United States v. Macaluso

U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
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No. ACM S32556
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UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Christopher D. MACALUSO
Staff Sergeant (E-5), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
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Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
Decided 27 May 2020
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Military Judge: Thomas J. Alford.
Approved sentence: Bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 8 months,
forfeiture of $1,000.00 pay per month for 8 months, reduction to E-1,
and a reprimand. Sentence adjudged 11 September 2018 by SpCM con-
vened at Buckley Air Force Base, Colorado.
For Appellant: Captain M. Dedra Campbell, USAF.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Major Zach-
ary T. West, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before J. JOHNSON, POSCH, and KEY, Appellate Military Judges.
Judge POSCH delivered the opinion of the court, in which Chief Judge
J. JOHNSON and Judge KEY joined.
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This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
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POSCH, Judge:
In accordance with Appellant’s pleas of guilty, a special court-martial com-
posed of a military judge found Appellant guilty of making a false official state-
ment and operating a vehicle while drunk, in violation of Articles 107 and 111,
United States v. Macaluso, No. ACM S32556
Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §§ 907, 911, and fleeing
the scene of an accident and obstruction of justice, in violation of Article 134,
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 934. 1,2 Appellant was sentenced to a bad-conduct discharge,
confinement for eight months, forfeiture of $1,000.00 pay per month for eight
months, reduction to the grade of E-1, and a reprimand. The convening author-
ity approved the adjudged sentence.
Appellant contends the conditions of his post-trial confinement warrant
sentencing relief under this court’s Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c), au-
thority to approve only so much of a sentence that, based on the entire record,
should be approved. 3 In addition, we consider the issue of errors in the prepa-
ration of the court-martial order. Finding no prejudicial error and no relief
warranted, we affirm the findings and sentence.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellant’s convictions are founded on his conduct after he became drunk
on mixed drinks containing whiskey at a squadron holiday party in December
2017. Appellant left the party, went to his truck where he drank more whiskey,
and then drove through the city of Aurora, Colorado. Appellant drove his truck
through a red light, rear-ending a car at 60 miles per hour, injuring the driver.
Appellant’s truck came to a stop after side-swiping a sport utility vehicle with
a driver and five passengers, causing property damage to all vehicles.
Appellant fled the scene on foot without checking to see if anyone was in-
jured, as occupants of one of the damaged vehicles gave chase. Appellant man-
aged to avoid his pursuers, and the next day, called his first sergeant and re-
ported his truck had been stolen, lying to conceal his role in the accident. A few
days later, Appellant called a detective who was investigating the accident to
ask about the status of his truck. Over the course of several phone calls, Ap-
pellant pretended not to know where his truck was when questioned by law
enforcement, and withheld information about his involvement in the accident.
1All references in this opinion to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) and
Rules for Courts-Martial are to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016
ed.).
2Appellant pleaded not guilty to a specification of reckless operation of a vehicle that
was charged in the alternative, in violation of Article 111, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 911,
which the convening authority withdrew and dismissed after arraignment.
3 Although not raised as an assigned error or pursuant to United States v. Grostefon,
12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982), Appellant’s counsel notes the staff judge advocate’s recom-
mendation fails to advise the convening authority what action he could take for the
finding of guilty for the offense of fleeing the scene of an accident. However, Appellant
alleges no prejudice and we determine this issue does not require further discussion or
warrant relief. See generally United States v. Matias, 25 M.J. 356, 361 (C.M.A. 1987).
2
United States v. Macaluso, No. ACM S32556
Appellant also denied driving his truck on the night of the squadron party,
hoping to avoid being investigated for his role in the accident.
At the close of Appellant’s court-martial on 11 September 2018, he entered
confinement at the Douglas County Justice Center (hereafter referred to as
“the DCJC”) in Castle Rock, Colorado. Appellant remained at the DCJC until
20 November 2018, when he was transferred to a military confinement facility
where he served the remainder of his confinement. After first complaining to
his chain of command, on 22 October 2018 Appellant filed a grievance with the
DCJC raising issues about the conditions of his post-trial confinement, which
he renewed in his clemency submission to the convening authority on 9 No-
vember 2018.
In his clemency statement to the convening authority, Appellant main-
tained he was “essentially being held in solitary confinement” and spent only
a couple of hours outside his jail cell each day. Appellant also claimed he was
not afforded access to religious, educational, and work programs; he was not
provided with his prescribed medications and was given a new medication that
could have caused heart problems; he was forced to wear the same underwear
for two and a half weeks and developed a rash; he found hair in his food nu-
merous times; he had to purchase toiletries even though those items were sup-
posed to be provided at no cost pursuant to a memorandum of agreement
(MOA) between the DCJC and Buckley Air Force Base (AFB); and he suffered
bleeding gums because he was not given dental floss.
In response to Appellant’s claims, appellate government counsel provided
this court with a declaration from the noncommissioned officer in charge of
confinement at Buckley AFB. Appellate government counsel also provided a
declaration from the Classification Sergeant with the Douglas County Sheriff’s
Office (DCSO), which provided details about Appellant’s confinement condi-
tions at the DCJC. The DCSO’s declaration includes attachments which vari-
ously refute Appellant’s claims or place them in context.
The Government’s response explains Appellant was not placed into solitary
confinement. Rather, he was placed into administrative separation in the same
housing unit where political figures and law enforcement officials would reside
if confined, and this period lasted 70 days. Appellant was housed separately
from the general population to ensure his safety and the security of inmates,
and consequently, Appellant was unable to attend work programs. However,
Appellant had access to a television, newspapers, a telephone, and the library.
DCJC records show Appellant used these resources, including making specific
requests for particular book genres, Sudoku puzzles, and an opportunity to
learn breathing exercises. Further, the records show Appellant routinely re-
ceived time out of his cell and completed 109 phone calls. The DCJC offered
Appellant an opportunity to meet with a chaplain, but Appellant declined.
3
United States v. Macaluso, No. ACM S32556
The DCSO’s response explains that upon intake, Appellant denied being on
any medication. Appellant did not receive medication from his personal prop-
erty because it did not meet the DCJC’s drug formulary. Once Appellant com-
plained he was not receiving his prescription medication, the DCSO investi-
gated and determined that Appellant’s prescription did not meet the drug for-
mulary and placed Appellant on what the medical staff believed to be appro-
priate medication. Appellant had access to medical care, making at least six
visits to the medical ward, and he received prompt replies when he complained
of medical or mental health issues. With regards to Appellant’s rash, the
DCSO’s response states that Appellant complained about a fungus on his inner
thighs, and correctional staff promptly responded to Appellant’s message, for-
warding the complaint to medical staff and authorizing Appellant to use addi-
tional clean towels throughout the week. Further, there was a washer and
dryer in Appellant’s pod he could use to launder clothes.
The DCSO’s response also explains the DCJC staff took appropriate steps
to prepare the prison food, including wearing gloves and hairnets, and the local
health department conducts inspections to ensure food standards are met. Ap-
pellant was provided with hygiene items when he first arrived at the jail. Fur-
ther, Appellant’s commissary receipts show he purchased at least three tubes
of tartar control toothpaste, demonstrating he had access to basic toiletries and
in fact received them. Despite his claims about bleeding gums, Appellant did
not complain about bleeding gums via the electronic grievance system and pur-
chased snacks and other items from the DCJC commissary throughout his con-
finement. DCSO’s response explains that if Appellant had complained about
an oral hygiene concern, the medical staff would have responded appropriately,
as they did for other medical issues.
Lastly, the DCSO’s response explains that the DCJC followed the terms of
the MOA when it required Appellant to purchase toiletries from its commis-
sary. Per the MOA, the correctional facility provided Appellant with hygiene
items upon Appellant’s arrival. However, beyond the initial issuance of hygiene
items, the MOA states that a military inmate will receive toiletries provided to
any other inmate normally confined within the facility. Appellant had the op-
portunity to purchase additional hygiene items from the commissary, and con-
sidering he had money in his commissary account, Appellant was required to
pay for additional hygiene items.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Conditions of Post-trial Confinement
Appellant urges this court to exercise its authority under Article 66(c),
UCMJ, to provide sentence relief for the conditions of his post-trial confine-
ment. Under Article 66(c), UCMJ, we have broad authority and the mandate
4
United States v. Macaluso, No. ACM S32556
to approve only so much of the sentence as we find appropriate in law and fact
on the basis of the entire record, and we could grant sentence relief even with-
out finding a violation of the Eighth Amendment, 4 or Article 55, UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. § 855. See United States v. Gay, 74 M.J. 736, 742–43 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 2015), aff’d, 75 M.J. 264 (C.A.A.F. 2016); see also United States v. Tardif,
57 M.J. 219, 223 (C.A.A.F. 2002).
To the extent there are contradictions between Appellant’s clemency sub-
mission and the declarations the Government submitted in response to Appel-
lant’s claims, we considered whether a post-trial evidentiary hearing was re-
quired to resolve a factual dispute. See United States v. Ginn, 47 M.J. 236, 248
(C.A.A.F. 1997); United States v. DuBay, 37 C.M.R. 411, 413 (C.M.A. 1967) (per
curiam). We are convinced such a hearing is unnecessary. Even if we resolve
contradictions in the record in Appellant’s favor, the alleged conditions would
not result in relief. See Ginn at 248.
After considering the facts and circumstances in the present case, we de-
cline to provide relief under Article 66(c), UCMJ. As this court observed in
United States v. Ferrando:
While we have granted sentence relief based upon conditions of
post-trial confinement where a legal deficiency existed, we are
not a clearing house for post-trial confinement complaints or
grievances. Only in very rare circumstances do we anticipate
granting sentence relief when there is no violation of the Eighth
Amendment or Article 55, UCMJ.
77 M.J. 506, 517 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2017) (citations omitted); cf. United
States v. Nerad, 69 M.J. 138, 145–47 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (holding that despite our
significant discretion in reviewing the appropriateness of a sentence, this court
may not engage in acts of clemency).
This case does not present those very rare circumstances. Despite Appel-
lant’s characterization, the circumstances of his confinement do not appear to
involve the extreme segregation associated with solitary confinement. There is
no indication in the record that Appellant was subjected to physical or mental
abuse, singled out because of his military status for oppressive treatment, de-
nied necessary medical attention, or refused any necessity that only the DCJC
staff could provide. Contrary to Appellant’s claims, this is not a case where the
conditions of confinement were more severe than necessary. Following our Ar-
ticle 66(c), UCMJ, mandate to approve only so much of a sentence that, based
4 U.S. CONST. amend. VIII.
5
United States v. Macaluso, No. ACM S32556
on the entire record, should be approved, we decline to grant the requested
sentencing relief.
B. Error in the Court-Martial Order
Before trial, on 6 September 2018, the convening authority withdrew and
dismissed a second specification under Charge III, leaving a single specifica-
tion, enumerated as Specification “1,” which alleges Appellant wrongfully left
the scene of an accident without making his identity known, in violation of
Article 134, UCMJ.
Trial counsel did not change or renumber the remaining specification by
striking “1” to reflect that it remained the sole specification of the charge. This
was error. Air Force Instruction (AFI) 51–201, Administration of Military Jus-
tice, ¶ 7.3.2.1 (8 Dec. 2017) (“When charges or specifications are withdrawn
before arraignment, trial counsel ensures the remaining charges or specifica-
tions are renumbered and the new numbers reflected on the charge sheet and
throughout the record of trial.”); see also Rule for Courts-Martial 604(a), Dis-
cussion (“When directed to do so by the convening authority or a superior com-
petent authority, trial counsel may withdraw charges or specifications by lin-
ing out the affected charges or specifications, renumbering remaining charges
or specifications as necessary, and initialing the changes.”).
Subsequently, Appellant pleaded to, and was found guilty of, Specification
“1” of Charge III as it was originally referred to trial. However, after trial, both
the court-martial order (CMO) and report of result of trial show a plea and
finding of guilty to the “specification” of Charge III without enumeration, as
though the amendment that trial counsel was required to make before arraign-
ment had been made, when it had not. This too was error as the CMO is incon-
sistent with Appellant’s plea and the finding of guilty. 5
We are mindful of the confusion that can arise in post-trial processing when
a specification that should have been renumbered before arraignment remains
unchanged, but the regulation is relatively straightforward: “Charges and
specifications withdrawn before arraignment do not appear in the court-mar-
tial order if the other charges were correctly renumbered.” AFI 51-201,
5 The second error was confined to the preparation of the post-trial documents includ-
ing the report of result of trial. The charge sheet was unchanged.
6
United States v. Macaluso, No. ACM S32556
¶ 9.8.2.2.5 (emphasis added). 6 Here, the specification was not correctly renum-
bered and the CMO is inconsistent with Appellant’s plea and the finding of
guilty.
We direct publication of a corrected CMO to remedy this error. We consid-
ered simply directing the Government to publish a CMO enumerating the
“specification” of Charge III as “Specification 1” in the same way it was dis-
cussed on the record. However, such an amendment has the potential to fix one
error at the same time sowing doubt that there were no other referred specifi-
cations of Charge III that were resolved at Appellant’s court-martial either by
action of the convening authority after arraignment or in the findings at trial.
We resolve this concern and trial counsel’s error by directing the corrected
CMO will include Specification “1” and “2” of Charge III as they were referred
by the convening authority and as arraigned. The CMO will reflect that Spec-
ification 2 of Charge III had been withdrawn and dismissed before arraign-
ment. This change will ensure that Appellant’s plea, as entered, to the errone-
ously enumerated Specification “1” of Charge III, and the resultant finding of
guilty, as announced, to Specification “1” are accurately reflected in the record.
We direct other changes to the CMO in the footnote to our decree.
III. CONCLUSION
The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no er-
ror materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Arti-
cles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c).
6 Trial counsel’s duties in the 2017 Air Force Instruction (AFI) are currently described
in AFI 51-201, Administration of Military Justice, ¶¶ 12.3.2.1 and A12.8.2.2.5 (18 Jan.
2019, as amended by AFGM 2019-02, 30 Oct. 2019), although the responsibilities are
the same.
7
United States v. Macaluso, No. ACM S32556
Accordingly, the findings and the sentence are AFFIRMED. 7
FOR THE COURT
CAROL K. JOYCE
Clerk of the Court
7 Besides the court-martial order (CMO) error we address in our opinion, Appellant’s
counsel identifies additional errors. First, the CMO erroneously omits “from” in lan-
guage the military judge excepted from the Specification of Charge I when he an-
nounced findings. Second, the CMO erroneously states Appellant’s plea to Specifica-
tion 1 of Charge II as “[w]ithdrawn and dismissed after arraignment” instead of
“NG”—Appellant entered a plea of not guilty to Specification 1 of Charge II before it
was withdrawn and dismissed by the convening authority. Third, the CMO erroneously
states Appellant pleaded guilty to and was found guilty of “Charge I” under the Addi-
tional Charge. In fact, Appellant pleaded guilty to and was found guilty of the Addi-
tional Charge—neither the plea nor finding to the Additional Charge is reflected in the
CMO, the language “Charge I” under the Additional Charge is inapt, and the purported
pleas and findings to “Charge I” under the Additional Charge are erroneous. We note
that the first and second errors are repeated in the report of result of trial. We direct
publication of a corrected CMO to remedy these errors.
8