State of Arizona v. Aaron Raymond Fikes

FILED BY CLERK
DEC 16 2011
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS COURT OF APPEALS
STATE OF ARIZONA DIVISION TWO
DIVISION TWO
THE STATE OF ARIZONA, ) 2 CA-CR 2011-0124
) DEPARTMENT A
Appellee, )
) OPINION
v. )
)
AARON RAYMOND FIKES, )
)
Appellant. )
)
APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PIMA COUNTY
Cause No. CR20102760001
Honorable Deborah Bernini, Judge
VACATED AND REMANDED
Thomas C. Horne, Arizona Attorney General
By Kent E. Cattani and David A. Sullivan Tucson
Attorneys for Appellee
Law Office of Lawrence Y. Gee, P.L.L.C.
By Lawrence Y. Gee Tucson
Attorney for Appellant
H O W A R D, Chief Judge.
¶1 After a jury trial, appellant Aaron Fikes was convicted of aggravated
driving under the influence and aggravated driving with a blood alcohol concentration of
.08 or higher, both with a suspended license. The trial court sentenced him to concurrent
terms of four months‟ imprisonment followed by three years‟ probation. On appeal,
Fikes argues the court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence obtained during a
warrantless stop of the vehicle he was driving, claiming the stop was not supported by
reasonable suspicion. Because we find the police officer lacked a reasonable suspicion to
stop Fikes, we reverse.
Factual and Procedural Background
¶2 “When reviewing a trial court‟s denial of a motion to suppress, we consider
only the evidence presented at the suppression hearing.” State v. Blakley, 226 Ariz. 25,
¶ 5, 243 P.3d 628, 630 (App. 2010). The relevant facts are undisputed. A police officer
observed that the brake light located at the top rear of Fikes‟s vehicle was not working
and stopped him for violating A.R.S. § 28-939. The vehicle‟s two other brake lights were
working. The officer observed no other traffic infractions, nor did the officer articulate
any other reason for the stop. After stopping the vehicle, the officer discovered Fikes had
been driving under the influence of alcohol. Fikes moved to suppress all of the evidence
obtained from the traffic stop on the grounds the officer lacked reasonable suspicion to
make the stop. The trial court denied the motion and evidence of the investigation was
presented at trial. After Fikes was convicted and sentenced, he appealed.
Discussion
¶3 Fikes argues that, because Arizona law requires that a vehicle be equipped
with only a single brake light, when a vehicle is equipped with more than one light,
A.R.S. § 28-939 requires that only one light be operational. He contends that, because he
had two working brake lights, the officer lacked reasonable suspicion of criminal activity
to stop him for the single light that was not working. When reviewing a trial court‟s
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denial of a motion to suppress, we accept the court‟s factual findings absent an abuse of
discretion, State v. Valle, 196 Ariz. 324, ¶ 6, 996 P.2d 125, 127 (App. 2000), but when an
issue involves the interpretation of a statute, we review that issue de novo, State v.
Gonzalez, 216 Ariz. 11, ¶ 2, 162 P.3d 650, 651 (App. 2007).
¶4 Police officers may “stop and detain” any person for an actual or suspected
violation of Title 28. A.R.S. § 28-1594. However, “[a]n investigatory stop of a vehicle
constitutes a seizure under the Fourth Amendment.” State v. Fornof, 218 Ariz. 74, ¶ 5,
179 P.3d 954, 956 (App. 2008). Such a seizure is constitutionally permissible only if the
officer has a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. State v. Teagle, 217 Ariz. 17,
¶ 20, 170 P.3d 266, 271-72 (App. 2007).
¶5 “A person . . . shall not drive a vehicle on the highways unless it is
equipped with a stop lamp that meets the requirements of § 28-939.” A.R.S. § 28-927.
Section 28-939 is titled “Signal Lamps and Devices,” sets forth some technical
requirements for stop and other lamps, and provides in relevant part: “If a vehicle is
equipped with a stop lamp or other signal lamps, the lamp or lamps shall: 1. Be
maintained at all times in good working condition. 2. Not project a glaring or dazzling
light.”
¶6 “The court‟s chief goal in interpreting a statute is „to fulfill the intent of the
legislature that wrote it.‟” Bilke v. State, 206 Ariz. 462, ¶ 11, 80 P.3d 269, 271 (2003),
quoting State v. Williams, 175 Ariz. 98, 100, 854 P.2d 131, 133 (1993). When the
language is clear, the court may not consider other methods of statutory interpretation
“unless application of the plain meaning would lead to impossible or absurd results.” Id.3
If a statute is ambiguous, we consider “the statute‟s context, subject matter, historical
background, effects and consequences, and spirit and purpose.” Zamora v. Reinstein, 185
Ariz. 272, 275, 915 P.2d 1227, 1230 (1996). However, we may not construe part of a
statute in a way that would render any other part of the statute “„void, superfluous,
contradictory or insignificant.‟” State v. Larson, 222 Ariz. 341, ¶ 14, 214 P.3d 429, 432
(App. 2009), quoting Pinal Vista Props., L.L.C. v. Turnbull, 208 Ariz. 188, ¶ 10, 91 P.3d
1031, 1033 (App. 2004).
¶7 The plain language of § 28-927 requires a vehicle to have only one stop
lamp meeting the requirements of § 28-939. See § 28-927 (unlawful to drive on
highways unless vehicle “equipped with a stop lamp”). Unlike “stop lamp,” “signal
lamps” is a term used generically in the statute and includes the term stop lamps. See
§ 28-939 (entitled “Signal lamps and devices”), (B) (turn signal described as “signal lamp
or lamps indicating the intention to turn”). However, in § 28-939(B) the word “other”
before “signal lamp” indicates that “other signal lamps” does not include the previous
item—a stop lamp. Cf. Speros v. Yu, 207 Ariz. 153, ¶¶ 20-21, 83 P.3d 1094, 1099 (App.
2004) (“other tract of land,” in city code‟s reference to “exterior boundary of a
subdivision or other tract of land,” distinguished subdivisions from other land tracts). As
a result, the statute does not necessarily require that all installed stop lamps be kept in
good working condition. We already have determined that § 28-927‟s requirement that a
vehicle be equipped with “a stop lamp” means one stop lamp. Therefore, using the same
meaning in the maintenance provision of § 28-939, only one stop lamp need “[b]e
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maintained at all times in good working condition.” See § 28-939(B)(1); Obregon v.
Indus. Comm’n, 217 Ariz. 612, ¶ 21, 177 P.3d 873, 877 (App. 2008).
¶8 On the other hand, we note the same sentence which requires “a stop lamp”
to be maintained at all times also requires that “a stop lamp . . . not project a glaring or
dazzling light.”1 § 28-939(B)(1), (2). Consistency with our interpretation above would
imply that § 28-939(B)(2) requires only a single stop lamp to not cause glare to nearby
drivers. See Obregon, 217 Ariz. 612, ¶ 21, 177 P.3d at 877. But the legislature would
have intended that no lamp or light create glare, impairing other drivers. Thus, we
conclude the statute is ambiguous.
¶9 When a statute is ambiguous, we “„may consider both prior and subsequent
statutes in pari materia.‟” Sweet, 143 Ariz. 266, 270, 693 P.2d 921, 925 (1985), quoting
Automatic Registering Mach. Co. v. Pima Cnty., 36 Ariz. 367, 373-74, 285 P. 1034, 1036
(1930). Before 1997, § 28-939(B) stated, “When a vehicle is equipped with a stop lamp
or other signal lamps, such lamp or lamps shall at all times be maintained in good
working condition. No stop lamp or signal lamp shall project a glaring or dazzling light.”
1950 Ariz. Sess. Laws 1st Spec. Sess., ch. 3, § 133; 1996 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 76, §§ 3,
312. In this version, the legislature chose to distinguish between requiring a stop lamp be
maintained and prohibiting all stop lamps from projecting a glaring light. See Egan v.
Fridlund-Horne, 221 Ariz. 229, ¶ 37, 211 P.3d 1213, 1223 (App. 2009) (when legislature
1
Fikes notes the requirement that a stop lamp “not project a glaring or dazzling
light” is not at issue in this appeal. However, when interpreting statutory provisions we
will consider them within the context of related provisions. Cicoria v. Cole, 222 Ariz.
428, ¶ 14, 215 P.3d 402, 405 (2009).
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uses different words in statute, it intends different meanings). Applying the same
analysis as we used above, “a stop lamp” requires only one stop lamp be maintained and
because the prohibition against glare is separate, no ambiguity is injected.
¶10 In 1995, the Arizona Legislature repealed and replaced Title 28 with the
language present in the statute today.2 1995 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 132, §§ 1, 3. The
descriptive phrase of the bill was “title 28 technical rewrite” and the Senate Research
Analyst categorized it as “the technical portion of the Title 28 Technical Rewrite
legislation.” S. Transp. Comm. Minutes, 42d Leg., 1st Reg. Sess. (Ariz. Feb. 16, 1995).
¶11 Statements of non-legislators may be relied upon if there are “„sufficient
guarantees that the statements reflect legislators‟ views.‟” Ballesteros v. Am. Standard
Ins. Co. of Wisc., 226 Ariz. 345, ¶ 20, 248 P.3d 193, 197-98 (2011), quoting Hayes v.
Cont’l Ins. Co., 178 Ariz. 264, 269-70, 872 P.2d 668, 673-74 (1994). Here, the
comments were made by the legislative analyst, not simply a member of the public. And
no other comments made at the hearing suggest the legislation would effect a substantive
change on the law. S. Transp. Comm. Minutes, 42d Leg., 1st Reg. Sess. (Ariz. Feb. 16,
1995). Thus, we may rely on these minutes as an indication that the legislature intended
the 1995 legislation to make technical, not substantive, changes to the statute. Therefore,
§ 28-939(B)(1), like its predecessor, requires only one stop lamp be maintained.
2
Although passed in 1995, Senate Bill 1364 took effect “from and after December
31, 1996.” 1995 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 132, §§ 3, 12. One of the effects of S.B. 1364 was
a renumbering of all of the Transportation Statutes. Id. (enacting current § 28-939 as
A.R.S. § 28-3179). However, before S.B. 1364 took effect, the legislature passed S.B.
1076 which reverted to the old numbering but did not make any changes to the text of
§ 28-939. 1996 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 76, § 18. Therefore, although S.B. 1364 is the most
recent modification, we need not consider it in our analysis.
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¶12 We recognize that our construction of § 28-939 requires that “a stop lamp”
means “one stop lamp” for the purposes of maintenance and “any stop lamp” for the
purposes of controlling glare. However, upholding legislative intent is our primary goal.
Bilke, 206 Ariz. 462, ¶ 11, 80 P.3d at 271. Nor will we place great significance on the
distinction between the two provisions merely because the legislature has used inartful
language. Cf. Washburn v. Pima Cnty., 206 Ariz. 571, ¶¶ 12-14, 81 P.3d 1030, 1035
(App. 2003) (difference between county and municipal zoning enabling acts did not
evince different intentions by legislature). If our construction is in error, the legislature is
free to correct our mistake.
¶13 The state nevertheless notes that § 28-939(B) refers to “a stop lamp or other
signal lamps” as “the lamp or lamps.” The state contends the phrase “the lamp or lamps”
applies to both “a stop lamp” and “other signal lamps.” Based on this construction, the
state then argues the legislature contemplated the possibility of more than one stop lamp
and intended that all be maintained. However, nowhere in the statute is stop lamp
referred to in the plural. § 28-939. And, as we already have discussed, “other signal
lamps” refers to lamps other than stop lamps and so does not include additional stop
lamps.
¶14 The state also points to a requirement in article 16 that “other equipment”
be maintained “in proper condition and adjustment as required in this article.” A.R.S.
§ 28-921(A)(1)(b). But that provision is limited by the phrase “as required by this
article.” The only statute in article 16 that speaks to the maintenance of stop lamps is
§ 28-939. And, as discussed, § 28-939 requires that only one stop lamp be maintained.
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Therefore, Fikes‟s top rear stop lamp, although not working, did not violate any of the
requirements of article 16.
¶15 At oral argument, the state contended the legislature could have wanted to
require all installed stop lamps to work because a non-functioning stop lamp could
confuse other drivers. However, the legislative history does not indicate that the
legislature was concerned with this possibility. And nothing in the record indicates any
other driver was or could have been confused here. The state also claimed this decision
could discourage police officers from stopping dangerous vehicles under a public-safety
or community-welfare exception. See, e.g., State v. Mendoza-Ruiz, 225 Ariz. 473, 240
P.3d 1235 (App. 2010); State v. Organ, 225 Ariz. 43, 234 P.3d 611 (App. 2010). But the
officer here did not testify that he was motivated by public safety or community welfare.
And § 28-921(A)(1)(a) prohibits any vehicle from being driven in an unsafe condition.
Therefore, we need not decide the relevance of public-safety or community-welfare
concerns in this case.
¶16 Because the officer lacked reasonable suspicion to stop Fikes, the evidence
gathered from the stop was admitted improperly. Although Arizona recognizes a “good
faith” exception to the exclusionary rule, the burden lies with the state to prove that the
exception applies. State v. Crowley, 202 Ariz. 80, ¶¶ 32, 38, 41 P.3d 618, 629-30 (App.
2002). Here, the state did not argue a good faith exception could prevent this evidence
from being suppressed, so we will not consider the applicability of that exception.
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Conclusion
¶17 For the foregoing reasons, we find the trial court erred in denying Fikes‟s
motion to suppress. We vacate Fikes‟s convictions and sentences and remand this case
for further proceedings consistent with this decision.
/s/ Joseph W. Howard
JOSEPH W. HOWARD, Chief Judge
CONCURRING:
/s/ Peter J. Eckerstrom
PETER J. ECKERSTROM, Presiding Judge
/s/ J. William Brammer, Jr.
J. WILLIAM BRAMMER, JR., Judge
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