State of Arizona v. Roger Putzi

FILED BY CLERK
MAR -4 2010
COURT OF APPEALS
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION TWO
STATE OF ARIZONA
DIVISION TWO
THE STATE OF ARIZONA, )
) 2 CA-CR 2009-0252
Appellee, ) DEPARTMENT A
)
v. ) OPINION
)
ROGER PUTZI, )
)
Appellant. )
)
APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PIMA COUNTY
Cause No. CR-20090819-001
Honorable Clark W. Munger, Judge
AFFIRMED
Michael G. Rankin, Tucson City Attorney
By William F. Mills and Laura Brynwood Tucson
Attorneys for Appellee
Risner & Graham
By Kenneth K. Graham Tucson
Attorneys for Appellant
E S P I N O S A, Presiding Judge.
¶1 Roger Putzi appeals from a Pima County superior court order affirming his
conviction and placement on twelve months‟ probation after a bench trial in Tucson City
Court for urinating in public, in violation of Tucson City Code § 11-54.1 Putzi contends
the ordinance is unconstitutionally vague. We conclude the ordinance is constitutional
and affirm Putzi‟s conviction.
Factual and Procedural History
¶2 One evening in July 2008, a Tucson police officer observed Putzi urinating
in an alleyway behind a store and issued him a citation for violating City Ordinance
§ 11-54. Putzi maintained both in city court and again on appeal to the superior court that
§ 11-54 is unconstitutional, both on its face and as applied to him. After oral argument,
the superior court found the ordinance constitutional and affirmed Putzi‟s conviction.
Putzi appealed to this court. Pursuant to A.R.S. § 22-375(A), our jurisdiction extends
only to a review of the ordinance‟s facial validity. See State v. McMahon, 201 Ariz. 548,
¶ 3, 38 P.3d 1213, 1215 (App. 2002). Accordingly, we do not examine the public
urination ordinance as applied to Putzi individually. See id.
Discussion
¶3 Section 11-54 provides as follows: “It is unlawful for any person to urinate
or defecate in a public place, or in any place exposed to public view, except an
established lavatory or toilet.” Putzi contends that the ordinance is unconstitutionally
vague because the Tucson City Code does not define the terms “public place” and
“exposed to public view.” Relying generally on Golob v. Arizona Medical Board, 217
1
Putzi was also convicted of criminal trespass in the third degree, in violation of
A.R.S. § 13-1502.
2
Ariz. 505, 176 P.3d 703 (App. 2008), and quoting McMahon, he maintains that this
ordinance is not sufficiently specific to provide a “„person[] of ordinary intelligence a
reasonable opportunity to learn what it prohibits‟” and to prevent arbitrary enforcement.
McMahon, 201 Ariz. 548, ¶ 7, 38 P.3d at 1216.
¶4 We review de novo the constitutionality of the ordinance. See State v.
Poshka, 210 Ariz. 218, ¶ 3, 109 P.3d 113, 114 (App. 2005). As the superior court
pointed out in its detailed ruling, a party challenging a law‟s validity has “the burden of
overcoming a strong presumption of constitutionality.” State v. Zinsmeyer, 222 Ariz.
612, ¶ 35, 218 P.3d 1069, 1082 (App. 2009). And due process does not require us to
strike down an ordinance that was not “„drafted with absolute precision‟” or one that
omits an “explicit definition” or is “susceptible to different interpretations.” Id., quoting
State v. Takacs, 169 Ariz. 392, 395, 819 P.2d 978, 981 (App. 1991); see also State v.
Starsky, 106 Ariz. 329, 332, 475 P.2d 943, 946 (1970) (due process does not require
“specific definitions of each term which would no doubt necessitate further definitions of
the definitions, ad infinitum—so that each section of the criminal code would be a
thesaurus of definitions, synonyms, and examples”). So long as a law provides a person
“„of ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know what is prohibited‟” and
“contain[s] explicit standards of application to prevent arbitrary and discriminatory
enforcement,” it is constitutional. Poshka, 210 Ariz. 218, ¶ 5, 109 P.3d at 115, quoting
Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 108 (1972).
3
¶5 To the extent Putzi challenges the facial validity of the ordinance,2 he
argues the city council “clearly meant to provide a limitation on when urinating outside
would be criminal,” but did so vaguely, thereby inviting “arbitrary and discriminatory
enforcement” because different officers might interpret the word “public” differently.
We disagree, however, that the city council‟s failure to define this word would result in
discriminatory and arbitrary enforcement. When the language is clear, an ordinance “is
not rendered unconstitutionally vague because there is a theoretical potential for arbitrary
enforcement” and “some assessment by a law enforcement officer” may be required.
State v. McLamb, 188 Ariz. 1, 6, 932 P.2d 266, 271 (App. 1996). Indeed, police officers
are capable of properly assessing the difference between “private” and “public.” See City
of Baton Rouge v. Ross, 654 So. 2d 1311, 1339 (La. 1995) (Calogero, C.J., concurring)
(“[P]olice officers in particular have an understanding of the distinction between „public‟
and „private‟ places since the constitutional propriety of much of their conduct depends
upon this distinction.”); see also Twilight Jones Lounge v. Showers, 732 P.2d 1230, 1231-
32 (Colo. App. 1986) (when “public view” not defined in workers‟ compensation statute,
reliance on “familiar and generally accepted meaning” sufficient to interpret statute);
2
Although ostensibly a vagueness challenge, much of Putzi‟s argument in his
opening brief appears to be that the city court and superior court misapplied § 11-54 as to
him by wrongly construing his conduct as having occurred in a public place or within
public view. As already noted, we lack jurisdiction to examine the constitutionality of
this ordinance as applied to an individual. See McMahon, 201 Ariz. 548, ¶ 3, 38 P.3d at
1215. And we previously declined jurisdiction of Putzi‟s special action petition, in which
he challenged the validity of the ordinance as applied to him. Putzi v. Munger, No. 2
CA-SA 2009-0083 (order filed Dec. 23, 2009).
4
Wisneski v. State, 905 A.2d 385, 391-93, 398-99 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2006) (although
“public place” not defined by statute, common usage and dictionary definition may
inform determination whether act public or private), aff’d, 921 A.2d 273 (Md. 2007).
Conclusion
¶6 Because § 11-54 conveys in sufficiently clear terms the prohibited conduct
and standard for its enforcement, we conclude Putzi has failed to sustain his burden of
establishing beyond a reasonable doubt that the ordinance is unconstitutionally vague.
See State v. Brown, 207 Ariz. 231, ¶ 15, 85 P.3d 109, 114 (App. 2004). Accordingly,
Putzi‟s facial challenge of the ordinance fails and his conviction is affirmed.
/s/ Philip G. Espinosa
PHILIP G. ESPINOSA, Presiding Judge
CONCURRING:
/s/ Joseph W. Howard
JOSEPH W. HOWARD, Chief Judge
/s/ Virginia C. Kelly
VIRGINIA C. KELLY, Judge
5