Jong H. Choi v. State of Alaska

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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF ALASKA
JONG H. CHOI,
Court of Appeals No. A-13273
Appellant, Trial Court No. 3AN-13-07542 CR
v.
OPINION
STATE OF ALASKA,
Appellee. No. 2744 — April 7, 2023
Appeal from the Superior Court, Third Judicial District,
Anchorage, Kevin M. Saxby, Judge.
Appearances: Kelly Taylor, Assistant Public Defender, and
Samantha Cherot, Public Defender, Anchorage, for the
Appellant. Donald Soderstrom, Assistant Attorney General,
Office of Criminal Appeals, Anchorage, and Treg R. Taylor,
Attorney General, Juneau, for the Appellee.
Before: Allard, Chief Judge, and Wollenberg and Harbison,
Judges.
Judge HARBISON.
Jong H. Choi was convicted, pursuant to a plea agreement, of two counts
of medical assistance fraud.1 As part of his sentence, Choi was ordered to pay restitution
to the Alaska Department of Health and Social Services (DHSS). The restitution order
required Choi to reimburse DHSS for payments it made for personal care assistance that
Choi provided to Medicaid recipients at a time when he knew he was legally ineligible
to provide these services.
Choi appeals, arguing that the restitution award exceeded DHSS’s actual
loss. Choi contends that he provided the personal care services despite being legally
barred from doing so, and he asserts that, as a result, there is no evidence that DHSS
suffered any actual damages or loss requiring restitution. In the alternative, he asserts
that the superior court should have deducted the value of the services he provided from
the restitution award. He also claims that the State bore the burden of proving both that
he did not actually perform the personal care services and that DHSS did not already
receive payments for its loss from another source.
For the reasons we explain in this opinion, we conclude that Choi was not
entitled to an offset for any services he performed. We also conclude that, under the
facts of this case, the superior court’s failure to require the State to prove whether DHSS
had already been reimbursed for the losses resulting from Choi’s conduct was not plain
error.
Facts and proceedings
Choi worked as a personal care assistant and was employed by C Care
Services. In the charging document in this case, the State provided the following
explanation of how Medicaid compensates personal care assistants (PCAs):
1
AS 47.05.210(a)(1), (5).
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PCAs are health care providers that the Alaska Medicaid
Program pays to provide home based healthcare services
which will allow Medicaid recipients to stay in their home
rather than be placed in a nursing home type setting.
Medicaid recipients are evaluated for their healthcare needs
and a PCA is then hired by the recipient to provide those
needs in the recipient’s home. The PCA fills out a timesheet
for the work done and submits it to a PCA agency that in turn
bills Medicaid [through DHSS]. Medicaid pays
approximately $24 an hour to the agency and the agency
must pay the PCA at least half of that amount.
In July 2008, DHSS informed C Care that Choi was barred from continuing
to work as a personal care assistant because he had been charged with a barrier crime —
i.e., a crime that, by regulation, prevented him from being approved to work as a
personal care assistant and from receiving payments from Medicaid.2 In January 2010,
Choi asked to return to work. He represented to C Care that the charge had been
dismissed, and he provided C Care with dismissal paperwork. In fact, Choi had pleaded
guilty to the crime, and the paperwork he provided was from a different, unrelated case.
C Care then reinstated Choi, and Choi resumed working — including billing and
receiving payments from DHSS.
In December 2010, DHSS informed C Care that Choi was still barred from
working as a personal care assistant. After this, Choi continued to work as a personal
care assistant, but he signed the name of his wife (who was also a personal care assistant
employed by C Care) on his Medicaid billing timesheets. Choi submitted Medicaid
billing timesheets under his wife’s name through March 2012.
2
See 7 Alaska Administrative Code (AAC) 10.900(a)(1) (explaining that one purpose
of the barrier crimes regulations is to identify crimes that would bar an individual from
approval by DHSS and from receiving Medicaid payments).
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In 2013, the State launched an investigation into C Care and learned of
Choi’s conduct.3 The State charged Choi with three counts of medical assistance fraud.
The first count alleged that Choi “knowingly submit[ted] or authorize[d]
the submission of a claim to a medical assistance agency for property, services, or a
benefit with reckless disregard that [he was] not entitled to the property, services, or
benefit.”4 This count was based on his signing his wife’s name on timesheets from
December 2010 through March 2012.
The second count alleged that Choi “knowingly prepare[d] or assist[ed]
another person to prepare a claim for submission to a medical assistance agency for
property, services, or a benefit with reckless disregard that [he was] not entitled to the
property, services, or benefit.”5 This count was based on his submitting Medicaid
timesheets from January 2010 through November 2010, at a time when he was barred
from receiving Medicaid payments due to his conviction for a barrier crime.
The third count alleged that Choi “knowingly ma[de] a false entry in or
falsely alter[ed] a medical assistance record.”6 This count related to both his signing of
his wife’s name and his submitting Medicaid timesheets when he was barred from
receiving Medicaid payments due to his criminal conviction.
Choi pleaded guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement, to the first and third
counts. (The second count was dismissed.) The parties initially agreed that Choi would
3
The State’s investigation revealed that C Care had received over $1.4 million in
overpayments as a result of Medicaid billing fraud. In May 2015, C Care’s owner entered
into a plea agreement, agreeing not to appeal certain overpayment and restitution findings.
Arcticorp v. C Care Services, LLC, 424 P.3d 365, 366 (Alaska 2018).
4
AS 47.05.210(a)(1).
5
AS 47.05.210(a)(2).
6
AS 47.05.210(a)(5).
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be ordered to pay $67,435.59 in restitution, and the prosecutor further agreed that if the
State were to successfully recover any portion of DHSS’s loss from C Care, Choi’s
restitution obligation would be reduced by that amount. But Choi later filed an
application for post-conviction relief arguing that his defense attorney had provided him
with ineffective assistance of counsel when litigating the restitution amount. The State
and Choi ultimately stipulated that Choi would withdraw his application for
post-conviction relief, and in exchange, the State would agree to a de novo restitution
hearing in Choi’s underlying criminal case.
The superior court accordingly conducted a de novo restitution hearing. At
the hearing, the only witness was a forensic accountant for the Medicaid Fraud Control
Unit of the Department of Law. This witness testified that Medicaid, through DHSS,
paid C Care $62,043.77 based on timesheets that Choi submitted — either under his or
his wife’s name — beginning in January 2010 when he lied about his criminal charge
being dismissed. The witness testified that Cecelia DeLeon, the owner of C Care, had
also been convicted of a crime and ordered to pay restitution. However, the witness did
not know whether DeLeon had paid any restitution and, if so, whether it was for the same
loss as that caused by Choi’s conduct.
The State argued that the court should award DHSS $62,043.77 in
restitution because the payments to C Care reflected the actual damages or loss that
DHSS suffered. The superior court agreed with the State’s argument and entered a
restitution judgment in that amount.
This appeal followed.
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Why we conclude that the superior court did not err in determining the
amount of loss caused by Choi’s crimes
The purpose of the restitution statutes is to “make full restitution available
to all persons who have been injured as a result of criminal behavior, to the greatest
extent possible.”7 Alaska’s restitution statutes accordingly provide that, unless a victim
declines restitution, a court must order restitution for the loss caused by the conduct for
which the defendant was convicted.8
This Court has previously explained that restitution should be assessed
according to the actual damages or loss arising from the defendant’s crime, and not the
amount of the defendant’s unjust gain.9 We accordingly must determine what loss, if
any, was caused by Choi’s crimes, and we begin by considering how damages for fraud
would be assessed in a civil fraud case.
In a civil case, a plaintiff who has been injured by fraud is entitled to
general damages, which typically are measured in accordance with either the “benefit of
the bargain” rule or the “out of pocket” rule.10 Under the “benefit of the bargain” rule,
a plaintiff is entitled to recover the difference between the actual value of the purchase
7
Ned v. State, 119 P.3d 438, 446 (Alaska App. 2005) (quoting Lonis v. State, 998 P.2d
441, 447 n.18 (Alaska App. 2000)).
8
Peterson v. Anchorage, 500 P.3d 314, 318 (Alaska App. 2021); see also
AS 12.55.045(a) (authorizing restitution as a direct component of a sentence);
AS 12.55.100(a)(2)(B) (authorizing restitution as a condition of probation).
9
Welsh v. State, 314 P.3d 566, 568 (Alaska App. 2013).
10
Turnbull v. LaRose, 702 P.2d 1331, 1335-36 (Alaska 1985) (citing Dan B. Dobbs,
Handbook on the Law of Remedies § 9.2, at 595 (1973)); Dan B. Dobbs & Caprice L.
Roberts, Law of Remedies: Damages, Equity, Restitution § 9.1(1), at 721-24 (3d ed. 2018)
[hereinafter Dobbs on Remedies (2018)].
–6– 2744
and the value the purchase would have had if the representations had, in fact, been true.11
And under the “out of pocket” rule, a plaintiff will recover “the price paid for property
[the plaintiff] was induced to buy as a result of the misrepresentation, less the market
value of the property.”12 Thus, under both of these approaches for valuing damages, an
injured party will recover the actual damages or loss arising from the defendant’s
conduct, rather than the amount of the defendant’s unjust gain.13 We accordingly adopt
these rules as an appropriate method of determining the amount of restitution that should
be awarded when a defendant is convicted of medical assistance fraud.
We next consider how these rules apply to the present case. Under either
method, DHSS is entitled to damages in the amount of the difference between what
DHSS was induced to pay to Choi as a result of his misrepresentations (i.e., the value of
the service that Choi promised to provide, had his misrepresentations been true), and the
market value of the work Choi performed (i.e., the market value of Choi’s work if he had
11
Turnbull, 702 P.2d at 1336; accord Dobbs on Remedies (2018) § 9.1(1), at 722-24;
see also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 549(2) (1977) (“The recipient of a fraudulent
misrepresentation in a business transaction is also entitled to recover additional damages
sufficient to give him the benefit of his contract with the maker, if these damages are proved
with reasonable certainty.”); Beaux v. Jacob, 30 P.3d 90, 97 (Alaska 2001) (“In negligent
nondisclosure cases, an appropriate measure of damages is the ‘cost of putting the property
in the condition that would bring it into conformity with the value of the property as it was
represented.’” (quoting Carpenter v. Donohoe, 388 P.2d 399, 401 (Colo. 1964))).
12
Dobbs on Remedies (2018) § 9.1(1), at 721; see also Restatement (Second) of Torts
§ 549(1)(a) (“The recipient of a fraudulent misrepresentation is entitled to recover as
damages in an action of deceit against the maker the pecuniary loss to him of which the
misrepresentation is a legal cause, including . . . the difference between the value of what he
has received in the transaction and its purchase price or other value given for it.”).
13
See Welsh, 314 P.3d at 568.
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disclosed that he had been convicted of a barrier crime and that it was he, and not his
wife, who had done the work listed in some of the timesheets).
Choi contends that the services he provided to the Medicaid beneficiaries
had value, and that the court should reduce his restitution obligation by an amount equal
to the value of these services. He notes that the State did not establish that he failed to
provide any of the personal care services that he was paid to provide, nor did it present
any evidence that the services he provided were deficient in any way.
But Choi’s argument misidentifies the victim of the crimes for which he
was convicted. Choi pleaded guilty to defrauding DHSS by signing his wife’s name on
timesheets for work he performed and by submitting timesheets when he was barred
from receiving Medicaid payments due to his prior criminal conviction. Thus, it is
DHSS, not the Medicaid beneficiaries, who is the victim of Choi’s offenses.
As we have explained, an injured party receives “value” in the amount that
it would have paid for services had it known the truth about the defendant’s fraudulent
representations. Thus, DHSS receives “value” when Medicaid recipients receive
legitimate health care services for which DHSS would pay but for the defendant’s fraud.
If DHSS would have authorized payment for the services that Choi provided to his
clients but for his fraudulent conduct, then the amount DHSS paid is the fair market
value of those services. By contrast, if DHSS would not have paid Choi for the services
he rendered if he had submitted accurate, non-fraudulent claims, then Choi is entitled to
no such credit. Because there is no dispute that DHSS would not have paid for the
services performed by Choi if Choi had disclosed his conviction for a barrier crime,
DHSS received no value for Choi’s work.
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The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals adopted a similar reasoning in United
States v. Mahmood, a Medicare fraud case.14 In that case, the court reasoned that
Medicare receives value “when its beneficiaries receive legitimate health care services
for which Medicare would pay but for a fraud.”15 Thus, if Medicare would have paid for
the healthcare services that were provided but for a defendant’s fraud, the defendant is
entitled to credit for the fair market value of the services. But if Medicare would not
have paid for the services, then the defendant is entitled to no such credit.
This holding is consistent with the Fifth Circuit’s previous Medicare fraud
opinions in United States v. Klein,16 a case in which the defendant’s services had some
value to Medicare, and United States v. Jones,17 a case in which the defendants’ services
had no value to Medicare.
In Klein, the defendant was a physician who committed health care fraud
by submitting claims for in-office administration of certain medications when, in fact,
patients were self-administering those medications at home. In concluding that the
services provided by the defendant had some value to Medicare, the Fifth Circuit noted
that, even though the defendant fraudulently billed for services related to the
medications, neither party disputed that the patients needed those medications or that
Medicare would have paid for the medications had the defendant not engaged in the
14
United States v. Mahmood, 820 F.3d 177 (5th Cir. 2016).
15
Id. at 193.
16
United States v. Klein, 543 F.3d 206, 213-15 (5th Cir. 2008).
17
United States v. Jones, 664 F.3d 966, 984 (5th Cir. 2011).
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fraud. Thus, the defendant was entitled to credit for the value of the service he
provided.18
By contrast, in Jones, the defendants were part of a scheme in which
unauthorized personnel were used to perform physical rehabilitation on Medicare
patients. They billed Medicare for providing the service, fraudulently misrepresenting
that licensed professionals had rendered the services. The Fifth Circuit determined, as
a preliminary matter, that Medicare, not the defendants’ patients, was the victim of the
fraud for purposes of obtaining a fair-market-value-credit. The court then concluded that
Medicare pays only for treatments that meets its standards and that it received no value
from the unlicensed treatments. As a result, the defendants were not entitled to any
credit for the services they provided.19
The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reached a similar conclusion in United
States v. Hunter.20 The court explained that the amount of restitution is limited to the
victim’s “actual losses,” which is “determined by comparing what actually happened
with what would have happened if the defendant had acted lawfully.”21 In that case, the
defendant stole the identity of a registered nurse and used it to obtain a nursing license.
She used the fake license to obtain employment as a school nurse hired by the Fairbanks
North Star Borough and later as a nurse working for the United States Department of
Labor. Concluding that neither the Department of Labor nor the Borough would have
18
Klein, 543 F.3d at 215.
19
Jones, 664 F.3d at 984.
20
United States v. Hunter, 618 F.3d 1062 (9th Cir. 2010).
21
Id. at 1064 (quoting United States v. Bussell, 504 F.3d 956, 964 (9th Cir. 2007)).
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paid for the defendant’s services but for her fraud, the court declined to provide a credit
for any of the services the defendant actually performed.22
These Fifth and Ninth Circuit opinions are consistent with the method for
determining DHSS’s loss we explained above. In this case, if DHSS would have paid
for the medical services but for the defendant’s fraud, then the defendant is entitled to
credit for the services. But if, knowing the truth, DHSS would not have paid for the
services, then the defendant is not entitled to a credit.
We accordingly conclude that DHSS is entitled to a restitution award that
is equivalent to the difference between what DHSS was induced to pay as a result of
Choi’s misrepresentations, which was $62,043.77, and the market value of the work Choi
performed (i.e., the market value of Choi’s work if he had disclosed that he had been
convicted of a barrier crime and that it was he, and not his wife, who had done the work
listed in some of the timesheets).
Although Choi’s work may have had the same value to the Medicaid
recipients regardless of his conviction for a barrier crime, the same cannot be said of the
value he provided to DHSS. Indeed, it is undisputed that, if Choi had been honest that
it was he who was performing the treatment, and that he had been convicted of a barrier
crime, DHSS would not have paid anything at all for Choi’s work. Choi’s services, like
22
The Ninth Circuit noted that this conclusion “accords with traditional principles of
contract law,” which provide that “[w]hen an individual fails to comply with licensing
requirements aimed at protecting health and safety rather than merely raising revenue, that
individual can maintain ‘no action for the promised compensation or for quantum meruit.’”
Id. at 1065 (citations omitted). Thus, the court considered the defendant’s request to give her
a credit value of services she provided to be akin to an action to recover an unjust gain, and
it declined to allow this.
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those provided by the defendants in Jones,23 had no value to DHSS because he did not
meet the standards for providing the services.
We therefore conclude that the superior court did not err in awarding
restitution in the full amount DHSS paid C Care.24
Why the superior court’s failure to require the State to prove whether
DHSS had already been reimbursed for the losses resulting from Choi’s
conduct was not plain error
Choi contends that the superior court should have required the State to
present evidence as to how much money DHSS had already recovered from C Care or
its owner for these same payments, and that the court should then have offset the
restitution award by that amount. As the State points out, Choi did not raise this
argument in the superior court and he has only cursorily briefed the argument on appeal.
He therefore must show plain error.25
When co-defendants are ordered to pay restitution for the same loss, a trial
court should ordinarily indicate on the restitution judgments that the restitution is owed
23
Jones, 664 F.3d at 984.
24
Under these rules, a defendant who fraudulently bills Medicaid for services in excess
of those the defendant actually provided will be given credit for the value of the legitimate
services provided, as long as the defendant was legally eligible to receive Medicaid
payments. Similarly, if a defendant fraudulently obtains payment for a higher level of service
than what was provided (e.g., as in Klein, for in-office administration of medication rather
than self-administration of medication), the defendant is entitled to credit for the legitimate
services they provided, as long as they were eligible for payment. United States v. Klein, 543
F.3d 206, 213-15 (5th Cir. 2008).
25
Adams v. State, 261 P.3d 758, 773 (Alaska 2011).
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jointly and severally.26 But in this case, Choi and C Care were not charged as co-
defendants. And the sole witness to testify at the restitution hearing did not know how
much money DHSS had recovered from C Care or its owner, nor whether the money
recovered was for the “same issues” that caused the economic harm in Choi’s case.
Thus, there was no evidence presented by either party to establish whether C Care or its
owner had made payments to DHSS for the loss caused by Choi’s conduct.
Choi nevertheless contends that the superior court should have, sua sponte,
ordered the State to present evidence of any payments DHSS may have received as
compensation for the economic harm caused by Choi’s conduct. But Choi never
objected on this ground, and on appeal he provides no authority for his position. We
note that, under Alaska Criminal Rule 16(b)(3), the State was obligated to disclose to
Choi information as to whether payments toward the same loss had already been made
by another person or entity, or that a court had ordered another person or entity to make
payments for the same loss.27 Thus, in the absence of any objection at the hearing, the
court could assume that the State had complied with its disclosure requirements and no
payments had been made. Moreover, as the State points out, Choi still may seek
subrogation against C Care or its owner. For these reasons, we reject Choi’s claim of
plain error.
26
See Sowinski v. Walker, 198 P.3d 1134, 1151 (Alaska 2008) (the doctrine of joint and
several liability provides a guarantee of full compensation for a plaintiff and emphasizes
making the plaintiff whole); Petrolane Inc. v. Robles, 154 P.3d 1014, 1019-20 (Alaska 2007)
(joint and several liability guards against double recovery and ensures that “overlapping
remedies” do not become multiple remedies).
27
Alaska R. Crim. P. 16(b)(3) (requiring the prosecuting attorney to disclose to defense
counsel any material or information within the prosecuting attorney’s possession or control
which would tend to reduce the accused’s punishment).
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Conclusion
We AFFIRM the judgment of the superior court.
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