United States v. Greene

U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
________________________
No. ACM 39731
________________________
UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Marqavius GREENE
Airman (E-2), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
________________________
Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
Decided 4 February 2021
________________________
Military Judge: Willie J. Babor.
Approved Sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 3 years
and 6 months, and reduction to E-1. Sentence adjudged 24 February
2019 by GCM convened at Royal Air Force Lakenheath, United King-
dom.
For Appellant: Mark C. Bruegger, Esquire.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Brian C. Mason, USAF; Lieutenant
Colonel Matthew J. Neil, USAF; Major John P. Patera, USAF; Mary El-
len Payne, Esquire; Jordan E. Michel (civilian intern). 1
Before LEWIS, D. JOHNSON, and CADOTTE, Appellate Military
Judges.
________________________
This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
________________________
1 Mr. Michel was supervised by attorneys admitted to practice before this court.
United States v. Greene, No. ACM 39731
PER CURIAM:
A general court-martial composed of a military judge sitting alone found
Appellant guilty, pursuant to his pleas, of one specification of failure to obey a
lawful order, in violation Article 92, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ),
10 U.S.C. § 892, 2,3 and two specifications of indecent recording, in violation of
Article 120c, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920c. 4 The military judge sentenced Appellant
to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for three years and six months, and
reduction to the grade of E-1. On 20 June 2019, the convening authority ap-
proved the adjudged sentence.
Appellant’s counsel submitted the case with one assignment of error: that
Appellant’s sentence is inappropriately severe. During our Article 66(c),
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c) review, we identified and considered an additional
issue not raised by Appellant: whether Appellant is entitled to sentencing relief
as a result of facially unreasonable delay of appellate review. Finding no error
materially prejudicial to a substantial right of Appellant, we affirm the find-
ings and sentence.
I. BACKGROUND
On 23 September 2017, Appellant attended a house party in Ely, United
Kingdom, with a group of friends. Also at the party was SH. 5 SH, along with a
friend of hers, departed the party with Appellant and some of his friends. The
group made some stops dropping people off, eventually arriving at Royal Air
Force (RAF) Mildenhall where SH was stationed. Appellant and SH went back
to her dormitory room where SH eventually fell asleep. During the providence
inquiry, Appellant described that when SH “went to sleep she was partially
naked, specifically she was not wearing shorts, pants, or underwear” and she
2Unless otherwise noted, all references in this opinion to the Uniform Code of Military
Justice (UCMJ) and Rules for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) are to the Manual for Courts-
Martial, United States (2016 ed.).
3 Appellant’s plea, and the military judge’s findings, excepted the words and figures
“divers occasions between” and “and 14 April 2018.” Appellant was found not guilty of
the excepted words and figures.
4The military judge acquitted Appellant of one specification of attempted sexual as-
sault in violation of Article 80, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 880 and two specifications of sexual
assault in violation of Article 120, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920.
5 SH is a female enlisted member of the United States Air Force.
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United States v. Greene, No. ACM 39731
was “undressed from the waist down.” 6 Appellant stated that when SH slept
her buttocks were exposed. Appellant explained that “[a]s she lay in that posi-
tion [he] photographed and filmed her buttocks.” Appellant made three video
recordings and one photograph with his cellular phone of SH’s buttocks with-
out her consent. 7
Appellant also indecently recorded and photographed a female civilian, Ms.
ET. On 6 January 2018, Appellant was at a club in the town of Bury Saint
Edmunds, Suffolk, United Kingdom. At the club Appellant and his friends met
Ms. ET, who they did not know before that night. After midnight, Ms. ET, Ap-
pellant, and one of his friends departed the club for a nearby home. At the
home, Appellant’s friend and Ms. ET began having sexual intercourse. Unbe-
knownst to Ms. ET, Appellant surreptitiously filmed the sexual encounter, to
include recording Ms. ET’s private areas. While Ms. ET and Appellant’s friend
engaged in intercourse, Appellant filmed them from a vantage point at the end
of the bed. Appellant was positioned out of the line of sight of Ms. ET and Ap-
pellant’s friend. There was no indication that Ms. ET knew that Appellant was
in the room at the time of the recording. Ms. ET did not consent to being rec-
orded. Later, after Appellant’s friend left the room and Ms. ET fell asleep, Ap-
pellant took additional photos of Ms. ET’s exposed pelvic area, vagina, and but-
tocks. In total, Appellant made three video recordings and three photographs
of Ms. ET’s private areas with his cellular phone without her consent.
After committing the indecent recording offenses, Appellant was restricted
to RAF Lakenheath, United Kingdom by written order of his commander dated
9 March 2018. 8 On 20 March 2018 the order was reissued with an expiration
date of 30 April 2018 and served on Appellant. On 13 April 2018, Appellant
drank alcohol on-base with friends and then violated the order by departing
the base. Appellant traveled off-base to the City of Cambridge, United King-
6Appellant did not explain how SH arrived at her state of undress, nor did he describe
any interaction between him and SH in her dormitory room prior to her falling asleep.
7 Appellant’s phone that contained the indecent recordings was searched by the Air
Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) pursuant to search authority from a
military magistrate. AFOSI seized Appellant’s phone as part of an investigation into
allegations of sexual assault.
8The scope of the restriction limited Appellant to the confines of RAF Lakenheath and
allowed Appellant to go anywhere on-base except for the private dormitory of other
military members. Appellant continued to perform routine military duties. At the time
of the restriction, Appellant was also under investigation for multiple allegations of
sexual assault that were either not referred to trial or resulted in an acquittal.
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United States v. Greene, No. ACM 39731
dom with friends for several hours before returning to base. After it was dis-
covered Appellant violated the order, he was placed into pretrial confinement
on 27 April 2018. 9
For the offenses of which he was found guilty, Appellant faced a maximum
punishment of a dishonorable discharge, confinement for ten years and six
months, reduction to the grade of E-1, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and
a reprimand.
During the sentencing phase of the court-martial, Appellant’s squadron
commander testified as a witness for the Government and opined that Appel-
lant had “very low” rehabilitative potential. Additionally, the male enlisted
Airman who engaged in sex with Ms. ET testified under a grant of immunity.
He testified that Appellant was in the room when the Airman removed Ms.
ET’s clothing and when he had sex with her. However, there was no evidence
that Ms. ET knew Appellant was in the room. The Airman further testified
that he saw an unexpected flash while he was engaged in sex. The Government
also introduced evidence consisting of a personal data sheet, enlisted perfor-
mance reports, documentation relating to duty performance (to include records
of Appellant’s disciplinary history), and images and videos constituting inde-
cent recordings for both victims.
In addition, SH, through her special victims’ counsel, and Ms. ET both
made unsworn statements under R.C.M. 1001A during the sentencing phase
of the court-martial. SH explained in her unsworn statement that Appellant
took pictures of her without her consent and she never thought that she “would
become the girl in the video.” She went on to say “to know that I was taken
advantage of will never sit well with me.”
In Ms. ET’s unsworn statement she explained she was from the local area
and first found out about the indecent recording from law enforcement. She
was eventually shown the pictures and videos of her by law enforcement. She
explained she “was confused and shocked, and [she] couldn’t think how [it]
could happen.” She stated she “felt scared that other people might have seen
[her] in these photos and videos.” 10 Ms. ET explained that she “was in a good
place in [her] life” before the offense. However, “what [Appellant] did to [her]
sent [her] over the edge” and “caused [her] to spiral out of control.” Later she
said Appellant “has violated [her] sense of safety and security in [her] own
hometown and in [her] country.” Ms. ET acknowledged receiving a restitution
9Appellant raised a speedy trial motion at trial which was resolved adversely to Ap-
pellant by the military judge and was not raised as an assignment of error on appeal.
10At the court-martial there was no evidence Appellant broadcasted or disseminated
the photos or videos of Ms. ET.
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United States v. Greene, No. ACM 39731
payment from Appellant, but said “it doesn’t change how this has affected [her]
this past year and how this will continue to affect [her] for the rest of [her] life.”
During the sentencing phase, Appellant produced evidence of restitution
payments of $1,000.00 made to both SH and Ms. ET. In addition to evidence of
restitution, Appellant’s presentencing evidence included a one-page collage of
photographs, testimony from his mother, and an unsworn statement from Ap-
pellant.
Trial counsel’s sentence recommendation included “22 months confinement
and a bad conduct discharge.” 11 Trial defense counsel argued an appropriate
sentence was “time served and a punitive discharge.” 12 After adjournment, Ap-
pellant waived his right to submit clemency matters to the convening author-
ity.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Sentence Severity
1. Law
We review sentence appropriateness de novo. United States v. Lane, 64
M.J. 1, 2 (C.A.A.F. 2016) (footnote omitted). We “may affirm only such findings
of guilty and the sentence or such part or amount of the sentence, as [we] find
correct in law and fact and determine[ ], on the basis of the entire record,
should be approved.” Article 66(c), UCMJ. “We assess sentence appropriate-
ness by considering the particular appellant, the nature and seriousness of the
offense[s], the appellant’s record of service, and all matters contained in the
record of trial.” United States v. Anderson, 67 M.J. 703, 705 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 2009) (per curiam) (citations omitted). While we have great discretion in
determining whether a particular sentence is appropriate, we are not author-
ized to engage in exercises of clemency. United States v. Nerad, 69 M.J. 138,
146 (C.A.A.F. 2010).
11 In the alternative, trial counsel argued “[i]f this court believes our recommendation
is reasonable, we request that you sentence [Appellant] to a greater time in confine-
ment then [sic] our recommendation.”
12 “Time served” would have been the 303 days Appellant spent in pretrial confinement.
Additionally, the type of punitive discharge was not specified in trial defense counsel’s
argument. After argument, trial defense counsel agreed with the military judge that
he conceded “any” type of punitive discharge. The military judge engaged in a colloquy
with Appellant, discussing both types of punitive discharge. Appellant agreed that he
fully understood the ramifications of a dishonorable or bad-conduct discharge and that
it was his expressed desire to be discharged with either.
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United States v. Greene, No. ACM 39731
2. Analysis
We have given full individualized consideration to Appellant as to the ap-
propriateness of his sentence. Appellant’s offenses were serious and his victims
were a fellow Airman and a civilian from the local community. The impact of
Appellant’s offenses is shown by the unsworn statements presented by SH’s
counsel and Ms. ET. In particular, Ms. ET exhibited significant psychological
impact caused by Appellant’s actions. Further, Appellant’s service record is
marred by disciplinary issues which show a lack of rehabilitative potential.
This includes three letters of reprimand and a record of nonjudicial punish-
ment. Finally, Appellant violated his restriction while under criminal investi-
gation.
Appellant’s argument that the sentence was inappropriately severe focuses
on the fact that the military judge’s sentence was in excess of that recom-
mended by trial counsel. However, a recommendation by Government counsel
is not binding on the military judge. United States v. Rosales, No. ACM 39113,
2018 CCA LEXIS 52, at *4 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 30 Jan. 2018) (unpub. op.); see
also United States v. Frantz, No. ACM 39657, 2020 CCA LEXIS 404, at *42
(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 10 Nov. 2020) (unpub. op.). “The sentence recommenda-
tion made by Government counsel during sentencing argument is just that—a
recommendation.” Rosales at *3–4. We recognize the military judge imposed a
substantial sentence, however we are also mindful the confinement portion of
the sentence challenged by Appellant is only equal to one-third of the ten years
and six months maximum imposable sentence. After careful consideration of
the matters contained in the record of trial which were before the military
judge, the nature and seriousness of Appellant’s offenses, and his record of ser-
vice, we find the sentence is not inappropriately severe as a matter of law.
B. Appellate Delay
Appellant’s case was docketed with this court on 29 March 2019. Appel-
lant’s counsel was granted 13 enlargements of time to file his brief, of which 9
included an explicit statement that Appellant understood his right to timely
appellate review and consented to the enlargement. The Government opposed
all the requested enlargements. Appellant filed his assignments of error on 28
September 2020. We rendered this decision 18 months and 19 days after dock-
eting. Therefore, this delay is facially unreasonable. See United States v.
Moreno, 63 M.J. 129, 142 (C.A.A.F. 2006).
Since there is facially unreasonable appellate delay, we conduct a Barker
v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972), analysis. Appellant did not demand speedy ap-
pellate review and has made no specific claim of prejudice with regard to timely
appellate review, and we find none. See Moreno, 63 M.J. at 138–39 (citations
omitted). We also find the delay in appellate review did not “adversely affect
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United States v. Greene, No. ACM 39731
the public’s perception of the fairness and integrity of the military justice sys-
tem.” United States v. Toohey, 63 M.J. 353, 362 (C.A.A.F. 2006). A substantial
portion of the delay is the result of Appellant’s requested enlargements of time.
The record was substantial with 1,503 pages of transcript and, notwithstand-
ing Appellant’s 13 enlargements of time, the 18-month Moreno standard was
only exceeded by 19 days. After balancing all the Barker factors, we find no due
process violation for appellate delay.
Finally, applying United States v. Gay, 74 M.J. 736, 744 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 2015), aff’d, 75 M.J. 264 (C.A.A.F. 2016), we considered all the facts and
circumstances with regard to the appellate delay and decline to exercise our
Article 66(c), UCMJ, authority for excessive delay absent a due process viola-
tion. See United States v. Tardif, 57 M.J. 219, 223–24 (C.A.A.F. 2002); Gay, 74
M.J. at 744. After full consideration, we find Appellant is not entitled to relief
for facially unreasonable appellate delay.
III. CONCLUSION 13
The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no er-
ror materially prejudicial to Appellant’s substantial rights occurred. Articles
59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c).
13Appellant’s brief notes two deficiencies in the record of trial: (1) two inoperable discs
from the preliminary hearing’s exhibits; and (2) the military judge’s written ruling on
a speedy trial motion was not included as an appellate exhibit. Appellant’s brief does
not claim the record of trial is incomplete or raise either deficiency as an assignment
of error. In addition, the court discovered two court exhibits are missing from the rec-
ord. The court exhibits were marked as exhibits; however, neither was included in the
record of trial. The missing court exhibits were victim impact statements of SH and
Ms. ET admitted under R.C.M. 1001A. As both victim impact statements were read to
the military judge, their contents were transcribed and available for our review. Fi-
nally, the disc admitted as Prosecution Exhibit 15 in the original record is inaccurate
as it contains the same files as the disc admitted as Prosecution Exhibit 14. Fortu-
nately, the military judge directed a copy of Prosecution Exhibit 15 to be attached to
the record as Appellate Exhibit LXXXIV after ruling that one of the files was inadmis-
sible. Therefore, we were able to review the evidence the military judge admitted using
a portion of this appellate exhibit. Appellant does not raise any claims that he was
prejudiced as a result of omissions or inaccuracies in the record of trial. We find the
above omissions from the record insubstantial and that their absence does not render
the record of trial incomplete. See Article 54(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 854(c); United
States v. Davenport, 73 M.J. 373, 376–77 (C.A.A.F. 2014); United States v. Lovely, 73
M.J. 658, 676 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2014).
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United States v. Greene, No. ACM 39731
Accordingly, the findings and sentence are AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT
CAROL K. JOYCE
Clerk of the Court
8