United States v. Alford

U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
________________________
No. ACM 39216
________________________
UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Andre D. ALFORD
Master Sergeant (E-7), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
________________________
Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
Decided 15 August 2018
________________________
Military Judge: Brendon K. Tukey.
Approved sentence: Bad-conduct discharge, a fine of $30,000.00, confine-
ment for 8 months if the fine is not paid, reduction to E-4, and a repri-
mand. Sentence adjudged 30 September 2016 by GCM convened at Pe-
terson Air Force Base, Colorado.
For Appellant: Major Jarett F. Merk, USAF; James D. Culp, Esquire.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Mary Ellen
Payne, Esquire.
Before HARDING, HUYGEN, and POSCH, Appellate Military Judges.
Senior Judge HARDING delivered the opinion of the court, in which
Judges HUYGEN and POSCH joined.
________________________
This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.
________________________
HARDING, Senior Judge:
A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted Appellant, con-
trary to his pleas, of willful dereliction of duty for failure to provide adequate
United States v. Alford, No. ACM 39216
support for AA, his dependent daughter, larceny of military property (entitle-
ment fraud), and false official statement (signing false official documents), in
violation of Articles 92, 121, and 107, Uniform Code of Military Justice
(UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §§ 892, 921, 907. 1 The military judge sentenced Appellant
to a bad-conduct discharge, a fine of $30,000.00, confinement for eight months
if the fine is not paid, reduction to E-4, and a reprimand. The convening au-
thority approved the sentence as adjudged.
Appellant raises four issues on appeal: (1) whether the military judge erred
by admitting Appellant’s statement made to a Defense Finance and Accounting
Service (DFAS) employee; (2) whether Appellant’s convictions for false official
statement and larceny are legally and factually sufficient; (3) whether Appel-
lant’s conviction for dereliction of duty is legally and factually sufficient; and
(4) whether Appellant received ineffective assistance of counsel. We find no
prejudicial error and affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellant’s daughter, AA, was born in September 1998. AA’s mother, FT,
met Appellant in 1996 when they were both stationed at Little Rock Air Force
Base (AFB), Arkansas. Appellant and FT never married but they continued to
date after AA was born. Appellant left Little Rock AFB in 1999 and was as-
signed to a Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) in Dallas, Texas.
While Appellant was stationed there, FT would regularly bring AA to Dallas
to visit Appellant and members of Appellant’s family who also resided in Dal-
las. In December 2002, FT separated from the United States Air Force. FT left
1The military judge found Appellant guilty of two of the three specifications of larceny
(Specifications 2 and 3 of Charge II) and all four specifications of false official state-
ment (Specifications 1–4 of the Additional Charge). Each of the false official statement
specifications and the Additional Charge were dismissed by the military judge on the
condition that the corresponding specification of larceny “survives post-trial appellate
scrutiny.” Military judges and military appellate courts have the inherent authority to
order a conditional dismissal of a charge which becomes effective when direct review
becomes final pursuant to Article 71(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 871(c). United States v.
Stanley, 60 M.J. 622, 630 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2004), rev. denied, 60 M.J. 388 (C.A.A.F.
2004). We note the court-martial order (CMO) does not reflect the conditional dismissal
of the Additional Charge. We order a corrected CMO.
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United States v. Alford, No. ACM 39216
Arkansas and, taking AA with her, moved to Ohio to live with her mother.
Appellant visited FT and AA in Ohio in February 2003. This was the last time
until Appellant’s trial in September 2016 that Appellant saw FT or AA.
In June 2003, Appellant sent AA a box of clothes and toys. This was the
last time Appellant sent money or personal items to FT for AA’s benefit or oth-
erwise provided AA support. Appellant had previously provided financial sup-
port through an allotment. In November 2003, FT informed Appellant by
phone that she and AA had moved to Houston, Texas, and that FT was marry-
ing another man. According to FT, Appellant stated he did not want anything
further to do with her or AA, or words to that effect. FT also testified that
neither she nor AA heard from Appellant or any member of his family after the
November 2003 phone call.
Nearly eight years later, Appellant reported to Royal Air Force (RAF)
Lakenheath, United Kingdom, in the fall of 2011. On 18 October 2011, Appel-
lant signed and submitted to the finance office two forms: a Department of
Defense Form 1561, Statement to Substantiate Payment of Family Separation
Allowance (FSA), and an Air Force Form 594, Application and Authorization
to Start, Stop, or Change Basic Allowance for Quarters (BAQ) or Dependency
Determination. Even though well over eight years had passed since Appellant
had last provided any support to AA or AA had been in Dallas with Appellant
or his family, Appellant listed AA on the forms as a dependent for whom he
provided financial support, claimed AA was in his custody or not in the legal
custody of another, and asserted AA lived at an address in Dallas, Texas. As a
result of Appellant’s claims on the BAQ form, Appellant was paid $10,613 more
than what he would have received between November 2011 and January 2014
but for his claim for BAQ for AA. 2
In February 2014, Appellant departed RAF Lakenheath and reported to
Osan Air Base (AB), Republic of Korea. On 12 February 2014, Appellant signed
and submitted BAQ and FSA forms completed in substantially the same man-
ner as the forms he submitted in the fall of 2011. Appellant again listed AA as
a dependent for whom he provided financial support, claimed AA was in his
custody or not in the legal custody of another, and asserted AA lived at an
address in Dallas, Texas. On 9 April 2014, Appellant again signed and submit-
ted BAQ forms with the same assertions as those he filed previously. As a re-
sult of Appellant’s claims on these forms, Appellant received overseas housing
allowance at the with-dependent rate and FSA totaling almost $23,000 while
2Appellant did not receive FSA at RAF Lakenheath because—even if the matters he
asserted in the form were true—he was not entitled to receive FSA.
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United States v. Alford, No. ACM 39216
he was stationed at Osan AB. Appellant left Osan AB and arrived at his next
assignment in Colorado in August 2015.
About one year earlier, in July 2014, MA, a DFAS military pay systems
analyst conducting an audit, queried a data system to identify all Army and
Air Force members serving on unaccompanied tours overseas and receiving a
housing allowance for dependents in the continental United States (CONUS).
In cases of a male military member claiming custody of a child, MA sought
legal documentation to verify the custody claim.
When reviewing Appellant’s record, MA noticed that Appellant was receiv-
ing a housing allowance for a dependent child’s CONUS location and knew
that, in order for Appellant to claim an allowance for the child, Appellant would
have to have legal and physical custody of that child. MA found it unusual for
someone who appeared to be on a third consecutive overseas tour to have cus-
tody of a child who lived in CONUS. As a result, MA opened an administrative
inquiry that was forwarded to the finance office at Peterson AFB, Colorado.
MA requested that Appellant be contacted to present legal documentation to
substantiate Appellant’s claims of custody of AA. MA was expecting Appellant
had a court order for custody of AA because MA had reviewed a form signed by
Appellant at Osan AB on 12 February 2014 with a block marked to indicate
that Appellant claimed an allowance for AA. The block indicated that AA was
Appellant’s dependent and in his custody residing in Dallas, Texas. Adjacent
to the marked block was a hand-written arrow pointing to the words “court
order” in the block above.
Some months passed before MA was contacted by IR, a military pay spe-
cialist at Peterson AFB, about the age and status of MA’s inquiry into Appel-
lant’s entitlements. As the inquiry had exceeded the time standard for closure
and was negatively impacting IR’s metrics, IR was keenly interested in closing
the matter and convinced MA to participate in a teleconference with Appellant.
MA’s purpose for the teleconference was to secure documentation supporting
Appellant’s BAQ claim.
During the teleconference, Appellant made two statements that conflicted
with documentation MA had retrieved from Appellant’s personnel records.
First, Appellant claimed that he had physical custody of AA while he was as-
signed to the MEPS in Dallas. MA had a copy of an insurance form that indi-
cated AA resided near Little Rock, Arkansas, during that time. Second, Appel-
lant claimed “my wife and child are still residing in Dallas, Texas, and they
have not joined me yet [in Colorado],” or words to that effect. MA had a copy of
a travel voucher filed by Appellant that claimed both AA and Appellant’s cur-
rent spouse had moved from Dallas, Texas, to Colorado Springs, Colorado. Af-
ter this second statement of Appellant, MA concluded that Appellant was not
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United States v. Alford, No. ACM 39216
going to be able to produce the requested documentation. Because of the ap-
parent inconsistencies between Appellant’s statements during the teleconfer-
ence, the insurance document, and the travel voucher, MA ended the telecon-
ference and referred the matter to the Air Force Office of Special Investigations
(AFOSI).
II. DISCUSSION
A. Article 31(b), UCMJ, Rights Advisement
On the grounds that MA and IR failed to advise Appellant of his rights
pursuant to Article 31(b), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 831(b), Appellant moved at trial
to suppress statements made by Appellant to MA and IR during the telecon-
ference. The military judge denied the motion to suppress, finding that MA and
IR were not acting for disciplinary or prosecutorial purposes and had independ-
ent reasons for contacting Appellant. On appeal, Appellant argues that MA
was “at least in substantive part, performing a law enforcement or other disci-
plinary investigation” and, therefore, violated Article 31(b) by failing to advise
Appellant prior to questioning. We disagree.
We review a military judge’s ruling on a motion to suppress for an abuse of
discretion. United States v. Jones, 73 M.J. 357, 360 (C.A.A.F. 2014). “When
there is a motion to suppress a statement on the ground that rights’ warnings
were not given, we review the military judge’s findings of fact on a clearly-
erroneous standard, and we review the conclusions of law de novo.” Id. (quoting
United States v. Duga, 10 M.J. 206, 209 (C.M.A. 1981)). “The abuse of discre-
tion standard is a strict one, calling for more than a mere difference of opinion.”
Id. (quoting United States v. McElhaney, 54 M.J. 120, 130 (C.A.A.F. 2000)); see
also United States v. Flesher, 73 M.J. 303 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (stating that an
abuse of discretion occurs when a “military judge’s decision on the issue at
hand is outside the range of choices reasonably arising from the applicable
facts and the law”).
Article 31(b), UCMJ, provides:
No person subject to this chapter [10 U.S.C. §§ 801 et. seq.] may
interrogate, or request any statement from an accused or a per-
son suspected of an offense without first informing him of the
nature of the accusation and advising him that he does not have
to make any statement regarding the offense of which he is ac-
cused or suspected and that any statement made by him may be
used as evidence against him in a trial by court-martial.
10 U.S.C. § 831(b).
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United States v. Alford, No. ACM 39216
The United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces has held that
Article 31(b) requires rights advisement if “(1) the person being interrogated is
a suspect at the time of questioning, and (2) the person conducting the ques-
tioning is participating or could reasonably be considered to be participating
in an official law enforcement or disciplinary investigation or inquiry.” United
States v. Swift, 53 M.J. 439, 446 (C.A.A.F. 2000); see also Jones, 73 M.J. at 361.
We examine the totality of the circumstances to evaluate this issue. United
States v. Ramos, 76 M.J. 372, 376 (C.A.A.F. 2017).
In ruling on the motion to suppress, the military judge made factual find-
ings and legal conclusions. Appellant disagrees with the military judge’s fac-
tual finding that MA was not acting for purposes of disciplinary action or crim-
inal prosecution at the time of the teleconference with Appellant. The record,
however, amply supports the military judge’s factual findings and his legal
conclusions. Whether MA was acting in an official law enforcement capacity
requires “determining the scope of his authority as an agent of the military.”
Jones, 73 M.J. at 362; see United States v. Cohen, 63 M.J. 45, 51 (C.A.A.F. 2006)
(considering the questioner’s authorities and responsibilities); see also United
States v. Price, 44 M.J. 430, 432 (C.A.A.F. 1996) (finding that the questioner
“went beyond what he was asked to do by the law enforcement officials”).
We reiterate what our predecessors articulated:
Members of the accounting and finance office are not criminal
investigators, and they do not exercise disciplinary authority
over military members not assigned to their office. They have an
independent responsibility to ascertain the facts necessary to
make proper payments of pay and allowances to military mem-
bers, and to collect amounts owed by members to the govern-
ment.
United States v. Guron, 37 M.J 942, 947 (A.F.C.M.R. 1993), remanded on other
grounds, 43 M.J. 373 (C.A.A.F. 1995) (mem.), revised opinion aff'd, 45 M.J. 12
(C.A.A.F. 1996) (mem.).
Similar to Guron where a military pay technician’s inquiry into an appel-
lant’s entitlements resulted from a base-wide survey of entitlements and iden-
tification of a discrepancy in the appellant’s personnel records, this case in-
volves MA conducting an audit and identifying a need for documentation to
substantiate Appellant’s entitlements. MA had not been directed by law en-
forcement to question Appellant and investigate a suspected offense; instead
MA sought to “ascertain the facts necessary to make proper payments of pay
and allowances.” Id. MA’s decision to refer the matter to AFOSI after Appellant
made statements inconsistent with the insurance and travel documents did not
retroactively transform the purpose of his inquiry. IR’s purpose was similarly
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United States v. Alford, No. ACM 39216
administrative and procedural in nature: it was metrics-driven. Examining the
totality of the circumstances, we concur with the military judge that neither
MA nor IR was acting for purposes of disciplinary action or criminal prosecu-
tion, and thus neither was required to give an Article 31(b), UCMJ, rights ad-
visement when they spoke with Appellant. The military judge did not err in
denying the motion to suppress.
B. Legal and Factual Sufficiency
Appellant has challenged the legal and factual sufficiency of all of the find-
ings of guilty. As to the larceny and false official statement offenses, Appellant
asserts mistake of fact to negate the mens rea element of those offenses. As to
the willful dereliction of duty for failure to provide adequate support to AA,
Appellant argues that FT, by moving AA seven times in eight years, fatally
frustrated Appellant’s attempts to locate AA and provide her financial support.
We are not persuaded by any of Appellant’s arguments.
“The test for legal sufficiency is whether, after viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Robinson, 77 M.J. 294, 297–98 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (quoting United States
v. Rosario, 76 M.J. 114, 117 (C.A.A.F. 2017)) (citations omitted) (internal quo-
tation marks omitted).
The test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing the evidence in
the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed
the witnesses, [we are] convinced of the [appellant]’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.” United States v. Wheeler, 76 M.J. 564, 568 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2017)
(quoting United States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 325 (C.M.A. 1987)), aff’d, 77 M.J.
289 (C.A.A.F. 2018). In conducting this unique appellate role, we take “a fresh,
impartial look at the evidence,” applying “neither a presumption of innocence
nor a presumption of guilt” to “make [our] own independent determination as
to whether the evidence constitutes proof of each required element beyond a
reasonable doubt.” United States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F.
2002). While we must find that the evidence was sufficient beyond a reasonable
doubt, it “does not mean that the evidence must be free of conflict.” United
States v. Galchick, 52 M.J. 815, 818 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2000).
1. False Official Statements and Larceny at RAF Lakenheath
The offenses of Specifications 1 and 2 of the Additional Charge for false
official statement and Specification 2 of Charge II for larceny occurred while
Appellant was stationed at RAF Lakenheath. In order for Appellant to be found
guilty of Specifications 1 and 2 of the Additional Charge, the Government was
required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the following: Appellant signed
certain official documents, the FSA statement and the BAQ application; the
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United States v. Alford, No. ACM 39216
documents were false; Appellant knew the documents were false at the time
he signed them; and the false documents were made with the intent to deceive. 3
As to the falsity of the documents, the Government was required to prove be-
yond a reasonable doubt that Appellant falsely claimed in the FSA statement
his dependent was not in the legal custody of another person when he received
military orders and that Appellant falsely claimed in the BAQ application AA
was in his custody and he provided adequate support for her.
In order for Appellant to be found guilty of Specification 2 of Charge II, the
Government was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the following:
between on or about 3 November 2011 and on or about 29 January 2014, Ap-
pellant wrongfully obtained money, military property; the property was of a
value of greater than $500.00; and the obtaining by Appellant was with the
intent to permanently defraud another person of the use and benefit of the
property. 4
There is no dispute that Appellant signed an FSA form on 18 October 2011.
At block 8 of this form are the words “I certify to the following facts” followed
by statements that the signer of the document, by placing a mark in the appli-
cable box preceding each statement, asserts as fact. Appellant checked the box
next to the statement, “My dependent child was not in the legal custody of
another person when I received my military orders.” Appellant had not seen or
spoken to AA in eight years when he made this statement nor had he provided
any financial support to AA since June 2003. Appellant also knew that, other
than trips and visits, AA had lived with FT and been in FT’s physical custody
for AA’s entire life. Appellant’s knowledge of the statement’s falsity and his
intent to deceive are further evidenced by Appellant’s providing an address in
Dallas, Texas, as AA’s current address. Appellant affirmatively knew AA did
not live at that address.
The evidence is equally clear that Appellant signed a BAQ form on 18 Oc-
tober 2011. At block 8 of the BAQ form Appellant checked boxes to state, “I
claim BAQ for the dependent in my custody listed below: [AA].” Appellant
again listed the Dallas, Texas, address as AA’s current address. Notably, block
7 of the BAQ form includes boxes and blanks that can be checked and filled to
permit a non-custodial parent to claim the amount of monthly financial support
paid for dependent support and the legal basis for such monthly payments.
Even though the words “non-custodial parent” accurately described Appel-
lant’s legal status with respect to AA, Appellant left block 7 blank. Appellant
3 Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (MCM), pt. IV, ¶ 31(b) (2016).
4 2016 MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 46(b)(1).
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United States v. Alford, No. ACM 39216
did however certify at Part C of the BAQ form that he provides adequate sup-
port for AA and was aware that failure to adequately support AA would “result
in stopping BAQ and recouping allowances paid for any prior period of nonsup-
port.”
Through his statements in the documents, Appellant painted the false pic-
ture that he was the custodial parent of AA, he was providing monthly finan-
cial support to AA, and AA lived in Dallas, Texas. As a result of the false infor-
mation in Appellant’s claim for BAQ for AA, Appellant was paid $10,613 more
between November 2011 and January 2014 than what Appellant would have
received otherwise.
We find the evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution
provided sufficient evidence for a reasonable factfinder to find beyond a rea-
sonable doubt all the essential elements of each of the three offenses committed
while Appellant was at RAF Lakenheath. Having conducted an independent
review of the record and making allowances for not personally observing the
witnesses, we are ourselves convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that Appel-
lant made two false official statements on 18 October 2011 and stole military
funds totaling over $10,000 while he was stationed at RAF Lakenheath.
2. False Official Statements and Larceny at Osan AB
In order for Appellant to be found guilty of Specifications 3 and 4 of the
Additional Charge, the Government was required to prove beyond a reasonable
doubt the following: at or near Osan AB, Appellant signed certain official doc-
uments; the documents were false; Appellant knew the documents were false
at the time he signed them; and the false documents were made with the intent
to deceive. The Government was also required to prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that Appellant falsely claimed his dependent was not in the legal custody
of another person when he received military orders and that Appellant falsely
and repeatedly claimed AA was in his custody and he provided adequate sup-
port for her.
In order for Appellant to be found guilty of Specification 3 of Charge II, the
Government was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the following:
between on or about 7 February 2014 and on or about 2 February 2015 at or
near Osan AB, Appellant wrongfully obtained money, military property; the
property was of a value of greater than $500.00; and the obtaining by Appellant
was with the intent to permanently defraud another person of the use and ben-
efit of the property.
Other than changing the dates and location, Appellant falsely completed
the FSA and BAQ forms at Osan AB as he had at RAF Lakenheath. We find
the evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution provided
sufficient evidence for a reasonable factfinder to find beyond a reasonable
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United States v. Alford, No. ACM 39216
doubt all the essential elements of each of the three offenses committed while
Appellant was at Osan AB. Having conducted an independent review of the
record and making allowances for not personally observing the witnesses, we
are ourselves convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant made false
official statements and stole military funds totaling almost $23,000 for FSA
and BAQ to which he was not entitled while he was stationed at Osan AB.
3. Willful Dereliction of Duty at RAF Lakenheath and Osan AB
In order for Appellant to be found guilty of the sole specification of Charge
I, the Government was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the follow-
ing: Appellant had a duty to provide adequate support for AA; Appellant actu-
ally knew of the duty; and between on or about 31 March 2011 and on or about
2 February 2015 while at RAF Lakenheath and Osan AB, Appellant was will-
fully derelict in the performance of that duty by failing to provide adequate
support. 5
On each of the BAQ forms completed, signed, and submitted by Appellant,
he falsely certified that he provided adequate support to AA and acknowledged
that providing adequate support was a prerequisite for the claimed entitle-
ment. Appellant received BAQ for AA but failed to provide contemporaneous
financial support to AA. We find the evidence viewed in the light most favora-
ble to the prosecution provided sufficient evidence for a reasonable factfinder
to find beyond a reasonable doubt all the essential elements of the offense.
Having conducted an independent review of the record and making allowances
for not personally observing the witnesses, we are ourselves convinced beyond
a reasonable doubt of Appellant’s guilt.
C. Effectiveness of Counsel
In the request for clemency to the convening authority, Appellant disclosed
he was advised by his trial defense counsel not to testify and thus did not tes-
tify. Now on appeal, Appellant felt strongly “that a number of very important
facts pertaining to [his] innocence were not considered by the court.” Appellant
contends that this advice of counsel coupled with the counsel’s failure to call
several defense witnesses resulted in ineffective assistance of counsel. We dis-
agree.
The Sixth Amendment guarantees Appellant the right to effective assis-
tance of counsel. U.S. CONST. amend. VI; United States v. Gilley, 56 M.J. 113,
124 (C.A.A.F. 2001). In assessing the effectiveness of counsel, we apply the
standard set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984), and
5 2016 MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 16(b)(3).
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United States v. Alford, No. ACM 39216
begin with the presumption of competence announced in United States v.
Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 658 (1984).
We review allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo and uti-
lize the following three-part test to determine whether the presumption of com-
petence has been overcome:
1. Are appellant’s allegations true; if so, “is there a reasonable
explanation for counsel’s actions”?
2. If the allegations are true, did defense counsel’s level of advo-
cacy “fall measurably below the performance . . . [ordinarily ex-
pected] of fallible lawyers”?
3. If defense counsel was ineffective, is there “a reasonable prob-
ability that, absent the errors,” there would have been a differ-
ent result?
United States v. Gooch, 69 M.J. 353, 362 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (alteration in original)
(quoting United States v. Polk, 32 M.J. 150, 153 (C.M.A. 1991)).
To establish deficient performance of defense counsel, an appellant must
establish his counsel’s representation “amounted to incompetence under ‘pre-
vailing professional norms,’ not whether it deviated from best practices or most
common custom.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 105 (2011) (quoting
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690). As such, courts “do not measure deficiency based
on the success of a trial defense counsel’s strategy, but instead examine
whether counsel made an objectively reasonable choice in strategy from the
available alternatives.” United States v. Akbar, 74 M.J. 364, 379 (C.A.A.F.
2015) (internal citations omitted). “[S]trategic choices made by trial defense
counsel are virtually unchallengeable after thorough investigation of the law
and the facts relevant to the plausible options.” Id. at 371 (internal citation
omitted).
It is true that Appellant’s trial defense counsel recommended to Appellant
that he not testify and that trial defense counsel decided not to call any defense
witnesses during the findings portion of Appellant’s trial. By way of declara-
tions ordered and attached to the record, Appellant’s trial defense counsel pro-
vided extensive explanations for their advice to Appellant not to testify and
their decision to forego calling defense witnesses.
1. Recommendation Not to Testify
Three primary considerations informed trial defense counsel’s recommen-
dation to Appellant that he not testify. First, Appellant’s trial defense counsel
were concerned that, if Appellant testified, the Government would confront
Appellant with his multiple pretrial statements, which counsel assessed as in-
consistent or implausible, and thus undermine Appellant’s credibility. Second,
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United States v. Alford, No. ACM 39216
testifying would put Appellant’s character for truthfulness at issue, and Ap-
pellant had previously received nonjudicial punishment for misuse of a govern-
ment travel card. Trial defense counsel considered the risk of cross-examina-
tion, which would bring to light that prior offense. Finally, trial defense counsel
concluded they could rely on evidence from other sources to show that Appel-
lant misunderstood the entitlements forms and lacked criminal intent. After
weighing the advantages and disadvantages of Appellant testifying, trial de-
fense counsel advised Appellant against testifying. The advice was reduced to
writing, and Appellant acknowledged by initialing the following statements:
Capt BI and Capt RB have explained the pros and cons of my
testifying. I know this is my decision to make regardless of their
advice.
With full knowledge of my rights to testify, I choose [NOT TO]
testify in my case.
After the Defense rested its case without Appellant having testified, a brief
colloquy between the military judge and Appellant ensued.
[Military Judge]: One thing to ask before we move on. Master
Sergeant Alford, I noticed that you did not testify which is en-
tirely your right to testify or not testify, but I just wanted to
check in with you and make sure that that was your personal
decision not to testify here in your court-martial today.
[Appellant]: Yes, Your Honor.
2. Decision Not to Call Defense Witnesses
Trial defense counsel interviewed each of the witnesses Appellant now
avers his counsel were ineffective for not calling. The expected testimony of the
witnesses fit into one of two categories: opinion evidence of Appellant’s charac-
ter and evidence of Appellant’s relationship with AA. As for the character wit-
nesses, trial defense counsel were concerned that, in testing the foundation of
the witnesses’ opinions, the Government would be permitted to ask the wit-
nesses if they knew or had heard of a litany of transgressions other than the
charged offenses committed by Appellant. As for the fact witnesses, trial de-
fense counsel surmised the following: (1) many of those witnesses lacked per-
sonal knowledge of Appellant’s relationship with AA; (2) much of what they
knew was based on inadmissible hearsay; and (3) what they did know about
Appellant’s efforts to locate or contact AA after June 2003 did not paint a pic-
ture of a father desperate to find and support his daughter.
Having reviewed the clemency matters of Appellant, wherein Appellant de-
tails what he and the defense witnesses not called would have testified about
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at trial, and the declarations of trial defense counsel, we conclude that Appel-
lant’s trial defense counsel made objectively reasonable strategic choices from
the available alternatives. Defense counsel’s level of advocacy did not “fall
measurably below the performance . . . [ordinarily expected] of fallible law-
yers.” Accordingly, we find Appellant’s trial defense counsel were not ineffec-
tive. Further, assuming arguendo his counsel’s performance was deficient, Ap-
pellant has failed to show “a reasonable probability that, absent the errors,”
there would have been a different result.
III. CONCLUSION
The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no er-
ror materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Arti-
cles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the find-
ings and the sentence are AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT
CAROL K. JOYCE
Clerk of the Court
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