Appellee
(Plaintiff).
Appeal from the District Court of Converse County
The Honorable F. Scott Peasley, Judge
Representing Appellant:
Office of the State Public Defender: Ryan Roden, Interim Wyoming State Public
Defender*; Kirk A. Morgan, Chief Appellate Counsel; Jeremy Meerkreebs,
Assistant Appellate Counsel.
Representing Appellee:
Bridget Hill, Wyoming Attorney General; Jenny L. Craig, Deputy Attorney
General; Kristen R. Jones, Senior Assistant Attorney General.
Before FOX, C.J., BOOMGAARDEN, GRAY, FENN, AND JAROSH, JJ.
* An Order Substituting Ryan Roden for Diane Lozano was entered on August 9, 2024.
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third.
Readers are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building, Cheyenne,
Wyoming 82002, of typographical or other formal errors so correction may be made before final
publication in the permanent volume.
JAROSH, Justice.
[¶1] The district court revoked William R. Durkin, III’s probation and ordered him to
serve four to six years in prison on two felony convictions. Although the court gave him
credit against his sentences for 413 days he was in official detention in Wyoming, it refused
to credit him for 107 days he spent at a “probation residential center” in Michigan. Mr.
Durkin appeals the district court’s probation revocation order and subsequent denial of his
motion to correct his sentences, claiming the court erred by refusing to give him the
requested credit against his prison sentences. We affirm.
ISSUE
[¶2] Did the district court illegally sentence Mr. Durkin when it refused to award credit
against his prison sentences for time he spent at a probation residential center in Michigan?
FACTS
[¶3] Mr. Durkin pled guilty to felony theft and felony property destruction. The district
court sentenced him on December 20, 2018, to concurrent sentences of five to eight years
in prison. It suspended the prison sentences and ordered Mr. Durkin to serve a split
sentence of one year in county jail followed by four to five years of supervised probation.
One of the conditions of his probation required him to “refrain from the use of alcohol
[and] illegal drugs.”
[¶4] After he was released from custody, Mr. Durkin moved to Michigan, and the State
of Michigan (Michigan Probation) began overseeing his probation. While under Michigan
Probation supervision, Mr. Durkin violated the terms of his Wyoming probation by using
alcohol and cocaine. As an administrative sanction for his probation violations, Michigan
Probation ordered Mr. Durkin to complete the Tri County Community Adjudication
Program (TRICAP) there.
[¶5] At the time Mr. Durkin attended TRICAP, it was described as a “probation
residential center” which operated as a “diversion program focusing on reducing the
number of offender admissions to prison” through “cognitive behavioral modification.”
[¶6] TRICAP accepted referrals from judges, probation and parole agents, and attorneys,
and provided programming for issues such as substance abuse and domestic violence.
Although Mr. Durkin was ordered to complete an “intensive” program at TRICAP and had
to wear an “alcohol monitor bracelet,” it was considered “an unsecure facility.” Mr. Durkin
spent 107 days at the TRICAP facility and successfully completed the program.
[¶7] Despite his success at TRICAP, Mr. Durkin began drinking alcohol and absconded
from probation supervision after he was discharged. Michigan Probation advised the State
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of Wyoming of Mr. Durkin’s probation violations and, in November 2019, the State filed
a motion to revoke his probation and obtained a warrant for his arrest.
[¶8] Mr. Durkin was arrested in 2023 and subsequently admitted the probation
violations. The district court revoked his probation and imposed his suspended prison
sentences but reduced them to concurrent terms of four to six years. The court granted Mr.
Durkin credit against his sentences for 413 days he served in official detention in
Wyoming, but did not credit him for the 107 days he spent at TRICAP in Michigan.
[¶9] Mr. Durkin filed a notice of appeal from the district court’s revocation order, which
we docketed as S-23-0183. We stayed proceedings in S-23-0183 after Mr. Durkin filed a
Wyoming Rule of Criminal Procedure (W.R.Cr.P.) 35(a) motion asking the district court
to correct his allegedly illegal sentences by awarding him credit for the time he spent in the
TRICAP program. See W.R.Cr.P. 35(a) (“The court may correct an illegal sentence at any
time.”). After briefing and argument, the district court concluded Mr. Durkin’s sentences
were legal and denied his motion. Mr. Durkin appealed the denial of his Rule 35(a) motion
to correct his sentences, which we docketed as S-24-0040. We then consolidated Mr.
Durkin’s appeals for briefing and decision.
DISCUSSION
[¶10] While sentencing decisions are normally within the sound discretion of the district
court, such discretion is limited “‘inasmuch as a court may not enter an illegal sentence.’”
Thompson v. State, 2018 WY 3, ¶ 54, 408 P.3d 756, 769 (Wyo. 2018) (quoting Barela v.
State, 2016 WY 68, ¶ 6, 375 P.3d 783, 785-86 (Wyo. 2016), and citing Bitz v. State, 2003
WY 140, ¶ 7, 78 P.3d 257, 259 (Wyo. 2003)) (other citations and some quotation marks
omitted). “‘Whether a sentence is illegal is a question of law, which we review de novo.’”
Id. (quoting Barela, ¶ 6, 375 P.3d at 785-86, and citing Manes v. State, 2007 WY 6, ¶ 7,
150 P.3d 179, 181 (Wyo. 2007)) (other citations omitted). “A sentence that does not
include proper credit for time previously served is an illegal sentence.” Yearout v. State,
2013 WY 133, ¶ 7, 311 P.3d 180, 182 (Wyo. 2013) (citing Baker v. State, 2011 WY 53, ¶
8, 248 P.3d 640, 642 (Wyo. 2011)).
[¶11] Mr. Durkin claims his sentences are illegal because the district court did not give
him credit for the time he spent at the TRICAP facility in Michigan. “A district court must
award credit against an original sentence when a defendant is in ‘official detention.’”
Yearout, ¶ 8, 311 P.3d at 182 (quoting Hagerman v. State, 2011 WY 151, ¶ 12, 264 P.3d
18, 21 (Wyo. 2011)). As relevant here, official detention includes “arrest or detention in a
facility for the custody of persons who are charged with or convicted of a crime.” Yearout,
¶ 8, 311 P.3d at 182 (citing Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-5-201(a)(ii)). Under Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-
5-206(a) (LexisNexis 2023), “[a] person commits a crime if he escapes from official
detention.”
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[¶12] Official detention typically “‘does not include supervision on probation or parole.’”
Yearout, ¶ 8, 311 P.3d at 182 (quoting § 6-5-201(a)(ii)). However, if the sentencing court
imposes a condition of probation which “subjects a defendant to a charge of escape, he is
entitled to credit against his sentence for the time spent in that environment.” Id. (citing
Blouir v. State, 950 P.2d 53, 55 (Wyo. 1997)). See also, Hiltner v. State, 2023 WY 82, ¶
12, 534 P.3d 452, 454 (Wyo. 2023) (stating a defendant is entitled to credit against his
sentence when the court orders him to complete substance abuse treatment as a condition
of probation and states he will be in official detention or custody while doing so); Hutton
v. State, 2018 WY 88, ¶ 16, 422 P.3d 967, 971 (Wyo. 2018) (stating a defendant is entitled
to credit against his sentence “if an order to participate in a substance abuse treatment
program includes language indicating that the sentencing court intended that the defendant
is to be considered in custody or in official detention while residing at the facility” ).
[¶13] Mr. Durkin asserts he is entitled to credit for his time at the TRICAP facility because
it was functionally equivalent to a Wyoming Adult Community Corrections program
(ACC), and time spent in an ACC would be credited against his sentence. To understand
Mr. Durkin’s argument, we review Wyoming’s Adult Community Corrections Act, which
governs ACC programs. See Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 7-18-101 through 7-18-115 (LexisNexis
2023).
[¶14] Section 7-18-102(a)(i) defines an ACC as a community facility or program
“operated either by a unit of local government or by a nongovernmental agency,” which:
1) may provide “residential and nonresidential accommodations and services for offenders,
parolees and inmates”; 2) provides programs and services to aid offenders, parolees, and
inmates with employment, education, vocational training, and “utilizing the resources of
the community in meeting their personal and family needs[,] and in participating in
whatever specialized treatment programs exist within the community”; and 3) provides
probation supervision. Id. ACC programs are operated under the auspices of community
correction boards established by the various county commissions in the state. Wyo. Stat.
Ann. § 7-18-105. To qualify as a governmental or nongovernmental ACC, the entity must
meet strict standards for operation and oversight set out by the Wyoming Department of
Corrections (DOC) and the governing community corrections board. See Wyo. Stat. Ann.
§ 7-18-107 (establishing requirements for contracts between ACCs and community
corrections boards); Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-18-111 (setting out duties of the DOC to establish
standards for ACCs). A nongovernmental ACC must also be approved by “the board of
county commissioners of the county and the governing body of the city or town in which
the proposed facility or the situs of the program is to be located. Approval or denial of the
establishment of the facility or program shall be made only after consultation with the
[community] corrections board and the [DOC].” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-18-104(b).
[¶15] There are several ways an offender may be referred to a Wyoming ACC. A court
may order an offender to participate in an ACC as a condition of probation, see § 7-18-
108(a); the DOC may require an offender to participate in an ACC as an administrative
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sanction for violating probation, see § 7-18-108(f) and § 7-13-1802(b) (LexisNexis 2023)
(placement in an ACC is an authorized sanction for a probation violation); the DOC may
transfer an inmate to an ACC, see § 7-18-109; or the Wyoming Board of Parole (BOP)
may require an offender to participate in an ACC as a condition of parole, see § 7-18-115.
Regardless of how an offender is referred to an ACC program, he still must meet strict
screening requirements which generally evaluate “the risk the offender . . . may present to
himself and others as well as the aptitude, attitude and social and occupational skills of the
offender” to enter the program. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-18-103(b). See also, Wyo. Stat. Ann.
§ 7-18-106(b)(i) (requiring community corrections boards to screen offenders). An
offender must also be accepted by the community corrections board to participate in the
ACC program. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-18-106(a)(iii). See also, Counts v. State, 2008 WY
156, ¶ 18, 197 P.3d 1280, 1285 (Wyo. 2008) (recognizing community corrections boards
must approve an offender’s participation in an ACC, whether the placement is made by a
court under § 7-18-108(b)(iii), the DOC under § 7-18-109(b)(v), or the BOP under § 7-18-
115(b)(iii)); Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-18-108(f) (indicating the DOC may order a defendant to
participate in an ACC as a sanction for a probation violation only when the county
community corrections board approves the placement in accordance with § 7-18-
108(b)(iii)).
[¶16] Section 7-18-112 states:
(a) An offender, parolee or an inmate [in an ACC] is
deemed guilty of escape from official detention and shall be
punished as provided by W.S. 6-5-206(a)(i) if, without proper
authorization, he:
(i) Fails to remain within the extended limits of his
confinement or to return within the time prescribed to an adult
community correctional facility to which he was assigned or
transferred; or
(ii) Being a participant in a program established
under the provisions of this act he leaves his place of
employment or fails or neglects to return to the adult
community correctional facility within the time prescribed or
when specifically ordered to do so.
[¶17] We recognized in Hutton, ¶ 15, 422 P.3d at 970, that under the ACC statutes a
defendant’s time spent “residing in a community corrections facility as a condition of
probation is statutorily considered to be in official detention.” “[B]ecause absenting
himself from the facility may . . . subject him to an escape charge, [a defendant’s] time
spent in a community corrections program . . . must be counted against the sentence . . . if
his probation is later revoked.” Id. (citing Baker, ¶ 9, 248 P.3d at 642-43, Endris v. State,
2010 WY 73, ¶ 17, 233 P.3d 578, 582 (Wyo. 2010), and Prejean v. State, 794 P.2d 877,
879 (Wyo. 1990)).
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[¶18] However, in Hutton we also recognized Wyoming law treats a defendant’s time
spent in an inpatient substance abuse treatment program while on probation different than
time spent in an ACC. Id., ¶ 16, 422 P.3d at 971 (citing Yearout, ¶ 9, 311 P.3d at 182).
Even when a court requires a defendant to attend inpatient treatment, he typically does not
get credit against his sentence for that time “because treatment ordered as a condition of
probation does not ordinarily subject a defendant to a charge of escape for leaving the
facility.” Id. Similarly, defendants under “intensive supervised probation[,] electronic
monitoring[, or] house arrest while on probation [are not] entitled to credit” against their
sentences. Hutton, ¶ 20, 422 P.3d at 971 (citing Yearout, ¶ 14, 311 P.3d at 183).
[¶19] An exception to these general rules exists when a court requires a defendant to
participate in a substance abuse treatment program and “includes language [in the order]
indicating that the sentencing court intended that the defendant is to be considered in
custody or in official detention while residing at the facility.” Hutton, ¶ 16, 422 P.3d at
971 (citing Daniels v. State, 2014 WY 125, ¶ 10, 335 P.3d 483, 486 (Wyo. 2014)) (other
citations omitted). See also, Hiltner, ¶ 12, 534 P.3d at 454 (recognizing a court’s order
may state a defendant will be in custody or official detention while in treatment, thereby
entitling him to credit against his sentence); Beyer v. State, 2008 WY 137, ¶¶ 8-9, 196 P.3d
777, 780 (Wyo. 2008) (acknowledging a defendant “is entitled to credit for time spent in
an inpatient alcohol treatment facility” when the court’s order states the defendant will be
subject to a level of custody tantamount to county jail and “a charge of escape will lie”);
YellowBear v. State, 874 P.2d 241, 245 (Wyo. 1994) (holding the defendant was entitled
to credit against his sentence for time spent in a treatment facility because the court’s order
stated he was “considered to be in custody while at the program”). In such circumstances,
a defendant is entitled to credit against his sentence for time spent in inpatient treatment.
[¶20] If Mr. Durkin had been supervised in Wyoming, his probation officer could have
required him to participate in an ACC program as a sanction for his probation violations
(provided he met the screening and approval requirements of the appropriate community
corrections board). See Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 7-18-108(f) and 7-13-1802(b). In such case,
Mr. Durkin would have been entitled to credit against his sentence for the time spent at an
ACC because, under § 7-18-112, he would have been in official detention and subject to
an escape charge if he left. On the other hand, a probation agent in Wyoming could have
sanctioned him for violating probation by requiring him to participate in intensive
supervised probation, house arrest, electronic monitoring, or treatment for substance abuse.
See Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 7-13-1102(b), 7-13-1802(a)(iii). Unlike time spent in an ACC, the
other sanctions would not be considered official detention entitling Mr. Durkin to credit
against his sentences. Hutton, ¶ 20, 422 P.3d at 971; Yearout, ¶¶ 12-14, 311 P.3d at 183.
[¶21] However, Mr. Durkin was not supervised in Wyoming. He was supervised in
Michigan and Michigan Probation ordered him to participate in TRICAP as a sanction for
violating his Wyoming probation conditions. At the hearing on the motion to correct his
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sentences, Mr. Durkin presented evidence showing TRICAP met the broad definition of an
ACC under § 7-18-102(a)(i), because it was “a community facility operated by a
nongovernmental agency which provide[d] residential accommodations and services for
offenders . . . and supervise[d]” them. Like ACCs, TRICAP provided substance abuse
treatment programs (including onsite drug and alcohol testing), educational services, and
work placement programs. See Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-18-102(a)(i)(B). Mr. Durkin was part
of an “intensive” program while in TRICAP, which required him to wear an “alcohol
monitor bracelet.”
[¶22] Although TRICAP provided services and programming similar to Wyoming ACCs,
TRICAP was not approved as a Wyoming ACC or subject to oversight by the DOC or a
Wyoming community corrections board. Prior to entering TRICAP, Mr. Durkin was not
screened as required by the ACC statutes or approved by a community corrections board.
It is undisputed that under Michigan law he would not have been subject to escape charges
for leaving the TRICAP facility without authorization and would not have received credit
against any Michigan prison sentence for time spent in the program. Unlike if he spent
time in a Wyoming ACC, Mr. Durkin was not in “official detention” while at TRICAP.
The fact that he was in an “intensive” program at TRICAP and required to wear an alcohol
monitor bracelet did not transform his time there into official detention. See Hutton, ¶ 20,
422 P.3d at 971; Yearout, ¶¶ 12-14, 311 P.3d at 183. Furthermore, given the district court
did not order Mr. Durkin to participate in TRICAP, it did not include any language in a
court order indicating he was considered in custody or official detention while residing at
TRICAP.1
CONCLUSION
[¶23] Mr. Durkin was not in official detention while at the Michigan TRICAP facility and,
consequently, he is not entitled to credit against his sentence for the 107 days he spent
there. The district court properly concluded Mr. Durkin’s sentences were not illegal and
denied his Rule 35(a) motion to correct his sentences.
[¶24] Affirmed.
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Mr. Durkin argues it is irrelevant that he would not have been charged with escape in Michigan for leaving
TRICAP because he could have been charged with escape under Wyoming law for leaving the facility.
Setting aside the potential jurisdictional questions involved with Wyoming authorities charging Mr. Durkin
with escape for leaving a Michigan facility, Mr. Durkin would not have faced a Wyoming escape charge
for leaving TRICAP because, as we have already explained, he was not in official detention.
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