Johnston v. State

Cite as 2015 Ark. 162SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS
No. CR-14-1114
JOHNATHAN JOHNSTON Opinion Delivered April 9, 2015
APPELLANT
PRO SE MOTION FOR EXTENSION
V. OF BRIEF TIME
[PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
[NO. 60CR-11-3866]
STATE OF ARKANSAS
APPELLEE HONORABLE HERBERT T. WRIGHT,
JR., JUDGE
APPEAL DISMISSED; MOTION
MOOT.
PER CURIAM
In 2013, appellant Johnathan Johnston was found guilty by a jury of three counts of rape.
He was sentenced to 480 months’ imprisonment for each count to be served concurrently. We
affirmed. Johnston v. State, 2014 Ark. 110, 431 S.W.3d 895.
In 2014, appellant timely filed in the trial court a verified, pro se petition for
postconviction relief pursuant to Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 37.1 (2013). The trial
court denied the petition, and appellant lodged an appeal from that order in this court. He now
seeks by pro se motion an extension of time to file his brief-in-chief. Because it is clear from
the record that appellant could not prevail if the appeal were permitted to go forward, the appeal
is dismissed, and the motion is moot. See Winters v. State, 2014 Ark. 399, 441 S.W.3d 22 (per
curiam).
Appellant was charged in 2011 with raping his then nine-year-old daughter between 2006
and 2011. The victim testified that appellant had begun raping her when she was four or five
Cite as 2015 Ark. 162years old during her weekly visitation with him, which was established following her parents’
divorce. She stated that the rapes occurred several times during each weekend visit and that
appellant raped her vaginally, orally, and anally. The victim further testified that appellant had
occasionally used a condom but that he typically ejaculated on her. The victim explained that
appellant used threats to obtain her silence, but she decided in 2011 to reveal the abuse. While
appellant would normally have the victim change her clothes and shower after the rapes, she
decided not to change her underwear before she went home one weekend. After the victim
returned home and told her grandmother about the rapes, she was taken to Arkansas Children’s
Hospital, where she underwent a sexual-assault examination. A swab taken from her vagina
tested positive for sperm cells, although the cells were unable to be DNA typed. The underwear
that the victim had worn home that weekend was also examined, and appellant’s semen was
found in the crotch area. His semen was also found on four other pairs of the victim’s
underwear seized from appellant’s home. A forensic sexual-assault examination conducted two
weeks later revealed that the victim had a major tear in her hymen that indicated sexual abuse
involving penetrating trauma.
In his Rule 37.1 petition, appellant’s claim for postconviction relief was that he was not
afforded effective assistance of counsel at trial. This court has held that it will reverse the trial
court’s decision granting or denying postconviction relief only when that decision is clearly
erroneous. Anderson v. State, 2015 Ark. 18, ___ S.W.3d ___ (per curiam). A finding is clearly
erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the appellate court, after reviewing the
entire evidence, is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.
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Cite as 2015 Ark. 162Sartin v. State, 2012 Ark. 155, 400 S.W.3d 694.
When considering an appeal from a trial court’s denial of a Rule 37.1 petition based on
ineffective assistance of counsel, the sole question presented is whether, based on a totality of
the evidence under the standard set forth by the United States Supreme Court in Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), the trial court clearly erred in holding that counsel’s
performance was not ineffective. Chunestudy v. State, 2014 Ark. 345, 438 S.W.3d 923 (per
curiam).
The benchmark for judging a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must be “whether
counsel’s conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial
cannot be relied on as having produced a just result.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686. Pursuant to
Strickland, we assess the effectiveness of counsel under a two-prong standard. First, a petitioner
raising a claim of ineffective assistance must show that counsel made errors so serious that
counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the petitioner by the Sixth Amendment
to the United States Constitution. Williams v. State, 369 Ark. 104, 251 S.W.3d 290 (2007). There
is a strong presumption that trial counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of professional
assistance, and an appellant has the burden of overcoming this presumption by identifying
specific acts or omissions of trial counsel, which, when viewed from counsel’s perspective at the
time of the trial, could not have been the result of reasonable professional judgment. Henington
v. State, 2012 Ark. 181, 403 S.W.3d 55. Second, the petitioner must show that counsel’s deficient
performance so prejudiced petitioner’s defense that he was deprived of a fair trial. Holloway v.
State, 2013 Ark. 140, 426 S.W.3d 462. A petitioner making an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel
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Cite as 2015 Ark. 162claim must show that his counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness. Abernathy v. State, 2012 Ark. 59, 386 S.W.3d 477 (per curiam). The petitioner
must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the fact-finder
would have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt, i.e., the decision reached would have been
different absent the errors. Breeden v. State, 2014 Ark. 159 (per curiam). A reasonable probability
is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome of the trial. Id. The language,
“the outcome of the trial,” refers not only to the finding of guilt or innocence, but also to
possible prejudice in sentencing. Id. Unless a petitioner makes both showings, it cannot be said
that the conviction resulted from a breakdown in the adversarial process that renders the result
unreliable. Id. “[T]here is no reason for a court deciding an ineffective assistance claim . . . to
address both components of the inquiry if the defendant makes an insufficient showing on one.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697.
Appellant’s grounds for postconviction relief under the Rule pertained to counsel’s failure
to obtain expert witnesses to testify for the defense to combat the evidence adduced by the State
that the victim had been repeatedly raped by appellant. He first alleged that counsel was remiss
for not obtaining an expert witness who would have testified that the victim’s allegations could
not have been true because a person of his large size would have caused major physical injury
to the child if he had raped her multiple times over several years. He argued that an expert’s
discrediting of the child’s testimony would have had a “serious impact on the guilt and
innocence phase of the jury’s consideration, and at sentencing had the jury convicted of a lesser
included offense.” He further contended that an expert should also have been called to testify
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Cite as 2015 Ark. 162that, if the victim had been repeatedly raped as she testified, she would surely have contracted
a certain sexually transmitted disease with which he was known to suffer. Appellant did not
identify particular witnesses who could have been called to provide the testimony on the lack
of physical injury to the victim or the failure of the victim to contract the sexually transmitted
disease. He also did not establish that the testimony of either witness would have been
admissible into evidence.
Appellant also asserted that counsel should have called a psychiatrist or psychologist as
an expert witness in the field of “psychosexual behavior and/or sex therapy.” Again, without
identifying any such witness who was available or establishing that the witness’s testimony would
have been admissible, appellant claimed that the expert could have informed the jury that
appellant had never had a desire, propensity, or urge to have sexual contact with a child. Noting
that there was incriminating evidence introduced at trial of files on appellant’s computer
depicting pornographic images, appellant argued that there was no evidence as to who had
created the files or who had viewed them.
Appellant did not establish that the failure of counsel to obtain the testimony of any of
the three expert witnesses violated the Strickland standard for a showing of ineffective assistance
of counsel. This court has held that the objective in reviewing an assertion of ineffective
assistance of counsel concerning the failure to call a certain witness is to determine whether this
failure resulted in actual prejudice that denied the petitioner a fair trial. Hayes v. State, 2011 Ark.
327, 383 S.W.3d 824 (per curiam). In order to demonstrate prejudice, appellant must establish
that there is a reasonable probability that, had counsel performed further investigation and
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Cite as 2015 Ark. 162presented the expert witness, the outcome of the trial would have been different. See Shipman
v. State, 2010 Ark. 499 (per curiam). The burden is on the petitioner to establish the admissibility
of the witness’s testimony. See Hayes, 2011 Ark. 327, 383 S.W.3d 824; see also Pollard v. State, 2014
Ark. 226 (citing Moten v. State, 2013 Ark. 503 (per curiam)). The decision to call or not to call
a particular witness is generally a matter of professional judgment and trial strategy that is outside
the purview of Rule 37.1. Feuget v. State, 2015 Ark. 43, ___ S.W.3d ___ (citing Nelson v. State, 344
Ark. 407, 39 S.W.3d 791 (2001) (per curiam)). The fact that there was a witness, or witnesses,
who could have offered beneficial testimony is not, in itself, proof of counsel’s ineffectiveness.
Fueget, 2015 Ark. 43, ___ S.W.3d ___.
With respect to the claims pertaining to the lack of injury to the victim and her failure to
contract the sexually transmitted disease from appellant, considering the totality of the evidence,
which included appellant’s semen found on five pairs of the victim’s underwear and a major tear
in her hymen, even had experts testified in the manner desired by appellant, it does not follow
that such testimony would have completely negated the victim’s testimony that she was
repeatedly raped. The jury would have been free to believe all or part of her testimony. Hayes,
2011 Ark. 327, 383 S.W.3d 824. Accordingly, we cannot say that the trial court erred in
concluding that the potential expert testimony, as presented by appellant, would have been
sufficient to raise the probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different. As to
the allegations that an expert could have testified that appellant did not have a proclivity for sex
with a child, appellant again did not establish that the testimony would have been admissible.
Also, there is nothing in the petition to demonstrate that there is a reasonable probability that
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Cite as 2015 Ark. 162the outcome of the trial would have been different in light of the evidence adduced at trial.
Appellant offered no statement of compelling evidence that any of the expert witnesses, even
if the experts could have offered admissible testimony, would have countermanded the evidence
against appellant when that evidence is considered in its totality. See Green v. State, 2014 Ark. 284(per curiam).
When a petitioner pursuant to the Rule claims ineffective assistance of counsel based on
the failure of counsel to call an expert witness, the petitioner bears the heavy burden of
supporting his allegations with facts that established that the defense suffered actual prejudice
arising from counsel’s conduct. See Fueget, 2015 Ark. 43, ___ S.W.3d ___. As stated, there is a
strong presumption that trial counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance. Anderson, 2015 Ark. 18, ___ S.W.3d ___. The claimant must provide
facts that affirmatively support his or her claims of prejudice; neither conclusory statements nor
allegations without factual substantiation are sufficient to overcome the presumption that
counsel was effective, and such statements and allegations will not warrant granting a Rule 37.1
petition. Green, 2014 Ark. 284; Dixon v. State, 2014 Ark. 97 (per curiam) (citing Abernathy, 2012
Ark. 59, 386 S.W.3d 477). Appellant did not show that there is a reasonable probability that, but
for counsel’s error, the fact-finder would have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt and the
outcome of the proceeding would have been different. See Fueget, 2015 Ark. 43, ___ S.W.3d
___.
Underlying each of appellant’s assertions of ineffective assistance of counsel were
extensive challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the judgment of conviction.
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Cite as 2015 Ark. 162To the extent that the allegations pertaining to the failure of counsel to call expert witnesses were
intended as a direct or indirect challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, Rule 37.1 does not
provide a means to attack the weight of the evidence to support the conviction. See Williams v.
State, 2013 Ark. 375 (per curiam); Pride v. State, 285 Ark. 89, 684 S.W.2d 819 (1985) (per curiam).
It is well settled that Rule 37.1 does not afford an opportunity to a convicted defendant to
challenge the sufficiency of the evidence merely because the petitioner has raised the challenge
as an allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel. Nickelson v. State, 2013 Ark. 252 (per curiam)
(citing Norris v. State, 2013 Ark. 205, 427 S.W.3d 626 (per curiam) (The trial court was correct
to deny relief on a Rule 37.1 petition where the claims, while framed as allegations of ineffective
assistance of counsel, were a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence because such claims are
a direct attack on the judgment and not cognizable under the Rule.)).
Appeal dismissed; motion moot.
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