United States v. Specialist CHARLES E. ROBINSON III

UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
Before
ESCALLIER, SALUSSOLIA, and SCHASBERGER
Appellate Military Judges
UNITED STATES, Appellee
v.
Specialist CHARLES E. ROBINSON III
United States Army, Appellant
ARMY 20170536
Headquarters, Fort Campbell
Daniel G. Brookhart, Military Judge
Colonel Andras M. Marton, Staff Judge Advocate
For Appellant: Major Kyle C. Sprague, JA; Captain James J. Berreth, JA (on brief).
For Appellee: No response filed.
9 December 2019
SUMMARY DISPOSITION ON REMAND
This opinion is issued as an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent.
Per Curiam:
On remand from our superior court, appellant’s case is before us for review of
his approved sentence. After reviewing appellant’s case, including the pretrial
agreement between appellant and the convening authority, we find the convening
authority erred in attempting to suspend appellant’s sentence to confinement in
excess of twenty-five years. Accordingly, we provide relief in our decretal
paragraph.
A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted appellant,
consistent with his pleas, of one specification of conspiracy to commit murder, one
specification of murder, and one specification of obstructing justice, in violation of
Articles 81, 118, and 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. §§ 881, 918,
and 934 [UCMJ]. The military judge sentenced appellant to a dishonorable
discharge, confinement for life without the possibility of parole, total forfeitures,
and reduction to E-1.
ROBINSON—ARMY 20170536
Before trial, appellant and the convening authority entered into a pretrial
agreement wherein appellant agreed to plead guilty and cooperate in the proceedings
against his co-conspirator, and the convening authority agreed to disapprove
appellant’s confinement in excess of twenty-five years. However, instead of
approving a twenty-five year sentence to confinement in accordance with the pretrial
agreement, the convening authority approved the sentence as adjudged and
suspended the execution of the sentence to confinement that exceeded twenty-five
years. The convening authority also credited appellant with 558 days against the
sentence to confinement.
In our previous review of this case pursuant to Article 66, UCMJ, this court
affirmed the guilty findings, as well as the sentence as approved by the convening
authority.! Our superior court granted review of appellant’s case, affirmed the
guilty findings, and set aside appellant’s sentence. Our superior court then
remanded appellant’s case to this court for further review of the sentence approved
by the convening authority. On remand, appellant argues that the convening
authority erred by not abiding by the terms of the pretrial agreement, specifically by
not disapproving all confinement in excess of twenty-five years. We agree.
BACKGROUND
Appellant and Sergeant (SGT) Jamal Williams-McCray entered into agreement
wherein appellant would help SGT Williams-McCray kill Private First Class (PFC)
Shadow McClaine in exchange for $10,000. Pursuant to this agreement, appellant
and SGT Williams-McCray killed PFC McClaine in the early morning hours of 3
September 2016. As a result, the government charged appellant with murder,
conspiracy to commit murder, and obstruction of justice.
In July 2017, appellant entered into a pretrial agreement with the convening
authority. In the pretrial agreement, appellant agreed to plead guilty to the three
charges. Appellant also agreed to cooperate with prosecutors and law enforcement
officials as part of the investigation into SGT Williams-McCray, and testify
truthfully in SGT Williams-McCray’s court martial, if necessary. In exchange, the
convening authority agreed to “disapprove all confinement in excess of twenty-five
(25) years.” Appellant entered pleas as agreed, and was convicted pursuant to his
pleas. When appellant was convicted, he had satisfied all terms of his pretrial
agreement except testifying at SGT Williams-McCray’s court martial, which had not
yet occurred.
On 28 September 2017, the military judge sentenced appellant to confinement
for life without the possibility of parole. During his colloquy with appellant after
announcing the sentence, the military judge ensured appellant understood that the
' United States v. Robinson, ARMY 20170536 (Army Ct. Crim App. 31 Jul. 2019).
ROBINSON—ARMY 20170536
convening authority was required to disapprove all confinement in excess of twenty-
five years.
As part of the post-trial processing of appellant’s case, the staff judge
advocate’s post-trial recommendation (SJAR) advised the convening authority to
approve “only so much of the sentence as provides for .. . confinement for 25 years
..” In his post-trial submissions pursuant to Rules for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.)
1105 and 1106, appellant expressed that he had “no additions or corrections to the
[SJAR].”
In the addendum to the SJAR, the staff judge advocate amended his
recommendation to the convening authority, advising him to approve a sentence of
“confinement for life without the possibility of parole... but the execution of that
part of the sentence extending to confinement in excess of 25 years is suspended for
a period of two years or until [appellant] complies with the terms of his pretrial
agreement, at which time, unless sooner vacated, the suspended part of the sentence
will be remitted without further Action.” Nothing in the record indicates that
appellant had not complied with any term of the pretrial agreement except testifying
at SGT Williams-McCray’s court martial, which still had not yet occurred.
After receiving and reviewing the addendum to the SJAR, appellant provided
additional post-trial submissions to the convening authority, urging him to follow
the terms of the pretrial agreement, and noting that nothing in the pretrial agreement
contemplated suspending part of appellant’s sentence. Appellant also demanded
speedy post-trial processing.
The staff judge advocate then drafted a new addendum to the SJAR, wherein
he opined that, despite the pretrial agreement and the applicable versions of Article
60, UCMJ, and R.C.M. 1107, the convening authority could suspend appellant’s
sentence as recommended in the initial addendum to the SJAR. On 27 November
2018, the convening authority took action on appellant’s case, approving’ a sentence
of confinement for life without the possibility of parole, but suspending the
execution of confinement in excess of twenty-five years “for a period of two years
or until [appellant] complies with the terms of his pretrial agreement... .”
In total, 425 days elapsed between appellant’s sentence and the convening
authority’s action. Nearly seven months of the elapsed time was attributed to
? After initially receiving appellant’s case from the convening authority, this court
directed the convening authority to take new action because the 27 November 2018
action omitted the word “approve” as to appellant’s sentence. The convening
authority took subsequent action on 18 December 2018 approving the sentence
contemplated in the initial action and the addendum to the SJAR.
ROBINSON—ARMY 20170536
holding appellant’s case while SGT Williams-McCray’s investigation and court-
martial were pending.
LAW AND DISCUSSION
The interpretation of a pretrial agreement is a question of law, which we
review de novo. United States v. Smead, 68 M.J. 44, 59 (C.A.A.F. 2009) (citing
United States v. Lundy, 63 M.J. 299, 301 (C.A.A.F. 2006)).
When analyzing the terms of a pretrial agreement, appellate courts begin by
examining “the language of the agreement itself.” United States v. Acevedo, 50 M.J.
169, 172 (C.A.A.F. 1999). When the terms of the agreement are unambiguous, “the
intent of the parties is discerned from the four corners” of the agreement, and the
“plain language” of the terms will be given effect. Id.
Subject to two exceptions, the applicable versions of Article 60, UCMJ, and
R.C.M. 1107 prohibit a convening authority from “suspend[ing] in whole or in part
an adjudged sentence of confinement for more than six months... .” UCM, art. 60
(2012 & Supp. III 2016); R.C.M. 1107(d)(1)(B)-(C). The two instances where a
convening authority is authorized to suspend an adjudged sentence to confinement of
more than six months are “[u]pon the recommendation of the trial counsel, in
recognition of the substantial assistance by the accused in the investigation or
prosecution of another person who has committed an offense,” and “pursuant to the
terms of the pretrial agreement.” UCMJ, art. 60 (2012 & Supp. III 2016); R.C.M.
1107(d)(1)(B)-(C).
A convening authority is bound by the terms of a pretrial agreement, and may
only withdraw from the pretrial agreement “before the accused begins performance
of the promises contained in the agreement, upon the failure by the accused to fulfill
any material promise or condition in the agreement, when inquiry by the military
judge discloses a disagreement as to a material term in the agreement, or if findings
are set aside because a plea of guilty entered pursuant to the agreement is held
improvident on appellate review.” R.C.M. 705(d)(4)(B); see also United States v.
Dean, 67 M.J. 224, 227 (C.A.A.F. 2009).
Here, the terms of the pretrial agreement are explicit; the convening authority
agreed to disapprove all confinement in excess of twenty-five years. There is
nothing in the pretrial agreement permitting the convening authority to suspend any
portion of appellant’s sentence. Because the terms of the pretrial agreement are
unambiguous, the convening authority is bound by those terms as none of the criteria
listed in R.C.M. 705(d)(4)(B) are met.
Based on the allied papers, we understand the convening authority was
attempting to ensure appellant’s cooperation in the SGT Williams-McCray court-
ROBINSON—ARMY 20170536
martial, as contemplated by the pretrial agreement. However, the avenue chosen by
the convening authority to ensure cooperation is expressly prohibited by Article 60,
UCMJ, R.C.M. 1107(d)(1)(B)-(C), and the pretrial agreement.
This court can think of at least two ways the convening authority could have
lawfully ensured appellant’s cooperation in the SGT Williams-McCray court-martial,
but both would need to be bargained for as part of the pretrial agreement.
First, the convening authority and appellant could have bargained for a
sentence limitation that provided for a suspension of the sentence to confinement.
The suspension could have applied to any sentence to confinement in excess of
twenty-five years, where the suspension would then be remitted upon satisfaction of
the cooperation term of the pretrial agreement.
Second, the convening authority and appellant could have bargained for a
waiver of speedy post-trial processing. An appellant has a right to speedy post-trial
processing. United States v. Moreno, 63 M.J. 129, 135 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citations
omitted). However, an appellant may forego certain “constitutional rights . . . in
exchange for a reduction in sentence or other benefit.” Smead, 68 M.J. at 59. As
such, the appellant in this case could have forfeited, through the pretrial agreement,
his right to speedy post-trial processing, thereby permitting the convening authority
to withhold action on appellant’s sentence until after appellant’s cooperation and
testimony in the Williams-McCray proceedings.
Either option, if properly bargained for as part of the pretrial agreement,
would have allowed the convening authority to ensure appellant participated in SGT
Williams-McCray’s court-martial if it became necessary. However, no such bargain
existed in this case.
CONCLUSION
While the convening authority and appellant could have agreed to terms in the
pretrial agreement that would have permitted the convening authority to take the
action he did in this case, the terms of the pretrial agreement required the convening
authority to disapprove all confinement in excess of twenty-five years. The
convening authority, therefore, violated the pretrial agreement when he suspended,
rather than disapproved, confinement in excess of twenty-five years.
Upon consideration of the entire record, we AFFIRM only so much of
appellant’s sentence as provides for a dishonorable discharge, confinement for
twenty-five years, total forfeitures, and reduction to E-1.
ROBINSON—ARMY 20170536
FOR THE COURT:
wl
MALCOLM H. SQUIRES, JR.
Clerk of Court