United States v. Specialist JEREMY N. NAVARETTE

UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
Before
ALDYKIEWICZ, SALUSSOLIA, and WALKER
Appellate Military Judges
UNITED STATES, Appellee
Vv.
Specialist JEREMY N. NAVARETTE
United States Army, Appellant
ARMY 20160786
Headquarters Fort Drum
S. Charles Neill, Military Judge
Colonel Peter R. Hayden, Staff Judge Advocate
For Appellant: Captain Zachary A. Gray, JA; Major Jack D. Einhorn, JA.
For Appellee: Major Dustin B. Myrie, JA; Lieutenant Colonel Wayne H. Williams,
JA; Colonel Steven P. Haight, JA.
29 January 2020
This opinion is issued as an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent.
WALKER, Judge:
The issue before this court is whether appellant has raised a “substantial
question” as to his mental responsibility at the time of the charged offense or mental
capacity to understand and intelligently cooperate in appellate proceedings. We
recognize that appellant has experienced significant physical and emotional trauma
throughout his life resulting in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and that he
suffers from bipolar disorder with psychotic features. However, despite being
afforded additional opportunity, his appellate counsel have failed to demonstrate a
nexus between any of appellant’s mental health diagnoses and his mental
responsibility at the time of the charged offense or ability to cooperate intelligently
in his appellate proceedings, as required by Rule for Courts-Martial [R.C.M.]
1203(c)(5). We therefore deny appellant’s motion for an R.C.M. 706 inquiry into
his mental capacity and mental responsibility.
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BACKGROUND
A. Procedural Background
Appellant filed his brief with this court on 27 April 2018 asserting that his
punitive discharge was inappropriately severe in light of his intellectual disability
and psychological complications. Appellant also submitted matters pursuant to
United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982), as part of the appendix to
his appellate brief.!
On 30 July 2018, appellant moved for us to stay the appellate proceedings
and order an R.C.M. 706 inquiry. Without ruling on appellant’s motion, we issued a
stay of the proceedings to allow for a full consideration of appellant’s motion and
the supporting documents he provided this court. The basis for appellant’s motion
for an R.C.M. 706 inquiry was his competence to participate in the appellate
proceedings. See R.C.M. 1203(c)(5). Citing United States v. Massey, 27 M.J. 371,
374 (C.M.A. 1989), appellant requested that if we order an inquiry into appellant’s
current mental status, we should similarly order an inquiry into his mental
responsibility at the time of the offense. Appellant’s request included detailed
information pertaining to appellant’s post-confinement mental health
hospitalizations and diagnoses of bipolar disorder I and mania with psychosis in
May 2018, just a few weeks after appellant filed his appeal before this court. On 17
September 2018, we denied appellant’s motion for an R.C.M. 706 inquiry and
affirmed appellant’s finding of guilty and sentence. United States v. Navarette,
ARMY 20160786, 2018 CCA LEXIS 446 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 17 Sept. 2018).
Without deciding whether this court erred by denying appellant’s motion for
an R.C.M. 706 inquiry, our superior court set aside our decision and remanded the
case back to us so that: (1) appellate counsel has the opportunity to demonstrate a
nexus between appellant’s mental health issues and his capacity to participate in
appellate proceedings; and (2) we may “more fully evaluate appellant’s R.C.M. 1203
motion in light of counsel’s representations and all other evidence relating to
Appellant’s mental capacity particularly in regard to the events that unfolded during
the period of appellate representation.” United States v. Navarette, 79 M.J. 123, 127
(C.A.A.F. 2019).
On 22 October 2019, appellant filed a new motion to stay the appellate
proceedings and order an R.C.M. 706 into both his mental capacity to assist in his
appeal and his mental responsibility at the time of the offense for which he was
convicted. As part of his motion, appellant provided additional psychological
' Appellant has not moved to withdraw or supplement his brief or appendix.
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records from April 2019, an affidavit from appellant’s forensic psychologist at trial
generally outlining the symptoms and potential impact of bipolar disorder and
intellectual developmental disability on competency and mental responsibility,” and
the curriculum vitae for a forensic psychologist whom appellant requests assist in
conducting an R.C.M. 706 inquiry.
B. Mental Health Conditions Presented at Trial
Appellant’s conviction for distribution of cocaine stems from a fateful
encounter with a female undercover law enforcement agent, Special Agent (SA)
Stewart. Appellant’s instant infatuation with this law enforcement agent culminated
in his illegal distribution of cocaine to her and ultimate conviction.
On 15 July 2016, military law enforcement conducted a drug suppression
operation at a bar outside of Fort Drum, New York. Appellant was not a target of
the investigation but ensnared himself in the agent’s orbit. Appellant approached
SA Stewart and engaged her in conversation, during which he confessed that he
found her beautiful and kissed her on the cheek. They later exchanged phone
numbers, and appellant invited SA Stewart to a local party.
Later in the evening, over text messages, appellant mentioned grabbing some
liquor. Special Agent Stewart responded that she was looking for something more.
Using slang, appellant asked if she meant cocaine and marijuana. When SA Stewart
confirmed that this was what she meant, appellant responded, “You met the right
dude[.] How much you looking for?” Two weeks later appellant sold SA Stewart
3.5 ounces of cocaine for $280.
At trial, appellant’s defense was that he was entrapped into selling drugs to
SA Stewart to impress a pretty girl, not because he was a drug dealer. Appellant’s
mental health played a prominent role in support of that claim. Appellant presented
the testimony of a forensic psychologist who interviewed appellant and several of
his family members, reviewed the law enforcement investigation and appellant’s
mental health records, and conducted psychological testing on appellant. The
forensic psychologist affirmed appellant’s previous diagnoses of attention deficit
disorder without hyperactivity (ADD) and PTSD.’ While appellant explicitly
2 We note that Dr. Richards, who was appellant’s forensic psychologist during trial,
has not met with appellant in the years since his trial nor has he conducted an
R.C.M. 706 evaluation on appellant.
3 Dr. Richards testified that while appellant experienced some trauma during his
deployment, appellant’s PTSD stemmed primarily from childhood trauma involving
neglect, physical abuse, sexual assault, and experiences witnessing domestic
violence and sexual abuse of siblings.
(continued . . .)
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disavowed a defense of lack of mental responsibility, he presented evidence of his
exceptionally low intelligence* and mental health diagnoses as evidence of his
suggestibility to engage in illegal distribution of cocaine. The forensic psychologist
testified that appellant’s suggestibility related to his overriding desire for acceptance
from others which would drive him to engage in conduct against his self-interests.
However, he did not opine that appellant’s profound need for acceptance impacted
his ability to understand the difference between right and wrong such that appellant
lacked mental responsibility for his actions. In closing, appellant’s counsel argued
that appellant could be easily manipulated and taken advantage of because of his
desire to gain SA Stewart’s affection.
Despite appellant’s assertions that law enforcement entrapped him, on 14
December 2016, a panel of enlisted members sitting as a general court-martial
convicted appellant, contrary to his plea, of one specification of wrongful
distribution of cocaine in violation of Article 112a, Uniform Code of Military
Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 912a (2012) [UCMJ]. The panel sentenced appellant to a bad-
conduct discharge, confinement for 90 days, forfeiture of all pay and allowances,
and reduction to the grade of E-1. The convening authority approved the adjudged
sentence.
C. Appellant’s Post-Trial Mental Health Treatment and Bipolar Diagnosis While
Pending Appellate Review
On appeal, appellant submitted evidence arising after trial regarding his
mental health treatment and bipolar diagnosis.° Based upon the evidence before this
court, there is no question that appellant’s mental health issues have continually
plagued him since his conviction in December 2016. Since then, appellant has
received both voluntary and involuntary mental health treatment. This court has
meticulously reviewed and considered the entirety of appellant’s mental health
history and hospitalizations in determining whether appellant has raised a substantial
question as to whether he possesses the requisite capacity to intelligently participate
in his appellate proceedings.
(. . . continued)
4 An expert testified at trial that Appellant’s IQ was “extremely low. . . what we used
to call the mild mentally retarded range.”
> There was no objection to this court considering appellant’s multiple submissions
of medical records and affidavits. We have no reason to question their authenticity.
For the purposes of deciding appellant’s motion for an R.C.M. 706 inquiry, we treat
them as true. See United States v. Hood, 47 M.J. 95, 97 (C.A.A.F. 1997) (the court
accepting as true two post-trial affidavits because they were unrebutted).
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During appellant’s confinement he received mental health treatment and was
again diagnosed with PTSD, depression, anxiety, and obsessive compulsive disorder.
Upon discharge from confinement, appellant reported that his depression had passed
and he felt hopeful about his future. He acknowledged and agreed to his provider’s
instructions to continue mental health treatment upon release from confinement. The
provider noted that appellant “is at minimal risk for self-harm at this time.”
Appellant was released from confinement in late February 2017.
Several months after his release from confinement, appellant was admitted to
a hospital in Texas from late August until early October of 2017. In March 2018, he
was hospitalized again for several days at a veteran’s hospital in California and
released on 2 April 2018. Appellant did not provide any details regarding those
hospitalizations other than location and length of treatment. A few short days later
on 7 April 2018, appellant was involuntarily admitted to a hospital in California
where he remained until his 22 April 2018 discharge. During this period of
hospitalization, appellant was first diagnosed with bipolar disorder. At the time of
his discharge from this hospitalization, appellant was oriented to person, place, time,
and situation and the provider notes state “mood stable” and that he was
“compliant.” Appellant was prescribed several medications for managing his mental
health issues and his prognosis was “good with out-patient follow-up.” Appellant
filed his appeal to this court a few days later on 27 April 2018.
Less than two weeks after filing his appeal and being released from the April
2018 hospitalization, appellant was involuntarily hospitalized again on 9 May 2018.
Psychiatric records released to this court show that appellant entered a Los Angeles
grade school believing he was with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), tasked
with instructing children on how to respond to a terrorist attack. Under unclear
circumstances, appellant then crashed his car into a school bus. At the time of
admission to the hospital, appellant suffered from “thought and behavioral
disorganization,” “grandiose and delusional symptomatology,” and “severe
difficulties with focus of thought, concentration, and cognitive tracking.” Initial
medications were unsuccessful in resolving appellant’s psychotic and manic
symptoms but providers stabilized appellant with a change in medication. On 18
May 2018, appellant’s psychiatrist contacted his appellate counsel and informed him
of appellant’s diagnoses of bipolar disorder I and mania with psychosis.
As a result of appellant’s severe delusional actions at a grade school, he was
involuntarily hospitalized for psychiatric care for over a month and discharged on 26
June 2018 with the diagnoses of bipolar disorder I and mania with psychosis. The
bipolar diagnosis notes stated:
The bipolar diagnosis has not only affected the patient’s general
psychological functioning but classically and quite certainly had an
impact in terms of affecting his judgment and decision-making capacity
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as judgment and awareness of consequences are certainly compromised
by the underlying bipolar illness.
Despite the severity of appellant’s symptoms at the time of hospitalization, his
discharge paperwork indicates he showed “remarkable improvement... with
complete resolution of psychotic symptomatology. ...” He was no longer
experiencing auditory or visual hallucinations or delusions. Appellant responded
well to treatment and medication. At the time of discharge, his “[i]nsight and
judgment were good” and his responses to questions were “appropriate and goal-
directed.” Appellant’s prognosis was good “dependent upon the patient’s continued
compliance with treatment recommendation.” On 30 July 2018, just over a month
after his release from hospitalization after the delusional grade school incident,
appellant filed a motion to stay the appellate proceedings and order an R.C.M. 706
inquiry.
Appellant received emergency medical treatment as recently as late April
2019 as a result of his becoming intoxicated and experiencing a manic episode
during which he jumped onto New York City subway tracks and superficially cut his
arm.® Appellant’s actions resulted in law enforcement sending him to an emergency
room for evaluation. The provider notes state “[at] this time, he does not meet
criteria for involuntary hospitalization.” The provider also noted that appellant
“denies current delusions” and that his thought process is “linear, goal oriented, not
tangential, not disorganized.” Throughout the records provided from appellant’s
mental health visits in March and April 2019, there are references to appellant
explaining that he served in the Army, was court-martialed for distribution of
cocaine, and is “on leave until his court case is resolved.” The historical
background notes also indicate appellant was receiving regular treatment from a
provider and that he was able to provide a fairly detailed description of his post-trial
hospitalizations, marital concerns, and relevant family history. He also references
his current employment as an electrician.
LAW AND DISCUSSION
Upon remand from our higher court, appellant once again moves this court to
order an inquiry into both his mental capacity to assist in his appeal and his mental
responsibility at the time of the offense for which he was convicted. We hold that
appellant has not raised a substantial question as to his mental capacity. More
specifically, he has failed to establish a sufficient nexus between his mental health
diagnoses and his ability to participate in the appellate proceedings. He has also
6 Appellant submitted additional psychological records and provider notes as part of
his current motion before this court to stay the proceedings and order an R.C.M. 706
inquiry.
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failed to make a prima facie showing that he suffered from his new diagnosis or
related symptoms at the time of his offense such that there is a substantial question
as to his mental responsibility at the time of the charged offense. Therefore, we
deny appellant’s motion for an R.C.M. 706 inquiry into his mental capacity and
mental responsibility.
The military affords special consideration to questions concerning an
accused’s sanity. “Historically, we have given preferential treatment to the question
of mental responsibility of a military member, even [if] the matter was not litigated
at trial.” United States v. Young, 43 M.J. 196, 197 (C.A.A.F. 1995). The basis for
this preferential consideration is because such issues are “a matter for consideration
by highly trained medical personnel.” United States v. Nix, 15 C.M.A. 578, 36
C.M.R. 76, 81 (1965). While we afford questions concerning an appellant’s capacity
and mental responsibility preferential treatment, an appellant is still required to
satisfy the requisite standards for this court to order an inquiry—whether an R.C.M.
706 inquiry into mental responsibility, or an R.C.M. 1203 inquiry into mental
capacity to assist on appeal, or both.
Rule for Courts-Martial 706(4) mandates that “[a]dditional [mental capacity]
examinations may be directed under this rule at any stage of the proceedings as
circumstances may require.” Under R.C.M. 1203(c)(5), “in the absence of
substantial evidence to the contrary, the accused is presumed to have the capacity to
understand and to conduct or cooperate intelligently in the appellate proceedings.”
The rule continues:
If a substantial question is raised as to the requisite
mental capacity of the accused, the appellate authority
may direct that the record be forwarded to the appropriate
authority for an examination of the accused in accordance
with R.C.M. 706, but the examination may be limited to
determining the accused’s present capacity to understand
and cooperate in the appellate proceedings.
Id. (emphasis added).
On appeal, an appellant must make a showing that there is a sufficient reason
to question either his mental capacity or his mental responsibility. See Young, 43
M.J. at 197. Appellant must “articulate how his mental condition prevents him from
being able to understand or participate in the proceedings.” Navarette, 79 M.J. at
127. “[MJere diagnosis with a mental health condition, even bipolar disorder, is not
on its own sufficient to require a sanity board.” Jd. at 129 (Stucky S., dissenting)
(citing United States v. Inabinette, 66 M.J. 320 (C.A.A.F. 2008); United States v.
Shaw, 64 M.J. 460 (C.A.A.F. 2007); Young, 43 M.J. 196. In other words, there must
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be some evidence of a nexus between appellant’s diagnoses and his capacity to
understand and participate in the proceedings. See Id.
Motion for R.C.M. 706 Inquiry
Appellant has had multiple opportunities to provide a nexus between his
bipolar diagnosis and his mental capacity—both before this court and our superior
court—and has still failed to articulate how his mental health diagnoses prevent him
from being able to understand or participate in his appellate proceedings. Our
superior court even signaled to appellant examples of the type of information he
could provide to satisfy this requirement. Navarette, 79 M.J at FNS. See United
States v. Proctor, 1990 CMR LEXIS 547, at *1, (A.F.C.M.R. May 8, 1990)(finding
good cause to order convening of a sanity board where “the [d]ocuments filed with
[the court] indicate appellant’s longstanding refusal to cooperate with counsel”;
“Tallied] papers show that the appellant asked that his personal copy of the record be
destroyed”; and “defense counsel avers that the appellant apparently believes he will
be freed from confinement by divine deliverance in the fashion of St. Paul”).
Appellant has not provided evidence establishing a nexus between his mental health
and competency on appeal. While appellant has provided clear evidence that he
suffers from significant mental health issues, we do not find he has raised a
substantial question regarding his competency. The government’s concession that we
should order an R.C.M. 706 inquiry is entitled to receive our careful consideration.
However, we do not concur with, nor are we bound by, the government’s concession
that appellant has raised a substantial question regarding his competency which
requires an R.C.M. 706 inquiry. See United States v. Emmons, 31 M.J. 108, 111
(C.M.A. 1981); United States v. Hand, 11 M.J. 321 (C.M.A. 1981).
Appellant’s counsel has not asserted that appellant “is unable to understand
the nature of the proceedings. . . or cooperate intelligently in the defense of the
case.” R.C.M. 909(a). At oral argument in 2018, appellant’s counsel stated he had
communicated with his client, but declined to say whether the communication had
revealed any competency concerns. Appellant also failed to provide such requested
information to our superior court during oral argument on this matter. In appellant’s
current motion before this court, appellate counsel again fails to provide any
information about how appellant’s mental health conditions impact his competency,
whether based upon his communications with his client or communications by
appellant in other forums. Appellant’s counsel merely assert a general belief as to
concerns about appellant’s competency. In the documentation of the three
hospitalizations in the months leading up to appellant filing his appeal, there is
insufficient information to raise a substantial question as to appellant’s competency.
Counsel indicate that on more than one occasion, during the appellate representation
period, they spoke with appellant while he was in a hospital for in-patient mental
health treatment and that fact alone raises concerns about appellant’s capacity.
However, counsel have not claimed any difficulty in communicating with appellant
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or stated a concern about his ability to assist with the appellate process. Rather,
counsel only state that during those communications appellant exhibited “symptoms
of mania and depression, including rapid speech pattern, disorganized thought
patterns, sluggishness, and apathy.” These symptoms—whether attributable to
appellant’s more recent bipolar diagnosis or some other mental health diagnosis—do
not automatically present a substantial question as to appellant’s capacity to
participate in his appellate proceedings. While we acknowledge that appellant
suffered a significant delusional episode soon after he filed his appeal before this
court, counsel have not provided a nexus as to how that episode impacted appellant’s
capacity to assist in his defense. Neither appellant nor his appellate counsel has
tethered any of these symptoms to a deficiency or inability on appellant’s part that
has affected his understanding of or cooperation in his appeal.
Appellate counsel continue to assert attorney-client privilege as the basis for
their failure to provide a nexus between their client’s bipolar diagnosis and his
competency. Specifically, appellant’s counsel do not believe they could obtain a
valid waiver of attorney-client privilege from a client whose mental capacity they
question. Yet, counsel apparently believed appellant competent enough to waive
psychotherapist-patient privilege in order to provide this court with detailed notes
and records from various periods of appellant’s hospitalizations and mental health
treatments.’ We respect counsel’s declination to pierce the attorney-client privilege
with appellant, but in the absence of any nexus between appellant’s diagnoses and
how his interactions with counsel created competency concerns, we fall back to the
presumption that appellant is competent. The medical records provided assist this
court in understanding appellant’s mental health struggles, but they do not alone
satisfy appellant’s burden of raising a substantial question as to his competency.
In lieu of counsel providing this court with the requisite information as to the
basis for their concerns regarding appellant’s competency, appellant provided an
affidavit from a former forensic psychologist who evaluated appellant and provided
testimony at appellant’s trial. The affidavit merely outlines the general potential
impacts of bipolar disorder, but it does not specifically link any of the symptoms and
manifestations of bipolar disorder to appellant. Some of the symptoms outlined in
the affidavit are present in appellant’s medical records, but neither the medical
records nor the affidavit establishes a nexus between the symptoms and appellant’s
ability to intelligently cooperate in his appellate proceedings.
7 While this court recognizes that appellate counsel may not have been involved in
the process of appellant approving the waivers of privilege of the psychotherapist
records before this court, we note that counsel certainly rely on those records, and
the waiver of privilege upon which they are based, in requesting an R.C.M. 706
inquiry.
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We fully recognize and acknowledge that appellant has suffered from
significant mental health issues for years. He has had multiple voluntary and
involuntary hospitalizations and, by all accounts, continued with out-patient
treatment during the period of appellate representation. We do not question that
appellant continues to struggle with bipolar disorder, as evidenced by information
appellant provided regarding an alcohol-induced manic episode in April 2019.
However, a bipolar disorder diagnosis simply does not alone raise a substantial
question as to appellant’s competency.
Further, having reviewed the entire record and considered appellant’s mental
health hospitalizations and treatment since his trial, appellant has not raised a
substantial question as to his mental responsibility at the time of the offense.
During appellant’s trial he obtained expert witness assistance from a board-certified
forensic psychologist who conducted a thorough evaluation and extensive testing of
appellant and also reviewed information from another mental health provider. The
forensic psychologist did not diagnose appellant with bipolar disorder or any other
mental health condition, nor did she note symptoms that would have impacted
appellant’s competency or mental responsibility. The evaluation did not uncover any
concerns as to appellant’s mental responsibility nor his capacity to stand trial. At
trial, defense counsel did not request an R.C.M. 706 inquiry or question the forensic
psychologist’s assessment of appellant.
For the foregoing reasons, we hold that appellant has failed to raise a
substantial question as to as to his mental capacity to understand and intelligently
cooperate in appellate proceedings or his mental responsibility at the time of the
charged offenses.
CONCLUSION
On consideration of the entire record and appellant’s submissions before this
court, appellant’s motion for an R.C.M. 706 inquiry is hereby DENIED. The stay of
proceedings is hereby LIFTED.
Appellant’s conviction and sentence are again AFFIRMED.°
Senior Judge ALDYKIEWICZ and Judge SALUSSOLIA concur.
8 We have again given careful consideration to the sole assignment of error
originally asserted by appellant, that his sentence was inappropriately severe. We
have also given full and fair consideration to the matters appellant submitted
pursuant to United States v. Grostefon. We find that neither warrants discussion or
relief.
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FOR THE COURT:
EE GX
MALEOLM H. SQUIRES, JR.
Clerk of Court
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