United States v. Bridges

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
UNITED STATES
v.
Senior Airman CLAYTON G. BRIDGES II
United States Air Force
ACM S32157
15 October 2014
Sentence adjudged 5 June 2013 by SPCM convened at Barksdale
Air Force Base, Louisiana. Military Judge: Lynn Schmidt1 (sitting alone).
Approved Sentence: Bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 2 months,
and reduction to E-1.
Appellate Counsel for the Appellant: Major Nicholas D. Carter.
Appellate Counsel for the United States: Lieutenant Colonel C. Taylor
Smith; Captain Thomas J. Alford; and Gerald R. Bruce, Esquire.
Before
ALLRED, HECKER, and TELLER
Appellate Military Judges
OPINION OF THE COURT
This opinion is subject to editorial correction before final release.
PER CURIAM:
A special court-martial composed of a military judge convicted the appellant, in
accordance with his pleas, of wrongful distribution of marijuana, wrongful use of
marijuana, and wrongful use of an amphetamine, in violation of Article 112a, UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. § 912a. The adjudged and approved sentence consisted of a bad-conduct
discharge, confinement for 2 months, and reduction to E-1.
1
Prior to this opinion being issued, the military judge’s last name was changed from Schmidt to Watkins.
On appeal the appellant raises three assignments of error: (1) the addendum to the
staff judge advocate’s recommendation (SJAR) failed to adequately address legal errors
raised by the defense; (2) the military judge committed plain error by allowing improper
sentencing argument; and (3) trial defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by
failing to secure and offer certain mitigation evidence.
Background
The appellant smoked marijuana on 10 to 20 occasions after entering the Air Force
in March 2009. He also used Adderall, an amphetamine and a Schedule II controlled
substance, on more than 20 occasions between August 2012 and January 2013. He
purchased Adderall from other Airmen who had valid prescriptions for the drug. In
December 2012, the appellant distributed 3.5 grams of marijuana to an Airman who,
unbeknownst to the appellant, was working with agents from the Air Force Office of
Special Investigations (OSI).
When interviewed under rights advisement in January 2013, the appellant
admitted to this misconduct. In a stipulation of fact admitted at trial, the parties
concurred that, “[a]fter his interview with the OSI, and his confessions to OSI, the
Accused agreed to work with OSI to assist in an investigation OSI was conducting
against two other Airmen. One of these Airmen has been convicted . . . and the second
Airman is awaiting court-martial.” During her sentencing argument, trial defense counsel
made repeated reference to the appellant’s assistance to OSI, noting that he “cooperated
with them to help bring down other drug users and distributors in the Air Force.”
SJAR Addendum
The appellant argues that the SJAR addendum in this case failed to properly
address legal issues raised by trial defense counsel in her clemency submissions to the
convening authority. We disagree.
After the SJAR was served upon trial defense counsel, the defense submitted a
clemency request urging the convening authority to disapprove the adjudged bad-conduct
discharge. Among several bases for this request was an allegation that the Government
violated its discovery obligations by failing to provide complete pretrial discovery related
to the appellant’s service as a confidential informant. Specifically, trial defense counsel
complained that she learned after trial the appellant “was an official confidential
informant” (CI) for OSI, as opposed to someone who had only been promised immunity. 2
In the SJAR addendum, the staff judge advocate (SJA) made no specific reference to this
2
Trial defense counsel and the appellant appear to ascribe considerable significance to the fact that the appellant not
only assisted the Air Force Office of Special Investigations in two other investigations but had also been designated
an “official” confidential informant (CI). We find, however, no materiality in this designation for purposes of
analyzing the issues in this case.
2 ACM S32157
alleged legal defect. The SJA did, however, advise the convening authority that he “must
consider” the clemency request. The SJA added, “I also reviewed the attached clemency
matters submitted by the defense. My earlier recommendation remains unchanged. I
recommend that you approve the findings and sentence as adjudged.”
Proper completion of post-trial processing is a question of law which this court
reviews de novo. United States v. Sheffield, 60 M.J. 591, 593 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2004)
(citing United States v. Kho, 54 M.J. 63, 65 (C.A.A.F. 2000)).
Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 1106(d)(4) requires the SJA to:
[S]tate whether, in [his] opinion, corrective action on the
findings or sentence should be taken when an allegation of
legal error is raised in matters submitted under
R.C.M. 1105 . . . . The response may consist of a statement
of agreement or disagreement with the matter raised by the
accused. An analysis or rationale for the staff judge
advocate’s statement, if any, concerning legal error is not
required.
Even if an SJA errs in this regard, relief is not automatically warranted.
United States v. Green, 44 M.J. 93, 95 (C.A.A.F. 1996). “Instead, an appellate court may
determine if the accused has been prejudiced by testing whether the alleged error has any
merit and would have led to a favorable recommendation by the SJA or corrective action
by the convening authority.” Id.Here, we see no reasonable possibility that the SJA’s failure to explicitly reference
the legal error alleged by the defense prejudiced the appellant under the facts of this case.
As noted below, we have analyzed the legal error and found no merit to it. Furthermore,
the appellant presented information on his “official CI” status to the convening authority
as part of the clemency submission. Accordingly, the appellant was not prejudiced by
any failure of the SJA in responding to the defense’s claim of legal error.
Trial Counsel’s Sentencing Argument
During sentencing argument, trial counsel referenced a portion of the stipulation of
fact wherein the parties agreed the appellant “would experience a ‘crash’ feeling and
could tell the Adderall was wearing off.” Trial counsel argued, “If he was called to duty
when he was experiencing one of these crashes, he would have negatively affected the
mission.” Claiming this argument was improper, the appellant urges us to set aside his
sentence and order a rehearing. We decline to do so.
3 ACM S32157
Improper argument “is a question of law that [we] review de novo.”
United States v. Pope, 69 M.J. 328, 334 (C.A.A.F. 2011). Because trial defense counsel
failed to object to trial counsel’s argument, we review the issue for plain error.
See United States v. Marsh, 70 M.J. 101, 104 (C.A.A.F. 2011). To prevail under a plain
error analysis, the appellant must show “‘(1) there was an error; (2) it was plain or
obvious; and (3) the error materially prejudiced a substantial right’” of the appellant. Id.(quoting United States v. Erickson, 65 M.J. 221, 223 (C.A.A.F. 2007)).
“A trial counsel is charged with being a zealous advocate for the Government.”
United States v. Barrazamartinez, 58 M.J. 173, 176 (C.A.A.F. 2003) (citations omitted).
As a zealous advocate, trial counsel may “argue the evidence of record, as well as all
reasonable inferences fairly derived from such evidence.” United States v. Baer,
53 M.J. 235, 237 (C.A.A.F. 2000) (citing United States v. Nelson, 1 M.J. 235, 239
(C.M.A. 1975)). During sentencing argument “trial counsel is at liberty to strike hard,
but not foul, blows.” Baer, 53 M.J. at 237. Trial counsel may not “seek unduly to
inflame the passions or prejudices” of the sentencing authority. United States v. Clifton,
15 M.J. 26, 30 (C.M.A. 1983).
Citing Marsh, the appellant argues that trial counsel’s reference to potential
mission impact from his drug abuse constituted plain error. In response, the Government
argues that the present case is distinguishable from Marsh.
We need not, however, address whether the argument of trial counsel was proper
or improper. As our superior court has stated, “[m]ilitary judges are presumed to know
the law and to follow it absent clear evidence to the contrary. As part of this presumption
we further presume that the military judge is able to distinguish between proper and
improper sentencing arguments.” Erickson, 65 M.J. at 225 (citation omitted).
The appellant fails to provide any evidence that would rebut the presumption.
Nothing in the record suggests the military judge was biased or swayed by the comment.
Furthermore, trial defense counsel pointed out there was no evidence the appellant was
using or experiencing the effects of the drugs while on duty at the base, nor any evidence
of a negative impact on the unit. We are convinced that, even if the comment by trial
counsel was improper, there was no prejudice to any substantial right of the appellant.
We do not find “trial counsel’s comments, taken as a whole, [to be] so damaging that we
cannot be confident’ that [the appellant] was sentenced ‘on the basis of the evidence
alone.” Erickson, 65 M.J. at 224 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
The appellant also argues his trial defense counsel was ineffective by failing to
obtain and offer evidence of the appellant’s service as an OSI informant.
4 ACM S32157
This court reviews claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo.
United States v. Tippit, 65 M.J. 69, 76 (C.A.A.F. 2007). To establish ineffective
assistance of counsel, “an appellant must demonstrate both (1) that his counsel’s
performance was deficient, and (2) that this deficiency resulted in prejudice.”
United States v. Green, 68 M.J. 360, 361 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984)). The deficiency prong requires an appellant to
show the performance of counsel fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,
according to the prevailing standards of the profession. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. The
prejudice prong requires a “reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694. In doing so,
the appellant “must surmount a very high hurdle.” United States v. Moulton, 47 M.J.
227, 229 (C.A.A.F. 1997) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). This is because counsel
are presumed competent in the performance of their representational duties.
United States v. Anderson, 55 M.J. 198, 201 (C.A.A.F. 2001). Thus, judicial scrutiny of a
defense counsel’s performance must be “highly deferential and should not be colored by
the distorting effects of hindsight.” United States v. Alves, 53 M.J. 286, 289 (C.A.A.F.
2000) (citing Moulton, 47 M.J. at 229). Moreover, “we need not determine whether any
of the alleged errors [in counsel’s performance] establish[ ] constitutional deficiencies
under the first prong of Strickland, [if] any such errors would not have been prejudicial
under the high hurdle established by the second prong of Strickland.” United States v.
Saintaude, 61 M.J. 175, 183 (C.A.A.F. 2005).
As noted above, the appellant entered into a stipulation of fact with the
Government which established that he had assisted OSI in bringing to trial two drug
offenders. Based upon our review of the record, we are satisfied that this stipulation
captured the essence of the service provided to OSI by the appellant. The appellant has
not provided this court with information on how his designation as a “confidential
informant” would have materially changed the presentation of the defense sentencing
case, the sentence adjudged by the military judge, or the sentence approved by the
convening authority. Trial defense counsel made effective arguments regarding this
service as a matter in mitigation to the military judge and convening authority. We find
neither any deficiency in the performance of trial defense counsel, nor any prejudice to
the appellant. Accordingly, this assignment of error is without merit.3
3
The appellant does not raise a claim on appeal that he actually was denied adequate discovery of any CI
information. We have, however, reviewed this matter. See Rule for Courts-Martial 701(a)(6) (requiring trial
counsel to disclose evidence which reasonably tends to negate guilt, reduce the degree of guilt, or reduce the
punishment); Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963) (holding that the Government must disclose evidence that is
favorable to the accused and material to either guilt or punishment). We find in the record no evidence of any
discovery violation by the Government.
.
5 ACM S32157
Conclusion
The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no error
materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of the appellant occurred. Articles 59(a)
and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the approved findings and
sentence are AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT
STEVEN LUCAS
Clerk of the Court
6 ACM S32157