United States v. Grigger

U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
________________________
No. ACM 39376
________________________
UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Brandon P. GRIGGER
Airman First Class (E-3), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
________________________
Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
Decided 3 June 2019
________________________
Military Judge: J. Wesley Moore.
Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 5 years,
total forfeiture of pay and allowances, and reduction to E-1. Sentence
adjudged 24 August 2017 by GCM convened at Beale Air Force Base,
California.
For Appellant: Major Mark J. Schwartz, USAF.
For Appellee: Colonel Julie L. Pitvorec, USAF; Lieutenant Colonel Jo-
seph J. Kubler, USAF; Lieutenant Colonel G. Matt Osborn, USAF; Ma-
jor J. Ronald Steelman, III, USAF; Major Anne M. Delmare, USAF;
Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before JOHNSON, POSCH, and KEY, Appellate Military Judges.
Judge KEY delivered the opinion of the court, in which Senior Judge
JOHNSON and Judge POSCH joined.
________________________
This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.
________________________
United States v. Grigger, No. ACM 39376
KEY, Judge:
A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted Appellant, in
accordance with his pleas pursuant to a pretrial agreement, of four specifica-
tions of sexual abuse of a child, two specifications of soliciting another to
commit an offense, and two specifications of receiving child pornography, all
on divers occasions, in violation of Articles 120b and 134, Uniform Code of
Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §§ 920b, 934 (2016). The military judge
sentenced Appellant to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for five years,
total forfeiture of pay and allowances, and reduction to the grade of E-1. The
convening authority approved the sentence as adjudged.
On appeal, Appellant asserts the military judge abused his discretion by
only granting 141 days of credit for illegal pretrial confinement. 1 We find no
prejudicial error and affirm. 2
I. BACKGROUND
In May 2016, Appellant came under investigation after he placed an ad-
vertisement on Craigslist seeking men with whom to engage in sexual en-
counters. A civilian law-enforcement agent posing as a 13-year-old boy re-
sponded to Appellant, and the two began a conversation in which Appellant
and the agent discussed meeting up to engage in sexual activity. Appellant
also sent the agent a picture of a penis. Shortly thereafter, Appellant was ar-
rested by civilian law enforcement and subsequently released after question-
ing by state and military investigators. Pursuant to a search authorization,
Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) agents seized a variety of
electronic devices and digital media from Appellant, leading to the discovery
of communications between Appellant and the two child victims named in the
1Appellant raises this issue personally pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12
M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982).
2 Appellant’s clemency submission misstated the adjudged sentence as a dishonorable
discharge, confinement for five years, reduction to the grade of E-1, and a reprimand
(i.e., Appellant’s submission omitted the forfeitures and added a reprimand). The
staff judge advocate’s recommendation stated the correct sentence. Appellant re-
quested additional pretrial confinement credit “or an additional remedy” based upon
pretrial confinement conditions; he did not discuss either the forfeitures or the rep-
rimand in his submission. Appellant’s misstatement did not materially prejudice any
of his substantial rights; therefore the error does not warrant relief. See United
States v. Scalo, 60 M.J. 435, 436 (C.A.A.F. 2005).
2
United States v. Grigger, No. ACM 39376
offenses for which he was tried. 3 Appellant’s interaction with these children
included him sending, soliciting, and receiving lewd images, engaging in mu-
tual masturbation over video calls, making repeated entreaties to meet the
boys in order to engage in oral and anal sex, and communicating a significant
amount of indecent language.
On 20 March 2017, while the investigation was still ongoing, Appellant
responded to a Craigslist advertisement posted by an AFOSI agent pretend-
ing to be an 18-year-old female living with her parents on Beale Air Force
Base (AFB). During the ensuing discussion, Appellant sent a shirtless but
non-obscene picture of himself and discussed non-sexual matters with the
agent until the agent asserted this female was only 14 years old, at which
point Appellant ceased conversing with the agent. Continuing to use the
same alias, the agent tried to reinitiate contact with Appellant for approxi-
mately two weeks, but Appellant did not respond. The agent—who was par-
ticipating in the ongoing investigation stemming from the May 2016 events—
recognized Appellant, and Appellant’s leadership was notified about Appel-
lant’s response to the March 2017 Craigslist ad. Appellant’s commander then
ordered Appellant into pretrial confinement in Sutter County (California) Jail
on 5 April 2017. On 7 April 2017, a pretrial confinement reviewing officer rat-
ified the commander’s decision to confine Appellant, reasoning,
In spite of the pending felony legal action, OSI interview, and
seizure of electronic devices [Appellant] initiated contact,
through the internet with a stranger, that a reasonable indi-
vidual would consider to be a dependent of an active duty
member and more likely than not a minor. This action suggests
a predatory nature and makes it foreseeable that [Appellant]
will engage in serious misconduct and that less severe forms of
restraint are inadequate.
On 17 May 2017, trial defense counsel petitioned Appellant’s chain of
command to release Appellant from pretrial confinement due to conditions at
the county jail (including Appellant being locked in his cell 23 hours a day,
the unclean condition of the facility, and the lack of basic amenities) and due
to the absence of a legitimate basis for placing Appellant in pretrial confine-
ment. Appellant’s request to be released was denied. On 30 May 2017, after
receiving notice of the denial, trial defense counsel requested Appellant be
moved to a military confinement facility. Appellant’s commander did not re-
3Appellant was not charged with any offenses arising out of his communications with
the civilian law-enforcement agent.
3
United States v. Grigger, No. ACM 39376
spond to this request. Appellant remained at the Sutter County Jail through
the completion of his trial on 24 August 2017.
At trial, Appellant moved the trial court to grant additional credit for his
pretrial confinement, and he supported his motion with a personal affidavit.
He based his request on two main grounds: (1) that he was subject to poor
living conditions at the jail and (2) that he should not have been placed in
pretrial confinement in the first place. With respect to the first ground, Ap-
pellant argued he was in a cell, alone, for 23 hours each day; the facility was
unclean (specifically the showers were “lined with mold” and had “clouds of
gnats and other insects”); the recreation area was small and “smell[ed] of
urine, feces, and garbage;” visitation was limited; his uniform consisted of an
orange shirt and striped pants; inmates’ underwear and sheets were “stained
by the feces, urine, and semen of the other inmates” who previously used
them; 4 and he was largely segregated from other confinees and, when he was
not segregated, he was housed with at least one post-trial confinee. 5 As to the
second ground, Appellant argued his crimes were known to his command by
mid-2016, yet he was placed in pretrial confinement only after a non-sexual
conversation with a person he believed to be an 18-year-old female (with
whom he cut off contact once she said she was only 14 years old). Trial de-
fense counsel asked the military judge to award Appellant six-to-one credit
for Appellant’s time in pretrial confinement.
4 On this point, Appellant wrote in his affidavit:
The underwear we are issued is communal – you don’t get to keep the
same underwear. The underwear I wear, and am currently wearing,
is dyed brown. Another inmate who has been in and out of Sutter
County for the last two years told me that the underwear issued used
to be white, but it was continuously stained by unsanitary cleaning at
the facility. But since it was continuously stained, now they simply
issue brown underwear and sheets. He told this to me through a vent
– which is how we inmates can sometimes communicate. The sheets I
sleep on are also similarly rotated. They are also stained by the feces,
urine, and semen of the other inmates who have worn them before
me. We inmates talk about the fact that we pass around and wear
and sleep in each other’s feces and semen.
5 Appellant’s views on whether being separated from other confinees was a negative
or a positive are somewhat difficult to discern. In his affidavit, Appellant seems to
complain he was being held in “maximum security solitary confinement,” but he also
notes that “being by [himself] is preferable to being in danger, or having a cellmate
that might hurt [him].”
4
United States v. Grigger, No. ACM 39376
In support of the motion, trial defense counsel called Beale AFB’s con-
finement noncommissioned officer in charge (NCOIC), who testified that
Beale AFB does not have its own confinement facility, but the base had a
memorandum of agreement with Sutter County Jail for the purpose of confin-
ing military members. He also testified that the jail is about 30 minutes away
from the base. He inspected the Sutter County Jail and did not find any evi-
dence of mold or bugs in the showers, although the showers “were a little
dirty,” and he saw “soap scum and . . . things of that nature.” The NCOIC
said the recreation yard was clean and did not smell like urine, but he did see
“a couple of flies” there.
Trial defense counsel also called Appellant’s First Sergeant, Master Ser-
geant (MSgt) EV, who visited Appellant at Sutter County Jail one time. She
testified Appellant told her during the visit that being in solitary confinement
was “okay” and that he “didn’t want to have any cellies [sic] with him . . . he
did not want anyone in that space with him” due to safety concerns. MSgt EV
told Appellant he was not to be housed with any foreign nationals or post-
trial inmates and concerns should be raised through his trial defense counsel.
Trial counsel called Sutter County Jail’s second-in-command, Lieutenant
NB, in opposition to Defense’s motion. Lieutenant NB testified that confinees
accused of sex offenses are routinely segregated from the rest of the jail popu-
lation and housed in an eight-person sex-offense block due to the threat of
violence from other inmates. 6 He said military confinees facing sex charges
may be further segregated into single-person units to avoid commingling
them with any foreign nationals being held in the sex-offense jail block. Ap-
pellant was initially housed in a single-person unit until female inmates were
placed in that area, necessitating Appellant’s move to an eight-person block
occupied by one other inmate. Lieutenant NB further testified Appellant was
made aware of, but never utilized, the jail grievance process for making com-
plaints.
6 Lieutenant NB explained:
[P]eople that are in our sex offender tank or even in our protective
custody tank are more prone to violence . . . from other inmates. They
will hurt them if we put them in another tank in the general popula-
tion tank, so we have to keep them separated. . . . The purpose is to
keep them safe.
This applied both to pretrial confinees accused of sex offenses and inmates convicted
of sex offenses.
5
United States v. Grigger, No. ACM 39376
Neither party called Appellant’s commander, Lieutenant Colonel (Lt Col)
MM, to testify on the motion. Trial counsel did attach to the Government’s
response to Appellant’s motion an email from Lt Col MM dated the day before
trial. The email read in relevant part:
The location of [Appellant’s] confinement and condition of his
confinement were not taken lightly either both before and after
interaction with defense counsel. Concerns were raised by his
defense counsel concerning his confinement conditions in addi-
tion to the pre-confinement [sic] itself. Competent Air Force au-
thorities and frequent visits by his unit identified no credible
evidence that the facility and its practices violated Air Force
policy or compelled other actions. The use of solitary confine-
ment by the confinement facility ensured [Appellant] as a mili-
tary member was not in the population with foreign nationals.
Upon the request of the defense to consider alternative con-
finement facilities, I explored Department of Defense options to
include facilities in California. I determined the current local
facility was the most viable option to ensure he was available
for trial, close to his unit for visits by them, fit best within lo-
gistical and manpower requirements, and best support him lo-
gistically as requested and where possible to assist in his per-
sonal affairs.
In the military judge’s findings of fact, he found that, during the time Ap-
pellant was held at the Sutter County Jail in a single-person housing unit,
Appellant spent 23 hours each day alone in a cell but was allowed an hour
each day to make phone calls and attend to personal hygiene. The military
judge found Appellant was placed in this unit for several purposes, including
protecting him—an accused sex offender—from violence at the hands of other
prisoners. The military judge found Appellant never used the jail’s complaint
system and Appellant told his first sergeant that he did not want to be
housed with other confinees. 7
The military judge reviewed Appellant’s complaints under both Article 13,
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 813, and Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 305. He deter-
mined there was no evidence of any intent to punish Appellant, and the con-
ditions of confinement were not unduly harsh.
7 Although Appellant did not use the jail’s complaint process, his trial defense coun-
sel did outline Appellant’s concerns with his confinement conditions in the 17 May
2017 request for Appellant’s release.
6
United States v. Grigger, No. ACM 39376
The military judge, however, did determine the decision of Appellant’s
commander to order Appellant into pretrial confinement and the pretrial con-
finement reviewing officer’s decision to ratify the commander’s order consti-
tuted abuses of discretion. The military judge described these decisions as
“puzzling,” and he pointed to both the lack of impropriety involved in Appel-
lant responding to the March 2017 Craigslist ad putatively posted by an 18-
year-old adult and the lack of evidence of any misconduct by Appellant in the
11 preceding months. The military judge ordered 141 days of illegal pretrial
confinement credit “based on the lack of probable cause to support [Appel-
lant’s] confinement” in addition to the 141 days of credit Appellant was al-
ready entitled to.
On appeal, Appellant asserts the military judge abused his discretion by
only granting Appellant day for day illegal pretrial confinement credit. 8 Ap-
pellant has submitted a declaration in support of his appeal wherein Appel-
lant argues the military judge abused his discretion by not granting “at least”
ten-to-one credit. He bases his appeal on the following: (1) Appellant’s leader-
ship told him he would be brought to trial within 120 days, but he was in pre-
trial confinement for 141 days; (2) he was confined to his cell “for at least 24
hours a day” [sic]; (3) he suffered from malnutrition at the jail; (4) shower fa-
cilities were dirty and unhygienic; (5) the jail was unclean and had a foul
smell; (6) he had to wear “dirty, feces-stained underwear;” (7) his requests to
be placed into a military confinement facility were denied; and (8) he was
housed with a post-trial inmate.
II. DISCUSSION
Whether Appellant is entitled to sentence relief due to a violation of ei-
ther Article 13, UCMJ, or R.C.M. 305(k) is a mixed question of law and fact.
United States v. Savoy, 65 M.J. 854, 858 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2007) (citing
United States v. McCarthy, 47 M.J. 162, 165 (C.A.A.F. 1997)). The burden of
establishing entitlement to such relief is on Appellant. United States v. Mos-
by, 56 M.J. 309, 310 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omitted). We will not overturn a
military judge’s findings of fact, including a finding regarding intent to pun-
ish, unless those findings are clearly erroneous. Id. (citing United States v.
8 Appellant cites the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution as the
basis for his claim on appeal. Trial defense counsel’s motion, however, alleged viola-
tions of Article 13, UCMJ, and R.C.M. 305(k). Eighth Amendment analysis is appro-
priate in post-trial punishment cases, while Article 13, UCMJ, and R.C.M. 305(k)
pertains to pretrial confinement. Therefore, we will confine our review to these latter
two bases.
7
United States v. Grigger, No. ACM 39376
Smith, 53 M.J. 168, 170 (C.A.A.F. 2000)). Whether Appellant is entitled to
relief for a violation of Article 13, UCMJ, is reviewed de novo. Id.
When an appellant fails to seek sentence relief for pretrial punishment,
the issue is waived absent plain error. United States v. Inong, 58 M.J. 460,
465 (C.A.A.F. 2003) (citation omitted). “Under a plain error analysis, the ac-
cused ‘has the burden of demonstrating that: (1) there was error; (2) the error
was plain or obvious; and (3) the error materially prejudiced a substantial
right of the accused.’” United States v. Payne, 73 M.J. 19, 23 (C.A.A.F. 2014)
(quoting United States v. Tunstall, 72 M.J. 191, 193–94 (C.A.A.F. 2013)).
“Article 13, UCMJ, prohibits two things: (1) the imposition of punishment
prior to trial, and (2) conditions of arrest or pretrial confinement that are
more rigorous than necessary to ensure the accused’s presence for trial.”
United States v. King, 61 M.J. 225, 227 (C.A.A.F. 2005). Under the first pro-
hibition, we examine the intent of the confinement officials and the purposes
of the restrictions or conditions at issue. Id. (citations omitted). Under the
second, we consider whether the conditions were “sufficiently egregious [to]
give rise to a permissive inference that an accused is being punished, or the
conditions . . . so excessive as to constitute punishment.” Id. at 227–28 (cita-
tions omitted).
Servicemembers may seek confinement credit under R.C.M. 305(k) for
noncompliance with pretrial confinement procedures, unduly harsh circum-
stances, and abuses of discretion by pretrial confinement authorities. See
United States v. Williams, 68 M.J. 252, 253 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing United
States v. Adcock, 65 M.J. 18, 24 (C.A.A.F. 2007)). The remedy for procedural
violations of certain sections of R.C.M. 305 is one day of administrative credit
against adjudged confinement for each day of confinement served due to such
violations. R.C.M. 305(k). A military judge “may order additional credit for
each day of pretrial confinement that involves an abuse of discretion or unu-
sually harsh circumstances.” Id.
Having reviewed the trial record in its entirety, we find Appellant forfeit-
ed two of his claims by failing to seek sentence relief at trial: that his leader-
ship told him he would be brought to trial sooner than he was and that he
suffered from malnutrition at the jail. Appellant did not raise these issues at
trial, and he has failed to establish plain error before this court. See United
States v. Crawford, 62 M.J. 411, 414 (C.A.A.F. 2006). Regarding Appellant’s
complaint about dirty underwear, Appellant produced no evidence in support
of this claim beyond the bald assertion in his affidavit based solely upon what
he heard from an unidentified inmate through a vent. Without more, Appel-
lant has failed to establish his claim is true, much less that he is entitled to
relief.
8
United States v. Grigger, No. ACM 39376
With respect to Appellant’s claims about the cleanliness of the shower and
recreation facilities, these assertions were rebutted not just by the testimony
of Lieutenant NB from the Sutter County Jail but also by the Beale AFB con-
finement NCOIC, who was free from the biases jail employees in managerial
positions may have. Both witnesses testified that what Appellant claimed
was mold in the shower was actually just soap scum. After hearing testimony
and reviewing the evidence on the defense motion for illegal pretrial confine-
ment credit, the military judge concluded, “[w]hile the sanitary conditions of
[Appellant’s] detention were not ideal, they did not render the conditions of
his detention unduly harsh.” After our review of the military judge’s findings
of fact, we determine the findings are well supported by the evidence. Appel-
lant has raised no serious challenge to those findings, and we see no clear er-
ror in them. We agree with the military judge that the conditions were not
unduly harsh and therefore warrant no relief under either Article 13, UCMJ,
or R.C.M. 305(k).
Appellant’s claim that he was confined to his cell for approximately 23
hours a day9 while housed in the single-person unit is borne out by the evi-
dence, but the record is lacking any evidence that this 23-hour daily confine-
ment arose out of an intent to punish Appellant. While he argues the condi-
tions of his confinement were “deplorable” and “far below standards,” Appel-
lant discounts the fact that he—by his own admission and through evidence
adduced by his trial defense counsel—was allowed out of his cell for at least
an hour each day to shower and attend to personal matters; to go to the rec-
reation yard (for an additional 60 minutes every other day, unless the outside
temperature exceeded 100 degrees); to visit the jail’s common area; to make
phone calls; to have visitors; to receive reading material; and to receive pack-
ages and food sent by family members. The military judge concluded the con-
ditions of Appellant’s confinement were for legitimate purposes, to include
protecting Appellant from the other inmates. We agree. Being confined pend-
ing trial necessarily involves a degree of deprivation, but Appellant has not
presented any evidence that he was singled out for discriminatory treatment,
that restrictions imposed were arbitrary or for any improper purpose, or that
the conditions were unduly harsh.
Appellant also takes issue with the denial of his request to be placed into
a military confinement facility. Appellant has not shown that the decision to
utilize the Sutter County Jail versus a military confinement facility evidences
9Although Appellant asserts he was confined to his cell “for at least 24 hours a day,”
other evidence adduced at trial indicates 23 hours is the correct figure.
9
United States v. Grigger, No. ACM 39376
an intent to punish him. Beale AFB has a memorandum of agreement with
the jail, and Lt Col MM explained that the jail was the best option for sup-
porting visits by members of Appellant’s unit and that using a local facility
was “the most viable option to ensure [Appellant] was available for trial.” En-
suring a pretrial confinee has the ready ability to be visited by unit leader-
ship as well as avoiding lengthy travel times before and during trial proceed-
ings are legitimate objectives. Appellant has not identified or offered any evi-
dence of a more suitable confinement facility, so it is impossible to say
whether or not placement in any other particular facility would actually have
resolved Appellant’s stated concerns. Because we have concluded the condi-
tions at the Sutter County Jail were not unduly harsh, Appellant is not enti-
tled to relief under either Article 13, UCMJ, or R.C.M. 305(k) for his com-
mander’s denial of his request to be placed in a military confinement facility.
Appellant has additionally raised the complaint he was housed with a
post-trial inmate. Appellant alleges he shared a cell with a post-trial inmate
for about three weeks after his 17 May 2017 request for release. He was later
housed with a second post-trial inmate beginning approximately one week
prior to trial. Other than the fact he was housed with post-trial inmates for
about four weeks, Appellant has not identified any particular hardship he
suffered by virtue of being housed with them. Notably, Appellant and the
second cellmate were moved to a housing unit designed for eight people, and
Appellant acknowledges that the change meant he and his cellmate—the only
occupants of the eight-person block—had “24 hour access to a day room and
other facilities.” The mere fact a pretrial confinee is commingled with a post-
trial inmate is not a per se violation of Article 13, UCMJ—it is just one factor
to consider when assessing confinement conditions. King, 61 M.J. at 228 (ci-
tation omitted). Based upon the evidence presented and Appellant’s failure to
identify any harm or prejudice he suffered by virtue of being commingled
with post-trial inmates, Appellant has not demonstrated that relief under ei-
ther Article 13, UCMJ, or R.C.M. 305(k) is warranted.
With respect to the decision to place Appellant in pretrial confinement in
the first place, we agree with the military judge: that decision was an abuse
of discretion. The triggering event for Appellant’s pretrial confinement was a
legal on-line conversation between Appellant and an agent portraying an 18-
year-old dependent in March 2017. Once the agent claimed to be 14 years old,
Appellant cut off communication and did not reply to the agent’s entreaties.
Like the military judge, we find Appellant’s conduct in March 2017, without
more, does not support a conclusion Appellant would commit further serious
misconduct. The military judge determined an additional 141 days of admin-
istrative credit for illegal pretrial confinement was warranted, and we will
not grant additional credit or other relief based on the facts presented here.
10
United States v. Grigger, No. ACM 39376
III. CONCLUSION
The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no
error materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred.
Articles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c) (2016). According-
ly, the findings and the sentence are AFFIRMED. 10
FOR THE COURT
CAROL K. JOYCE
Clerk of the Court
10 During Appellant’s court-martial, trial counsel—without defense objection—
requested and obtained approval from the military judge to line through the words
“involving sexual intercourse and oral sex” in Specifications 2 and 4 of Charge I. The
charge sheet accompanying the record of trial does not reflect this modification, and
the language is similarly included on the court-martial order, dated 11 December
2017. We order a corrected court-martial order.
11