Lance Ross v. Hon. Deborah Pratte

IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION TWO
LANCE ROSS,
Petitioner,
v.
DEBORAH PRATTE, JUDGE PRO TEMPORE OF THE SUPERIOR COURT
OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA, IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF PIMA,
Respondent,
and
MEGHAN SOSA,
Real Party in Interest.
No. 2 CA-SA 2022-0039
Filed September 21, 2022
Special Action Proceeding
Pima County Cause No. D20220446
JURISDICTION ACCEPTED; RELIEF GRANTED
COUNSEL
R.J. Peters & Assoc. P.C., Phoenix
By Lowen C. Jones
Counsel for Petitioner
The Reyna Law Firm P.C., Tucson
By Ron Reyna
Counsel for Real Party in Interest
ROSS v. HON. PRATTE
Opinion of the Court
OPINION
Judge Brearcliffe authored the opinion of the Court, in which Vice Chief
Judge Staring and Chief Judge Vásquez concurred.
B R E A R C L I F F E, Judge:
¶1 Petitioner Lance Ross seeks special action review of the
respondent judge’s order denying his motion for change of judge under
Rule 6, Ariz. R. Fam. Law P. We accept special-action jurisdiction and grant
relief.
¶2 This petition arises from a dissolution action between Ross
and Meghan Sosa. On February 11, Sosa sought and received an ex parte
order of protection against Ross in Marana Municipal Court. On February
18, Sosa filed a petition for dissolution of her marriage to Ross in this case,
D20220446, in Pima County Superior Court, and the case was assigned to
the respondent judge. On February 24, Ross filed a request for a contested
hearing in Marana Municipal Court on the order of protection. Thereafter,
due to the intervening filing of the dissolution action, the municipal court
transferred the protective-order proceeding to the superior court pursuant
to Rule 34, Ariz. R. Protective Order P. Once transferred, that case—now
designated DV20220329—was also assigned to the respondent judge, who
ultimately affirmed the protective order following the contested hearing on
June 10.
¶3 On June 16, pursuant to Rule 6, Ariz. R. Fam. Law P., Ross
filed a notice of change of judge of-right—or a peremptory change of
judge—in the dissolution action. Sosa objected to the notice, asserting the
respondent judge’s ruling on the order of protection in DV20220329 was a
ruling on a contested issue and, thus, Ross had waived his right to a change
of judge under Rule 6(e)(2). The respondent judge denied the notice and
retained the case assignment. This petition for special action followed. Our
exercise of special-action jurisdiction is appropriate because the denial of a
peremptory change of judge can be challenged only by special action. See
Taliaferro v. Taliaferro, 186 Ariz. 221, 224 (1996).
¶4 Ross asserts on review that the respondent judge erred by
denying his peremptory change of judge because he had “complied with all
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ROSS v. HON. PRATTE
Opinion of the Court
requirements of Rule 6 and did not waive his right to a change of judge” in
the dissolution case by virtue of the respondent judge’s ruling in the
protective order proceeding. Sosa claims, as she did below, that the
respondent judge’s ruling in the protective-order proceeding resulted in
Ross’s waiver of his right to a peremptory change of judge. We review the
denial of a peremptory change of judge for an abuse of discretion, but
review de novo the respondent judge’s interpretation and application of the
law. See Anderson v. Contes, 212 Ariz. 122, ¶ 5 (App. 2006).
¶5 Under the Rules of Family Law Procedure, a party is entitled
to a change of judge “[i]n each action, whether single or consolidated,”
without the need to show cause for the change. Ariz. R. Fam. Law P. 6(b);
see Del Castillo v. Wells, 22 Ariz. App. 41, 44 (1974) (civil rule creating right
to peremptory change of judge eliminated need for affidavit asserting
judicial bias or prejudice). A notice seeking such a change must be timely
and not waived by action or inaction. Ariz. R. Fam. Law P. 6(d), (e). As to
waiver, which is relevant here, “[a] party waives the right to change a judge
assigned to preside over any proceeding in the action” if, among other
circumstances, “the judge rules on any contested issue, or grants or denies
a motion to dispose of any claim or defense,” if “a resolution management,
scheduling, pretrial, or similar conference begins,” or if “a scheduled
contested hearing or trial begins.” Ariz. R. Fam. Law P. 6(e)(2)-(4). Here,
the question is whether the respondent judge’s ruling affirming the
protective order in DV20220329 constitutes a ruling on a contested issue
under Rule 6(e)(2) such as to have caused waiver of Ross’s right to a change
of judge in this case.
¶6 When, as here, a party obtains an order of protection in a
limited-jurisdiction court while there is a pending dissolution proceeding
in superior court, the proceeding is transferred “to the superior court”
because that court has “exclusive jurisdiction” over the protective-order
proceeding. Ariz. R. Protective Order P. 34(a), (c). The protective-order
proceeding must then “be docketed in the pending superior court action
and shall proceed as though the petition . . . had been originally brought in
the superior court.” A.R.S. § 13-3602(T). However, the dissolution action
and protective-order proceedings are not thereby consolidated and, in fact,
by court rule, cannot be consolidated. Ariz. R. Fam. Law P. 5(a)(4). 1
1Although we question whether a court rule barring consolidation of
the protective order proceedings with the family law case is in conflict with
the statutory command that a protective order proceeding is to be
“docketed in the pending superior court action,” neither party has raised,
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ROSS v. HON. PRATTE
Opinion of the Court
Although not consolidated, the superior court judge “may conduct a joint
hearing” as to both matters. Id.
¶7 There is no dispute that Ross timely filed the motion here in
the dissolution proceeding and that the respondent judge had made no
rulings in that matter. Because the protective-order proceeding and the
dissolution proceeding are, by rule, separate actions after transfer to the
superior court, a party is also by rule and statute entitled to a peremptory
change of judge in each action. Consequently, the respondent judge erred
by construing a ruling in one action as effecting a waiver in another.
¶8 But Sosa nonetheless asserts that Rule 6(e) waiver is not
limited to a ruling in the dissolution action. Because Ross’s alleged
domestic violence “is an important issue in the family court case,” she
asserts, the protective-order ruling qualifies as a “contested issue” in the
dissolution action under Rule 6(e). We disagree.
¶9 “The purpose of the waiver rule is to prevent parties from
testing the waters” by receiving rulings on one or more issues “and then
filing a notice.” Taliaferro, 186 Ariz. at 222. The waiver provisions “are
intended to prohibit a party from peremptorily challenging a judge after
discovering the judge’s viewpoint on any significant aspect of the case.”
Williams v. Superior Court, 190 Ariz. 80, 82 (App. 1997). We agree with Sosa
that whether an order of protection was appropriate could be a significant
issue in the dissolution; indeed, it could significantly aid her in obtaining
the relief she seeks. See A.R.S. § 25-403.03(D)(3) (necessity of protective
order can negate rebuttable presumption that each parent will act in the
child’s best interest). And we have little doubt that Ross, once he received
the ruling in the protective-order proceeding, concluded that he would fare
better in the dissolution action with a different judge.
¶10 Nonetheless, we are constrained by the rule’s plain language,
which we must follow absent some ambiguity. See State v. Godoy, 244 Ariz.
327, ¶ 7 (App. 2017). Nothing in the rule suggests a court should look
beyond the discrete action in which the preemptive notice is filed when
evaluating whether the right to change of judge has been waived. Under
Sosa’s proposed approach, if the judge had, in an earlier case, resolved an
issue of any relevance to an issue in a later-filed case—no matter how much
let alone briefed, this issue. Therefore, we do not address it. See Crystal E.
v. Dep’t of Child Safety, 241 Ariz. 576, ¶ 6 (App. 2017).
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Opinion of the Court
later that case was filed—such a resolution would constitute a waiver of the
peremptory right.
¶11 Indeed, our supreme court has repeatedly emphasized that
the right to a change of judge is limited to the action in question and there
is no need to evaluate whether the issues in that action are related to issues
addressed in other proceedings. For example, in Godoy v. Hantman, 205
Ariz. 104, ¶¶ 2-3 (2003), the trial judge dismissed the state’s prosecution
after the state failed to “recommence grand jury proceedings” after the
judge had remanded for a new finding of probable cause. After the state
brought a new indictment based on the same or related underlying facts,
the state filed a notice of change of judge of right after the case was assigned
to the same trial judge. Id., ¶ 4. Our supreme court concluded the state had
not waived its right despite the remand litigation, noting that
“[p]articipating in proceedings in a previous case does not waive a party’s
right to a change of judge in a new action.” Id., ¶ 9.
¶12 We cannot agree, therefore, with Sosa’s broad reading of the
waiver provision of Rule 6. Consequently, based on the plain language of
the statute and rules, Ross did not waive his right to a peremptory change
of judge in this case under Rule 6(e). We therefore accept special-action
jurisdiction and grant relief, and direct the respondent judge and parties to
follow the reassignment procedure described in Rule 6(g).
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