Mertola, LLC v. Santos

IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE
MERTOLA, LLC, Plaintiff/Appellant,
v.
ALBERTO J. SANTOS, et al., Defendants/Appellees.
No. 1 CA-CV 16-0168
FILED 3-2-2017
Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
No. CV2014-051213
The Honorable Aimee L. Anderson, Judge
REVERSED AND REMANDED
COUNSEL
Law Office of James R. Vaughan PC, Scottsdale
By Brian K. Partridge, Melissa R. Greaves, Eric W. Logvin, James R.
Vaughan
Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellant
Carl Retter Attorney at Law, Scottsdale
By Carl R. Retter
Counsel for Defendants/Appellees
OPINION
Presiding Judge Diane M. Johnsen delivered the opinion of the Court, in
which Judge Margaret H. Downie and Judge James P. Beene joined.
MERTOLA v. SANTOS
Opinion of the Court
J O H N S E N, Judge:
¶1 We hold in this case that, absent agreement to the contrary, a
cardholder's failure to make a minimum monthly credit-card payment does
not trigger the statute of limitations on a claim for the entire unpaid balance
on the account. Absent contrary terms in the account agreement, the
lender's claim for the balance does not accrue, and limitations does not
begin to run, until the lender accelerates the debt or otherwise demands
payment in full.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2 Alberto and Arlene Santos accepted a credit card from
Washington Mutual Bank. By the time they first missed a minimum
monthly payment, in August 2007, the outstanding balance on the account
was $14,642.07. Thereafter, the Santoses paid only intermittently; they
made a payment of $50 in August 2008, but nothing after that. When the
bank finally charged off the account later in 2008, the unpaid balance was
$17,066.91.
¶3 The bank eventually assigned the debt to Mertola, LLC, which
sued the Santoses in July 2014, alleging breach of contract. Mertola's
complaint sought damages in the amount of the charge-off, costs and fees.
The superior court granted the Santoses' motion for summary judgment,
reasoning the claim was barred by the applicable six-year statute of
limitations because it accrued when the Santoses first breached by failing to
make a minimum monthly payment, more than six years before Mertola
sued.
¶4 Mertola timely appealed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to
Arizona Revised Statutes ("A.R.S.") section 12-2101(A)(1) (2017).1
DISCUSSION
¶5 Summary judgment is appropriate when "there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law." Ariz. R. Civ. P. 56(a). On review from a grant of
summary judgment based on limitations, we "view the facts and all
legitimate inferences in the light most favorable to [the party] against whom
1 We cite the current version of a statute unless a revision material to
this decision has occurred since the relevant events.
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MERTOLA v. SANTOS
Opinion of the Court
summary judgment was granted." Walk v. Ring, 202 Ariz. 310, 312, ¶ 3
(2002). We "independently review any questions of law relating to the
statute of limitations defense." Logerquist v. Danforth, 188 Ariz. 16, 18 (App.
1996).
¶6 An action for breach of a credit-card agreement must be
brought within six years after it accrues. A.R.S. § 12-548(A)(2) (2017). The
Santoses argue, and the superior court ruled, that the lender's claim on their
unpaid balance accrued when they first failed to make a minimum monthly
payment and thereby defaulted under the terms of the credit-card
agreement. Mertola contends, however, that because the lender did not
exercise its option to accelerate the debt, the Santoses' repeated failures to
pay as agreed only gave rise to a series of claims for the unpaid minimum
monthly payments. Mertola argues that the limitations period does not
begin to run on a claim for the outstanding balance owed on a credit card
unless and until the lender exercises its power to accelerate the debt. We
consider de novo "the determination of when a particular cause of action
accrues if it hinges solely on a question of law rather than resolution of
disputed facts." Montano v. Browning, 202 Ariz. 544, 546, ¶ 4 (App. 2002)
(citations omitted).
¶7 Generally, "a cause of action accrues, and the statute of
limitations commences, when one party is able to sue another." Gust,
Rosenfeld & Henderson v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 182 Ariz. 586, 588 (1995)
(citations omitted). The credit-card agreement here stated, as relevant, that
the Santoses would be in default if they failed to pay any amount when due,
but that the bank could accept late or partial payments without losing its
right to collect all sums the Santoses owed. In addition, the agreement
provided that if the bank closed the account, finance charges and other fees
would continue to be assessed and payments would continue to be due.
Finally, the agreement expressly gave the bank the right to close the account
and demand full payment upon a default, but did not require the bank to
do so.
¶8 Given these contract terms, the bank could sue the Santoses
for breach whenever they failed to make a minimum monthly payment.
But the bank could not sue to collect the outstanding balance on the account
unless and until the Santoses failed to comply with a demand for payment
in full or a notice by the lender (or, later, by Mertola) that it was accelerating
the debt. Cf. Baseline Financial Servs. v. Madison, 229 Ariz. 543, 544, ¶ 7 (App.
2012) ("When an installment contract contains an optional acceleration
clause . . . an action as to future installments does not accrue until the holder
exercises the option to accelerate."); Navy Federal Credit Union v. Jones, 187
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Opinion of the Court
Ariz. 493, 495 (App. 1996) (claim for failure to make an installment payment
accrues on the date installment becomes due; claim for future unmatured
installments does not accrue until creditor exercises right to accelerate).
Although the bank charged-off the account in August 2008, there is no
evidence that the bank ever notified the Santoses that it was accelerating
the debt, which, under the account agreement, would have required them
to pay the outstanding balance. See Baseline Financial Servs., 229 Ariz. at 546,
¶ 14 (A "charge off" is "simply an 'accounting procedure within the bank'
and not an affirmative exercise of the optional acceleration clause.")
(citation omitted). Nor is there any evidence that the bank or Mertola ever
demanded the Santoses pay off the balance. Accordingly, the statute of
limitations did not bar Mertola's 2014 claim for payment of the balance on
the account.
¶9 The Santoses argue that principles applicable to installment
debt do not apply to a credit-card account, under which a cardholder's
monthly payment obligation is not fixed, but varies, depending on how
much the cardholder charges and pays during the prior interval. To be
sure, a credit-card account is more akin to a line of credit, in which the
borrower has the power to choose to borrow, or not, within the limits of the
agreement. But the Santoses present no reasoned argument why, for this
purpose, credit-card debt should not be treated like installment debt. At
the heart of both periodic credit arrangements, the borrower is obligated to
make payments at certain intervals but, absent acceleration, is not obligated
to pay the balance owed on the account.
¶10 The Santoses contend that delaying commencement of the
limitations period on a claim for payment of a credit-card balance until the
creditor decides to accelerate allows the creditor to wait to sue until long
after the cardholder has defaulted. Yet that is what the Santoses agreed
when they entered the credit-card agreement. See Baseline Financial Servs.,
229 Ariz. at 544, ¶ 7; Navy Federal Credit Union, 187 Ariz. at 495; see also Riffle
v. Convergent Outsourcing, Inc., 311 F.R.D. 677, 683-84 (M.D. Fla. 2015)
(denying certification of class of credit-card holders on claim for violation
of Fair Debt Collection Practices Act; common issues did not predominate
because of need to ascertain when creditor demanded full payment of each
putative class member for limitations purposes).
¶11 Moreover, we are not convinced that delaying the running of
limitations on a claim for an unpaid credit-card balance will discourage
creditors from promptly beginning collection efforts; there is no reason to
think that, given the economic realities, a lender would decide to put off
pursuing a claim against a cardholder simply to allow interest to continue
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MERTOLA v. SANTOS
Opinion of the Court
to accrue. Rather, both sides can benefit from a rule that allows the lender
time to permit the cardholder bring the account current: As we have
previously recognized, "the rule of future installments subject to
acceleration gives the parties flexibility 'to continue to work toward
amicable and fair resolutions between themselves rather than immediately
drawing litigation swords and marching off to a courthouse.'" Baseline
Financial Servs., 229 Ariz. at 545-46, ¶ 14 (quoting Navy Federal Credit Union,
187 Ariz. at 495-96). Indeed, the Santoses benefitted from the bank's
forbearance and continued willingness to allow them to use the card, even
though they had failed to pay as agreed. Further, equitable defenses, such
as laches, may protect a debtor who is prejudiced by a creditor's
unreasonable delay. See League of Arizona Cities & Towns v. Martin, 219 Ariz.
556, 558, ¶ 6 (2009) ("Laches will generally bar a claim when the delay [in
filing suit] is unreasonable and results in prejudice to the opposing party.").2
¶12 Finally, given the Arizona legislature's deliberate decision to
treat credit card and open accounts differently for purposes of limitations,
we are not persuaded by cases from other jurisdictions that impose open-
account accrual rules on credit-card debt. Compare A.R.S. § 12-548(A)(2)
(six-year limitations period applicable to credit card accounts) with § 12-
543(2) (2017) (three-year limitations period applicable to open accounts).
See Smither v. Asset Acceptance, LLC, 919 N.E.2d 1153, 1160 (Ind. App. 2010)
("when the last activity on an open account . . . has occurred beyond the
statutory limitations period, any action as to the entire balance of the
account or any part of the balance is time-barred."); Midland Funding LLC v.
Thiel, 144 A.3d 72, 79 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2016) ("In collection actions,
the right to institute and maintain a suit arises on the date of default – the
first date on which the debtor fails to make a minimum payment."); Taylor
v. First Resolution Invest. Corp., ___ N.E.3d ___, ¶ 50 (2016 WL 3345269) (Ohio
2016) ("A cause of action for breach of a credit-card agreement based on
nonpayment accrues when the obligation to pay under the agreement
becomes due and owing and the cardholder does not make an agreed-to
monthly payment.").
CONCLUSION
¶13 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse and remand the
summary judgment entered in favor of the Santoses. We defer Mertola's
2 Laches was not raised in the parties' summary judgment papers, but
there is no indication in the record that any demand for payment
whatsoever was made on the Santoses from the time the bank charged off
the balance in 2008 to Mertola's filing of the complaint in 2014.
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MERTOLA v. SANTOS
Opinion of the Court
request for attorney's fees for consideration by the superior court at the
conclusion of the case. We award costs to Mertola upon its compliance with
Arizona Rule of Civil Appellate Procedure 21.
AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
FILED: AA
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