Xavier R. and Athena R. v. Ades and Joseph R.

FILED BY CLERK
JUL -6 2012
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS COURT OF APPEALS
STATE OF ARIZONA DIVISION TWO
DIVISION TWO
XAVIER R. and ATHENA R., ) 2 CA-JV 2012-0005
) DEPARTMENT B
Appellants, )
) OPINION
v. )
)
JOSEPH R., )
Appellee. )
)
APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PIMA COUNTY
Cause No. J196085
Honorable Christopher Staring, Judge
AFFIRMED
Pima County Office of Children’s Counsel
By Rebecca Curtiss Tucson
Attorneys for Appellants
Emily Danies Tucson
Attorney for Appellee
Thomas C. Horne, Arizona Attorney General
By Dawn R. Williams Tucson
Attorneys for Arizona
Department of Economic Security
K E L L Y, Judge.
¶1 Xavier R. and Athena R. appeal the juvenile court’s judgment denying the
motion to sever the parental rights of their father, Joseph R., filed by the Arizona
Department of Economic Security (ADES). The children argue the court abused its
discretion in concluding ADES had failed to present sufficient evidence from which it
could find termination of Joseph’s parental rights was in the children’s best interest.
Finding no error, we affirm.
Notice of Appeal
¶2 Before addressing the children’s argument on appeal, we first must decide
whether this appeal is properly before us given the contents of the notice of appeal. Cf.
State v. Mohajerin, 226 Ariz. 103, ¶ 6, 244 P.3d 107, 110 (App. 2010) (appellate court
may examine jurisdiction sua sponte); In re Maricopa Cnty. Juv. Action No. J-78151-S,
119 Ariz. 320, 321, 580 P.2d 781, 782 (App. 1978) (raising sua sponte whether order
appealable). Rule 104(B), Ariz. R. P. Juv. Ct., requires an attorney who files a notice of
appeal in a juvenile matter to include the following statement of assurance in the notice:
“By signing and filing this notice of appeal, undersigned counsel avows that [he/she]
communicated with the client after entry of the judgment being appealed, discussed the
merits of the appeal and obtained authorization from the client to file this notice of
appeal.” The same subsection of the rule provides that if counsel fails to include this
statement of assurance in the notice of appeal, the juvenile court must strike the notice.
Ariz. R. P. Juv. Ct. 104(B). Here, counsel for the children stated the following: “due to
clients’ ages [of two and four] they cannot reasonably participate in the requirement of
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[Rule] 104(B) that they understand and consent to the appeal, therefore, Minor’s counsel
is making that assertion on behalf of her minor clients.” We must decide whether counsel
has satisfied the requirements of the rule or whether the notice must be stricken and,
consequently, whether we must dismiss the appeal.
¶3 “[W]e review de novo questions involving the interpretation of court rules
and ‘evaluate procedural rules using principles of statutory construction.’” Haroutunian
v. ValueOptions, Inc., 218 Ariz. 541, ¶ 6, 189 P.3d 1114, 1117 (App. 2008), quoting
Fragoso v. Fell, 210 Ariz. 427, ¶ 7, 111 P.3d 1027, 1030 (App. 2005). “We therefore
must determine and give effect to the intent of the supreme court in promulgating the
rule, ‘keeping in mind that the best reflection of that intent is the plain language of the
rule.’” Southwest Gas Corp. v. Irwin, 229 Ariz. 198, ¶ 9, 273 P.3d 650, 654 (App. 2012),
quoting Osterkamp v. Browning, 226 Ariz. 485, ¶ 14, 250 P.3d 551, 555 (App. 2011).
Unless the rule is unclear or ambiguous, or giving effect to the plain language “would
create an absurd result,” we will not employ principles of construction in order to
determine the meaning of the rule and the supreme court’s intent in promulgating it. See
Harper v. Canyon Land Dev., LLC, 219 Ariz. 535, ¶ 4, 200 P.3d 1032, 1033-34 (App.
2008); see also Potter v. Vanderpool, 225 Ariz. 495, ¶ 8, 240 P.3d 1257, 1260 (App.
2010).
¶4 On its face, the language of Rule 104(B) appears clear, particularly when
applied to the situation in which an attorney is representing a parent, ADES, or a party
other than the minor. But it can be “susceptible to differing interpretations,”
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Haroutunian, 218 Ariz. 541, ¶ 28, 189 P.3d at 1124, depending on the age and maturity
of the appellant, and its application in certain situations can create a result that is absurd
and nonsensical. See State ex rel. Romley v. Superior Court, 168 Ariz. 167, 169, 812
P.2d 985, 987 (1991) (stating appellate court will give rule’s clear language “its usual,
ordinary meaning unless doing so creates an absurd result”). Requiring an attorney who,
as here, represents a young child or infant to comply strictly with the plain language of
Rule 104(B) would create an absurd result.
¶5 We do not believe the supreme court intended such a result. To ascertain
the court’s intent, “we may consider ‘a variety of elements, including the rule’s context,
the language used, the subject matter, the historical background, the effects and
consequences, and its spirit and purpose.’” Haroutunian, 218 Ariz. 541, ¶ 6, 189 P.3d at
1117, quoting State ex rel. Romley, 168 Ariz. at 169, 812 P.2d at 987; Lake Havasu City
v. Mohave Cnty., 138 Ariz. 552, 555, 675 P.2d 1371, 1374 (App. 1983).
¶6 In so doing, we look first to Rule 36, Ariz. R. P. Juv. Ct., which requires
that we interpret the rules of juvenile procedure “in a manner designed to protect the best
interests of the child.” To construe Rule 104(B) to require the impossible—that an
attorney obtain authorization from a child to file an appeal when the child is too young to
understand “the merits of the appeal” or even what the appellate process is—would not
only make that rule absurd, but would fail to protect the child’s best interests, as it
effectively would deprive that child of the opportunity to seek appellate review. Cf.
Cecilia A. v. Ariz. Dep’t. of Econ. Sec., 229 Ariz. 286, ¶ 10, 274 P.3d 1220, 1223 (App.
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2012) (approving trial court’s allowance of guardian ad litem filing notice of appeal
without Rule 104(B) language for mother unable to consent and noting contrary
conclusion would deprive her of appeal through no fault of her own). We therefore
consider what Rule 104(B) does require.
¶7 Initially, the juvenile procedural rules require an attorney representing a
child in a guardianship, dependency or severance proceeding to communicate in an age-
appropriate manner with his or her client about the proceeding at all stages. Rule
40.1(B), Ariz. R. P. Juv. Ct., requires an attorney appointed to represent a child to
inform the child, in an age and developmentally appropriate
manner, about the nature of the proceedings, the attorney’s
role, that the child has the right to attend hearings and speak
to the judge, the consequences of the child’s participation or
lack of participation, the possible outcomes of each hearing,
and other legal rights with regards to the dependency
proceeding and the outcomes of each substantive hearing.
(Emphasis added.) This requirement suggests the drafters of the rule intended the Rule
104(B) avowal to reflect an age-appropriate discussion about the client’s legal rights in
the proceeding. When a child is of sufficient age to engage in such a discussion, counsel
should proceed with that discussion and so avow in his or her notice of appeal.
¶8 Some children, however, may be too young to understand the proceedings
and such a discussion essentially will be impossible.1 When that is so, strict compliance
1
At what age this occurs is difficult to pinpoint given the different rates at which
children develop. Such an inquiry would best be made in the juvenile court in the first
instance. But because counsel here has avowed that the children could not understand,
and because the juvenile court accepted the notice of appeal, thereby at least implicitly
accepting that assertion, we need not resolve that issue today.
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with the rule’s requirements should not be required and counsel’s avowals in that regard
may excuse him or her from having to comply. When counsel is appointed in juvenile
actions, he or she advances the child’s best interest by, inter alia, “advocating the child’s
position in the dispute.” In re Yavapai Cnty. Juv. Action No. J-8545, 140 Ariz. 10, 16,
680 P.2d 146, 152 (1984). In that role, and in light of our mandate to interpret Rule
104(B) in a manner that is in the best interests of the child, we conclude that in most
circumstances it is appropriate for counsel to file a notice of appeal on behalf of his or her
client who is too young to engage in the discussion required by Rule 104(B).2
Accordingly, we conclude the notice of appeal here was sufficient and need not be
stricken.
Sufficiency of Evidence
¶9 We now turn to the children’s arguments on appeal and view the facts in
the light most favorable to affirming the juvenile court’s findings. In re Maricopa Cnty.
Juv. Action No. JS-8490, 179 Ariz. 102, 106, 876 P.2d 1137, 1141 (1994). Xavier and
Athena were taken into custody by ADES in October 2010, a few weeks after their
mother was reported missing. Joseph was arrested shortly thereafter and has been
2
At the same time, counsel representing a client with diminished capacity is
obligated under Arizona’s rules of professional conduct to, “as far as reasonably possible,
maintain a normal client-lawyer relationship with the client.” ER 1.14(a), Ariz. R. Prof’l
Conduct, Ariz. R. Sup. Ct. 42. And, if counsel “reasonably believes” that the client’s age
puts the client “at risk of substantial physical, financial or other harm,” the lawyer may
“take reasonably necessary protective action,” which here might include “seeking the
appointment of a guardian ad litem,” if one already has not been appointed in the matter.
ER 1.14(b), Ariz. R. Prof’l Conduct, Ariz. R. Sup. Ct. 42; see also ABA Model Code of
Professional Responsibility EC 7-11, EC 7-12.
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incarcerated since then. The children were adjudicated dependent after Joseph admitted
the allegations in an amended dependency petition in December 2010, and in April 2011
ADES filed a motion for termination of his parental rights on the grounds of
abandonment pursuant to A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(1) and, as to Athena, length of time in care
pursuant to § 8-533(B)(8)(b).3
¶10 After a contested severance hearing, the juvenile court concluded ADES
had shown by clear and convincing evidence that Joseph had abandoned the children.
Because the court concluded ADES had not met its burden of showing by a
preponderance of the evidence that severance was in the children’s best interests, it
denied the motion to terminate Joseph’s parental rights. This appeal followed.
¶11 On appeal, the children maintain the juvenile court abused its discretion in
concluding ADES had failed to establish that severance of Joseph’s parental rights was in
their best interests. They cite evidence in the record showing they had benefited from
therapy since being taken into care and their current placement was willing to adopt
them. Before terminating a parent-child relationship, a court must find not only that clear
and convincing evidence demonstrates the existence of at least one statutory ground for
severance, but that a preponderance of the evidence shows severance is in the child’s best
interests. A.R.S. § 8-533(B); Kent K. v. Bobby M., 210 Ariz. 279, ¶ 22, 110 P.3d 1013,
3
On the first day of the contested severance hearing, ADES moved to amend its
motion to terminate parental rights to include, as a ground for severance as to both
children, that they had been in a court-ordered, out-of-home placement for nine months
or longer. See § 8-533(B)(8)(a). Joseph did not oppose the motion, and the juvenile
court granted ADES leave to amend.
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1018 (2005). “[A] determination of the child[ren’s] best interest must include a finding
as to how the child[ren] would benefit from a severance or be harmed by the continuation
of the relationship.” In re Maricopa Cnty. Juv. Action No. JS-500274, 167 Ariz. 1, 5, 804
P.2d 730, 734 (1990) (emphasis omitted). We will affirm the court’s judgment unless it
abused its discretion by making “factual findings [that] are clearly erroneous[;] that is,
unless there is no reasonable evidence to support them.” Audra T. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ.
Sec., 194 Ariz. 376, ¶ 2, 982 P.2d 1290, 1291 (App. 1998).
¶12 In its ruling concluding that ADES had not shown severance was in the
children’s best interests, the juvenile court set forth its findings of fact and conclusions of
law in a detailed, nine-page minute entry. “In light of the . . . court’s thorough findings
of fact and sustainable conclusions of law with respect to both the statutory grounds for
severance and the children’s best interests, we believe little would be gained by our
further ‘rehashing the . . . court’s correct ruling’ in our decision.” Jesus M. v. Ariz. Dep’t.
of Econ. Sec., 203 Ariz. 278, ¶ 16, 53 P.3d 203, 207-08 (App. 2002), quoting State v.
Whipple, 177 Ariz. 272, 274, 866 P.2d 1358, 1360 (App. 1993). The children’s challenge
to the court’s ruling essentially asks us to reweigh the evidence presented to the court and
to replace its judgment with our own, something we will not do. See id. ¶ 4 (appellate
court will affirm severance order unless “clearly erroneous”); Maricopa Cnty. Juv. Action
No. JS-8441, 175 Ariz. 463, 465, 857 P.2d 1317, 1319 (App. 1993) (appellate court does
not reweigh evidence), abrogated on other grounds by Kent K., 210 Ariz. 279, ¶¶ 12, 22
8
110 P.3d at 1016, 1018. We cannot say the court abused its discretion, and its order
denying ADES’s motion to terminate Joseph’s parental rights is therefore affirmed.
/s/ Virginia C. Kelly
VIRGINIA C. KELLY, Judge
CONCURRING:
/s/ Garye L. Vásquez
GARYE L. VÁSQUEZ, Presiding Judge
/s/ Philip G. Espinosa
PHILIP G. ESPINOSA, Judge
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