Lard v. State

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SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS
No. CR-13-173
JERRY LARD Opinion Delivered January 9, 2014
APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM THE GREENE
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
V.
[NO. CR 2012-173]
HONORABLE BRENT DAVIS, JUDGE
STATE OF ARKANSAS
APPELLEE AFFIRMED.
COURTNEY HUDSON GOODSON, Associate Justice
A jury in Greene County Circuit Court found appellant Jerry Lard guilty of capital
murder, attempted capital murder, and possession of a controlled substance
(methamphetamine), for which he received consecutive sentences of death, life, and ten years
in prison, respectively. For reversal, Lard contends that the circuit court erred (1) by allowing
the State to present evidence of bad acts and bad character; (2) by permitting repeated
showings of the dash-camera videos depicting the crimes as they took place; (3) by failing to
sequester victim-impact witnesses during the guilt phase of trial in violation of Rule 615 of
the Arkansas Rules of Evidence; (4) by allowing the State to make improper remarks during
closing arguments in both phases of trial; and (5) in denying Lard’s motion to prohibit the
State from seeking or imposing the death penalty, as well as permitting death qualification of
the jury. Jurisdiction is properly in this court pursuant to Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 1-
2(a)(2) (2013). We find no reversible error and affirm Lard’s convictions and sentences.
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I. Factual Background
The prosecuting attorney in Poinsett County charged Lard by felony information with
the above-referenced offenses1 following a shooting that occurred in Trumann, Arkansas,
during a traffic stop.2 The facts underlying the charges are not in question, as the events in
large part were captured by the dash cameras and audio equipment of the two police officers
involved in the incident. This evidence reveals that, late in the evening on April 12, 2011,
Officer Jonathan Schmidt of the Trumann Police Department initiated a stop of a vehicle
driven by Brian Keith Elumbaugh. April Swanner, Elumbaugh’s girlfriend, owned the vehicle
and was sitting next to him in the front passenger seat. Another occupant of the vehicle,
Nikki Pierce, sat in the back seat behind Elumbaugh. Lard also sat in the back but behind
Swanner. Officer Schmidt ran a check on Elumbaugh’s driver’s license and learned that his
license had been suspended and that there was an outstanding warrant for his arrest. Officer
Schmidt asked Elumbaugh to exit the vehicle, and he placed Elumbaugh under arrest based
on the warrant. At this point, Sergeant Corey Overstreet of the Trumann Police Department
arrived in his cruiser to provide assistance during the stop. While Elumbaugh stood to the
side in handcuffs, Officer Schmidt asked Pierce to exit the vehicle because he believed that
she, too, might have had a warrant for her arrest. Officer Schmidt then leaned into the back
1
The information also included a count of felon in possession of a firearm. The circuit
court severed this offense from the other charges, and the court granted the State’s request
to nolle prosse this charge after trial.
2
Although Trumann lies in Poinsett County, the case was tried in Greene County
after the circuit court granted Lard’s motion for a change of venue.
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door where Pierce had been sitting and asked Lard for his name and date of birth. Upon
learning Lard’s information, Officer Schmidt relayed it to the dispatcher, who advised that
arrest warrants had been issued for Lard. Officer Schmidt then walked around the back of
Swanner’s vehicle to the door where Lard was sitting. When Officer Schmidt opened the
door, Lard stuck out his arm and shot Officer Schmidt in the chin with a .25-caliber pistol.
Schmidt ran away from the car, and Lard quickly exited the vehicle, turned, and began firing
at Sergeant Overstreet. Lard continued shooting as the officers scrambled for cover.
Eventually, the officers met in front of Officer Schmidt’s cruiser. Officer Schmidt dropped
his .40-caliber Smith and Wesson Glock handgun, which he picked up but dropped again.
Lard followed as the officers moved toward the rear of Officer Schmidt’s vehicle on the
passenger side. Sergeant Overstreet managed to return to his cruiser, but Officer Schmidt,
who was wounded, remained beside his patrol car. As Lard approached Officer Schmidt, Lard
exclaimed, “What you got now, what you got, bitch? Huh? What you got, bitch?” More
gunshots were fired, and Lard again shouted, “What you got, bitch?” At this juncture,
Officer Schmidt pleaded, “I’m down. I’m down. Please don’t shoot me again.” Additional
gunshots rang out, and Lard again asked, “What the fuck you got?” The final words heard
on the recording were Officer Schmidt’s, when he begged, “Please don’t shoot me again.”
Moments later, Sergeant Overstreet shot Lard in the back as he attempted to leave the
area. Where Lard fell, officers recovered Lard’s .25-caliber pistol and Officer Schmidt’s .40-
caliber handgun. Neither weapon contained any remaining ammunition. Officers also
discovered that Lard had .8154 grams of methamphetamine in his pocket. Subsequent testing
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revealed that Lard had a low level of that substance in his system near the time of the incident.
Fortunately, Sergeant Overstreet escaped without injury. However, emergency-room
personnel at St. Bernard’s Medical Center in Jonesboro pronounced Officer Schmidt dead
approximately one hour after the shooting. According to the testimony, Schmidt sustained
four gunshot wounds. The most lethal one, fired at a range between several inches and two
feet, entered Schmidt’s right cheek adjacent to his nose, and the bullet passed through the
right upper jawbone, fracturing the jawbone and teeth in that area. This bullet then traveled
through Schmidt’s tongue and lodged in his neck, but not before it completely transected the
left common carotid artery. The bullet removed from Schmidt’s neck was consistent with
having been fired from a .40-caliber weapon. The gunshot that struck the left side of
Schmidt’s chin passed the left jawbone and carotid artery and exited the back of the neck on
the left side. Schmidt also received a gunshot to the back of his right wrist. The bullet
associated with this wound came to rest in the soft tissue at the base of his right thumb, and
it matched forensically to Lard’s pistol. The fourth gunshot caused a nonpenetrating wound
to the right side of Schmidt’s chest, as a result of a bullet striking his protective vest. The
bullet recovered from Schmidt’s vest had been fired from Lard’s pistol.
In his testimony at trial, Elumbaugh stated that, before he exited the vehicle, he heard
Lard say, “Looks like tonight’s gonna be the night.” While Lard was shouting and pursuing
the officers in front of Officer Schmidt’s vehicle, Elumbaugh saw Lard bend down and pick
up something from the ground. Swanner testified that she also heard Lard say “tonight’s the
night” when Officer Schmidt first approached the car. She stated that she overheard the
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dispatcher inform Officer Schmidt about the warrants for Lard’s arrest, and she testified that
Lard said “here we go” as Schmidt approached Lard’s door. Swanner further testified that she
also saw Lard retrieve something from the ground as he stalked the officers around Schmidt’s
vehicle. She testified that she heard Lard say “die, motherfucker, die,” as Officer Schmidt was
begging for his life.
Lard did not deny that he committed the offenses. As his defense, Lard asserted that
he lacked the capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct
to the requirements of the law as a result of mental disease or defect. As support for this
defense, Lard presented expert testimony that he had brain damage, possibly caused by head
injuries he received as a child or induced by chronic methamphetamine abuse. Lard also
introduced into evidence the results of his PET scan showing mildly decreased activity
bilaterally in his mesial lobes. In rebuttal, the State offered the testimony of experts who
disputed that Lard suffered from brain damage. As opposed to Lard’s witnesses, the State’s
experts concluded that Lard’s behavior was consistent with antisocial personality disorder, not
a mental disease or defect.3
Upon hearing the evidence, the jury found Lard guilty of the capital murder of Officer
Schmidt, attempted capital murder of Sergeant Overstreet, and possession of
methamphetamine. Following the sentencing phase of trial, the circuit court sentenced Lard
as previously stated in this opinion. Lard now appeals his convictions and sentences.
3
As used in the Arkansas Criminal Code, “mental disease or defect” does not include
an abnormality manifested only by repeated criminal or otherwise antisocial conduct. Ark.
Code Ann. § 5-2-312(b) (Repl. 2006).
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II. Prior Bad Acts and Character Evidence
As his first point on appeal, Lard contends that the circuit court erred in allowing
testimony that disclosed previous bad acts and evidence that reflected poorly on his character.
More specifically, he claims error in the admission of testimony revealing that there were
warrants for his arrest at the time of the shooting; that he had made threats to harm police
officers; that he lacked remorse; that he had prior convictions and arrests; that he had violent
propensities; that he had manufactured methamphetamine; and that he had a “Hell Bound”
tattoo on his back. The State asserts in response that the circuit court did not abuse its
discretion because the evidence possessed independent relevance and was not unfairly
prejudicial.
The foundation for Lard’s arguments is Rule 404(b) of the Arkansas Rules of Evidence,
which provides as follows:
Other Crimes, Wrongs, or Acts. Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is
not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted
in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes,
such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,
identity, or absence of mistake or accident.
Ark. R. Evid. 404(b) (2013). The first sentence of 404(b) sets out the general rule excluding
evidence of a defendant’s prior bad acts, while the second sentence provides an exemplary,
but not exhaustive, list of exceptions to that rule. Hamm v. State, 365 Ark. 647, 232 S.W.3d
463 (2006). Evidence is not admissible under Rule 404(b) simply to show a prior bad act.
Laswell v. State, 2012 Ark. 201, 404 S.W.3d 818. Rather, the test for admissibility under Rule
404(b) is whether the evidence is independently relevant, which means it must have a
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tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the
action more or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Vance v. State, 2011 Ark.
243, 383 S.W.3d 325.
Pursuant to Rule 403 of the Arkansas Rules of Evidence, “evidence may be excluded
if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion
of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or
needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” Ark. R. Evid. 403 (2013). Thus, a trial court
may refuse to admit evidence that is unfairly prejudicial to the defendant, even if it might be
relevant. Lockhart v. State, 2010 Ark. 278, 367 S.W.3d 530. This court has observed that
evidence offered by the State is often likely to be prejudicial to the accused, but the evidence
should not be excluded unless the accused can show that it lacks probative value in view of
the risk of unfair prejudice. Chunestudy v. State, 2012 Ark. 222, 408 S.W.3d 55.
The admission or rejection of evidence under Rule 404(b) is committed to the sound
discretion of the circuit court, and this court will not reverse absent a showing of manifest
abuse of discretion. Dimas-Martinez v. State, 2011 Ark. 515, 385 S.W.3d 238. Likewise, the
balancing mandated by Rule 403 is also a matter left to a circuit court’s sound discretion, and
an appellate court will not reverse the circuit court’s ruling absent a showing of manifest
abuse. Croy v. State, 2011 Ark. 284, 383 S.W.3d 367. Abuse of discretion is a high threshold
that does not simply require error in the circuit court’s decision, but requires that the circuit
court act improvidently, thoughtlessly, or without due consideration. Craigg v. State, 2012
Ark. 387, ___ S.W.3d ___.
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A. Warrants and Previous Threats
Prior to trial, Lard moved in limine to prohibit the State from offering testimony that
warrants for his arrest existed at the time of the incident. He also urged the circuit court to
exclude testimony that he had threatened to harm police officers prior to the shooting. Based
on the State’s arguments, the circuit court denied Lard’s motion in limine, ruling that the
proposed testimony on these subjects was admissible to show motive, intent, plan, and Lard’s
state of mind when the shooting occurred. However, the court also ruled that the State could
not reveal the charges for which the warrants had been issued.
Pursuant to the circuit court’s decision, the State elicited testimony from Elumbaugh
that Lard knew about a warrant for his arrest. Elumbaugh further testified that Lard referred
to his gun as a “p-shooter,” meaning “police shooter,” and said that Lard had stated that “if
they ever try to come after me, there’s gonna be a war,” and that Lard had warned him “if
you ever get pulled over and I’m with you, you better try to get away because I’m gonna be
shootin’.” He added that Lard made these statements within several months of the incident.
In addition, Swanner testified that she had been told that Lard had an outstanding arrest
warrant regarding child support.4 She also testified that Lard advised her that, if he were to
be stopped by the police, he “would take half of ‘em with him.”
4
Lard did not object when Swanner mentioned that the warrant involved child
support. He also does not claim error for the violation of the circuit court’s ruling
prohibiting testimony about the nature of the offense underlying the warrant. We also note
that Dr. Raymond Molden, a State rebuttal witness, testified that Lard owed $42,000 in back
child support. Lard raised no objection to Molden’s testimony, but Dr. Molden did not
testify that there was a warrant for Lard’s arrest for the nonpayment of child support.
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When the purpose of evidence is to show motive, anything and everything that might
have influenced the commission of the act may, as a rule, be shown. Anderson v. State, 2011
Ark. 461, 385 S.W.3d 214. Evidence may be independently relevant if it shows motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake. Smith v.
State, 2010 Ark. 75, 364 S.W.3d 443. Additionally, any evidence that is relevant to explain
the act, show a motive, or illustrate the accused’s state of mind, may be independently
relevant and admissible. Brunson v. State, 368 Ark. 313, 245 S.W.3d 132 (2006); Gaines v.
State, 340 Ark. 99, 8 S.W.3d 547 (2000).
The State’s theory in this case was that Lard began shooting at the officers in order to
avoid arrest. The evidence produced at trial showed that Officer Schmidt had arrested
Elumbaugh based on an outstanding warrant and that he was running checks on the other
occupants of the vehicle, including Lard, to determine whether they were wanted as well.
Therefore, evidence revealing that Lard had warrants for his arrest and that Lard had
knowledge of this fact was independently relevant to establish a motive for his actions. As for
Lard’s threats, in order to prove capital murder and attempted capital murder, the State was
required to show that Lard acted with premeditation and deliberation. See Ark. Code Ann.
§ 5-10-101(a)(3) (Supp. 2011). Lard’s previous threats to shoot police officers if confronted
were thus independently relevant as proof of his intent, plan, and state of mind. We conclude
that the testimony concerning warrants and threats was highly probative, not unfairly
prejudicial, and was admitted for appropriate purposes under Rule 404(b). Therefore, we
hold that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by allowing the introduction of this
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testimony.
B. Other Bad Acts and Lack of Remorse
The testimony at issue under this subpoint relates to Lard’s defense of mental disease
or defect and arose during the State’s cross-examination of one of Lard’s expert witnesses and
during the State’s case in rebuttal. To place these matters in context, it is necessary to recount
the pertinent testimony in detail.
Dr. Barry Crown, a neuropsychologist, testified on Lard’s behalf. He conducted a
clinical interview of Lard and administered a series of tests to gauge Lard’s intellectual
functioning. Crown stated that it was important to obtain basic information about a person
during an interview in order to place the test results in context. Crown testified that Lard’s
intellectual functioning was impaired. Although Crown stated that Lard was not mentally
retarded, he said that Lard’s full-scale intelligence quotient of 70 met the intellectual criteria
for mental retardation, and he placed Lard’s age equivalency at ten years and five months.
Crown testified that persons with a low IQ have difficulty “figuring things out” and that it
is hard for those individuals to imagine and to think in abstract terms. He further testified that
Lard had organic brain damage impacting the bilateral frontotemporal lobe functioning, which
led to functional impairments in memory, reasoning, judgment, and language-based critical
thinking. He attributed Lard’s deficits either to multiple head trauma with loss of
consciousness or to methamphetamine abuse beginning at age seventeen. Crown offered the
opinion that Lard’s ability to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law was
impaired. In further testimony, Crown said that his testing did not lead him to believe that
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Lard suffered from antisocial personality disorder. He also testified that it is not appropriate
to make that diagnosis when there is evidence of brain damage.
During the State’s cross-examination, Crown acknowledged that Lard attended school
through the seventh grade, did not take special-education classes, lived on his own since age
sixteen, had a cell phone, sent text messages, took care of his own hygiene, and kept himself
fed and clothed. Crown stated that Lard also told him that he had been expelled from three
different schools, but Crown was not certain whether Lard revealed that he was kicked out
of one school for hitting someone over the head with a metal chair. Crown testified that he
was not aware that Lard had lost one job after handcuffing the boss’s son to a scaffold and
kicking him off of it. Over Lard’s objection, the State was allowed to ask Crown whether
Lard told him that he had manufactured methamphetamine. Crown replied that Lard had
not.
The State further questioned Crown about the criteria for diagnosing antisocial
personality disorder, as involving a pervasive pattern of disregarding the rights of others
occurring since age fifteen, as indicated by three or more behaviors out of a list of seven
behavioral categories.5 Crown stated that Lard recounted a history of fights and aggressive
5
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV),
the diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder involves a pervasive pattern of
disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age fifteen, as indicated by
three (or more) of the following: (1) the failure to conform to social norms with respect to
lawful behaviors, as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest; (2)
deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal
profit or pleasure; (3) impulsivity or failure to plan ahead; (4) irritability and aggressiveness,
as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults; (5) reckless disregard for safety of self or
others; (6) consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent
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behavior; several arrests; numerous thefts, including the theft of a car; intentionally damaging
the property of others; starting fires, beginning at age fifteen; cruelty to animals, including
setting a cat on fire; and losing jobs as a result of aggressive behavior. Crown acknowledged
that Lard met four or five of the criteria for antisocial personality disorder, but Crown
maintained that he did not make that diagnosis based on his opinion that Lard had brain
damage in the areas that create many of the same symptoms. Crown further testified that Lard
had admitted that he was fearful of being arrested because of a warrant for his arrest at the
time of the shooting.
Dr. Courtney Rocho, a psychologist, testified for the State in rebuttal. Rocho
conducted a forensic interview of Lard, and she stated that she relied on historical information
provided by Lard in forming her opinions. Over Lard’s objection, she said that Lard related
a history of disciplinary problems in school involving multiple suspensions and expulsions.
Rocho testified that Lard had told her that school administrators once placed him in isolation
for striking a school official over the head with a metal chair. She stated that Lard described
other antisocial behavior showing a history of impulsivity, aggression, irritability,
irresponsibility, and repeated unlawful acts. These behaviors included cruelty to animals,
beginning at age nine, as Lard had admitted kicking animals and setting a cat on fire; causing
damage to the property of others; and stealing, starting at age twelve, including the theft of
a car. Based on the litany of behaviors Lard described, Rocho diagnosed Lard with antisocial
work behavior or honor financial obligations; and (7) lack of remorse, as indicated by being
indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.
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personality disorder. She testified that he had this conduct disorder at age fifteen and that Lard
continued this behavior throughout his life. In her testimony, Rocho also noted problems
in the manner in which Crown administered the IQ test. She further testified that Lard did
not have a mental disease or defect and that he was functioning appropriate to his age of
thirty-seven years old at the time of her examination. Rocho stated that Lard could think
ahead and that he had the ability to deliberate and make a choice of conduct among different
options. She expressed the view that Lard had the capacity to appreciate the criminality of
his conduct and that he had the ability to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.
Dr. Raymond Molden, a psychiatrist, concurred in the diagnosis of antisocial
personality disorder. In addition to the behavioral criteria noted by Dr. Rocho, he also noted
that a lack of remorse was consistent with that diagnosis. Molden further testified that he did
not find any evidence of brain damage, noting that the PET scan revealed no frontal-lobe
damage and showed only slightly less than average brain activity at the mesial temporal lobes.
He also stated that Lard’s level of functioning was inconsistent with someone who had brain
damage. Molden testified that Lard did not have a mental disease or defect, and he stated that
Lard had the capacity both to appreciate the criminality of his conduct and conform his
conduct to the requirements of the law. He said that his opinion was influenced in part by
Lard’s description of how he once had a family member pawn a gun for him because he knew
that, as a felon, he could not pawn the weapon himself.6
In rebuttal, the State also presented the testimony of a jailer who overheard Lard say
6
At Lard’s request, the circuit court admonished the jury to disregard this comment.
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to an inmate, “It’s funny that I shot one cop and the other one is still walking. I should have
shot him, too.” Another jailer also testified that he heard Lard tell an inmate that the only
thing he regretted about that night was that he “didn’t get the other motherfucker, too.”
On appeal, Lard contends that the circuit court erred in overruling his objections
scattered throughout the testimony of these witnesses identifying multiple instances of other
bad acts and character evidence. He also claims error in the admission of testimony indicating
a lack of remorse. We disagree with Lard’s arguments. Rule 703 of the Arkansas Rules of
Evidence provides that, if the facts upon which an expert bases his or her opinion are of a type
reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions on the subject,
the facts need not be admissible in evidence. Under this rule, an expert witness must be
allowed to disclose to the jury the factual basis for his or her opinion because the opinion
would otherwise be unsupported, and the jury would be left with little, if any, means of
evaluating its correctness. See House v. Volunteer Transp. Co., 365 Ark. 11, 223 S.W.3d 798
(2006); J.E. Merit Constructors v. Cooper, 345 Ark. 136, 44 S.W.3d 336 (2001).
In this case, Lard squarely placed his mental status in issue by asserting the defense of
mental disease or defect. In support of that defense, he offered expert testimony that he had
sustained brain damage as evidenced by a low IQ and a PET scan showing decreased activity
in the mesial frontotemporal lobes. In rebuttal, the State presented opposing expert testimony
diagnosing Lard with antisocial personality disorder. According to the testimony, this disorder
is characterized by a pervasive pattern of certain behaviors exhibited since age fifteen. The
State’s witnesses testified that the history of misconduct related by Lard and his lack of
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remorse following the incident formed the basis for the diagnosis.
It is clear to this court that the testimony of the State’s experts revealing other bad acts
committed by Lard was offered for the purpose of supporting the opinions reached by the
State’s experts by apprising the jury of the factual basis underlying the diagnosis of antisocial
personality disorder. For that reason, the testimony was independently relevant and
admissible. Miller v. State, 2010 Ark. 1, 362 S.W.3d 264 (holding that testimony concerning
previous acts of violence was admissible where the information formed the basis of the
forensic evaluator’s opinion). We also note that the circuit court properly instructed the jury
that the evidence of alleged crimes, wrongs, and acts was not to be considered as proof that
Lard acted in conformity with those behaviors and that the evidence was merely offered as
a factor considered by the expert witnesses in evaluating Lard’s mental status.
We also conclude that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by permitting the
jailers’ testimony indicating that Lard lacked remorse for killing Officer Schmidt. As noted
by Dr. Molden, lack of remorse is one of the criteria for diagnosing antisocial personality
disorder. The jailers’ testimony did not violate Rule 404(b) because it was not offered as
character evidence. Rather, the testimony was independently relevant to refute Lard’s claim
of mental disease or defect, as the testimony provided support for the experts’ opinions that
Lard had this disorder and not a mental disease or defect. See Wood v. State, 280 Ark. 248,
657 S.W.2d 528 (1983) (holding in murder prosecution that testimony of the defendant’s
sexual relationship with his daughter was admissible to rebut the defense of mental disease or
defect).
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With one exception, the State was also entitled to question Dr. Crown regarding the
acts of misconduct. This court has traditionally taken the view that the cross-examiner should
be given wide latitude because cross-examination is the means by which to test the truth of
the witness’s testimony and the witness’s credibility. McCoy v. State, 2010 Ark. 373, 370
S.W.3d 241; Fowler v. State, 339 Ark. 207, 5 S.W.3d 10 (1999); Wilson v. State, 289 Ark. 141,
712 S.W.2d 654 (1986). This court has held that once an expert is qualified, the weaknesses
in any factual underpinning of the expert’s opinion may be exposed on cross-examination,
and such a weakness goes to the weight and credibility of the expert’s testimony. Suggs v.
State, 322 Ark. 40, 907 S.W.2d 124 (1995). Here, it was permissible for the State to challenge
the factual basis for Dr. Crown’s opinion that Lard did not have antisocial personality disorder
and to test whether Dr. Crown’s rejection of that diagnosis was made with full knowledge of
Lard’s past behaviors and history. Even if there was error in the State’s cross-examination of
Dr. Crown, the error would be harmless because the evidence was properly admitted during
the rebuttal testimony of the State’s witnesses. Prejudice cannot be demonstrated where
erroneously admitted evidence is merely cumulative to other evidence that is properly
admitted. Holloway v. State, 2013 Ark. 140, ___ S.W.3d ___.
The exception is the question asked of Dr. Crown about Lard’s manufacturing of
methamphetamine. In this respect, the circuit court allowed the State to inquire if Lard
disclosed that he had manufactured this substance. Unlike the other behaviors, we perceive
little independent relevance for this testimony. However, we discern no reversible error.
Lard relied on his past use of methamphetamine in support of his claim of brain damage, and
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he introduced testimony indicating his chronic use of that substance. The reference to
manufacturing methamphetamine during the State’s cross-examination of Dr. Crown was
brief, and no other testimony on the subject was elicited. We have held that, even when a
circuit court errs in admitting evidence, we may declare the error harmless and affirm when
the evidence of guilt is overwhelming and the error is slight. Kelley v. State, 2009 Ark. 389,
327 S.W.3d 373; see also Miller, supra (recognizing that the components of harmless-error
analysis applicable to an evidentiary ruling in the guilt phase of a capital-murder trial are
whether there is overwhelming evidence of guilt and the error is slight). That is the case here.
Given the overwhelming evidence of guilt, we conclude that the error in admitting this
testimony was harmless.
C. Tattoo
Lard contends that the circuit court abused its discretion by admitting two photographs
of a large tattoo on his back entitled “Hell Bound,” which purportedly portrays the gates of
hell. He asserts that the tattoo had no bearing on any relevant issue and that the photographs
were admitted solely to prejudice the jury against him. Lard also notes that he proffered
another one of his drawings as a substitute for the photographs of the tattoo.
During the State’s case in rebuttal, Lard’s brother identified the photographs as
depicting Lard’s tattoo, and he testified that Lard designed the image. The State utilized the
photographs in its examination of the expert witnesses. Dr. Crown, who testified that Lard’s
age equivalency was age ten and five months, stated that the design did not suggest a high
order of function, and he remarked that “fifth and sixth graders are pretty artistic, too.” Dr.
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Rocho testified that the intricate design of the tattoo demonstrated that Lard had the ability
to plan and organize and that the design was indicative of substantial and significant executive
functioning. Dr. Molden described the tattoo as being complex and detailed. He stated that
the design required abstraction, attention to detail, and a high degree of concentration and
planning. Dr. Garrett Andrews, another expert witness for the State, disagreed with Dr.
Crown’s opinion about the tattoo and said that it was not a drawing that a ten year old could
complete.
We have held that the admission of photographs is a matter left to the sound discretion
of the circuit court, and we will not reverse absent an abuse of that discretion. Anderson v.
State, supra. Even inflammatory photographs are admissible in the sound discretion of the
circuit court if they tend to shed light on any issue or are useful to enable the jury to better
understand the testimony or to corroborate the testimony. Fairchild v. State, 284 Ark. 289,
681 S.W.2d 380 (1984). Here, the State introduced the photographs in conjunction with
expert testimony to demonstrate that Lard had the ability to complete intricate drawings and
to think abstractly in order to show that he possessed a degree of cognitive abilities beyond
that claimed by Dr. Crown. As the photographs were relied on by the State’s experts and
were offered to refute Lard’s claim of brain damage and the defense of mental disease and
defect, the photographs were independently relevant and admissible for those purposes. We
acknowledge that the admission of the photographs resulted in some prejudice, but we find
no manifest abuse of discretion in the circuit court’s conclusion that the probative value of the
photographs exceeded their prejudicial effect. Nor can we say that the circuit court erred by
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rejecting Lard’s offer to introduce the proffered drawing instead of the photographs of the
tattoo. The proffered drawing is comparatively simple and does not contain the degree of
complexity as the tattoo. We find no error on this point.
III. Dash-Camera Videos
Lard next argues that the circuit court erred by allowing the State to play the two
videos recorded from the dash cameras mounted on both Officer Schmidt’s and Sergeant
Overstreet’s cruisers. In addition, Lard claims error because the circuit court permitted the
State to play different versions of the videos, which included a compilation or side-by-side
view of both videos; the video from Officer Schmidt’s vehicle in slow motion starting at the
first shot without audio; the video from Sergeant Overstreet’s vehicle in slow motion
beginning at the first shot without audio; and a slow-motion compilation or side-by-side view
from both vehicles starting at the first shot without audio. Lard contends that the videos were
prejudicial, cumulative, and unnecessary because there were eyewitnesses who observed the
events and because he did not dispute that he killed Officer Schmidt while Schmidt was acting
in the line of duty. He maintains that the videos were offered for no other purpose than to
arouse the passions of the jurors.
As a general matter, all relevant evidence is admissible. Ark. R. Evid. 402. Relevant
evidence is evidence that has a “tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of
consequence to the determination of the action more or less probable than it would be
without the evidence.” Ark. R. Evid. 401. Evidence, although relevant, may be excluded
if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Ark. R.
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Evid. 403.
Video evidence is admissible “if it is relevant, helpful to the jury, and not prejudicial.”
Hickson v. State, 312 Ark. 171, 176, 847 S.W.2d 691, 694 (1993). The same requirements for
the admission of photographs apply to the admission of video evidence. Williams v. State, 374
Ark. 282, 287 S.W.3d 559 (2008). We have held that the admission of photographs is a
matter left to the sound discretion of the circuit court, and we will not reverse absent an abuse
of that discretion. Breeden v. State, 2013 Ark. 145, ___ S.W.3d ___. When photographs are
helpful to explain testimony, they are ordinarily admissible. Blanchard v. State, 2009 Ark. 335,
321 S.W.3d 250. Moreover, the mere fact that a photograph is inflammatory or is cumulative
is not, standing alone, sufficient reason to exclude it. Sweet v. State, 2011 Ark. 20, 370
S.W.3d 510. Even the most gruesome photographs may be admissible if they assist the trier
of fact in any of the following ways: by shedding light on some issue, by proving a necessary
element of the case, by enabling a witness to testify more effectively, by corroborating
testimony, or by enabling jurors to better understand the testimony. Decay v. State, 2009 Ark.
566, 352 S.W.3d 319.
Yet, we have rejected a carte blanche approach to the admission of photographs.
Robertson v. State, 2011 Ark. 196; Newman v. State, 353 Ark. 258, 106 S.W.3d 438 (2003).
We have cautioned against “promoting a general rule of admissibility which essentially allows
automatic acceptance of all the photographs of the victim and crime scene the prosecution can
offer.” Berry v. State, 290 Ark. 223, 228, 718 S.W.2d 447, 450 (1986). We require the trial
court to consider whether such evidence, although relevant, creates a danger of unfair
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prejudice, and then to determine whether the danger of unfair prejudice substantially
outweighs its probative value. Camargo v. State, 327 Ark. 631, 940 S.W.2d 464 (1997).
We find no abuse of discretion in the circuit court’s decision that the probative value
of the various video recordings substantially outweighed the danger of unfair prejudice.
Typically, the commission of a crime is not video recorded, as was the case here. Although
there were witnesses to the events, the recordings represent an objective portrayal of what
occurred during the traffic stop and served both to corroborate and to explain the
eyewitnesses’ testimony. From our review of the videos, the footage of the actual shootings
lasts less than fifty seconds. Because the incident unfolded so quickly, showing the events as
they transpired from different perspectives and at slowed speeds allowed the actions of all
involved to be clarified and placed in context. Although Lard did not deny committing the
offenses, this court has repeatedly held that a defendant cannot prevent the admission of
evidence simply by conceding to the facts of the crime. Holloway v. State, 363 Ark. 254, 213
S.W.3d 633 (2005); Garcia v. State, 363 Ark. 319, 214 S.W.3d 260 (2005); Smart v. State, 352
Ark. 522, 104 S.W.3d 386 (2003). More specifically, we have held that photographic
evidence is not inadmissible on grounds that it is cumulative or unnecessary due to admitted
or proven facts. Watson v. State, 308 Ark. 643, 826 S.W.2d 281 (1992); Cotton v. State, 276
Ark. 282, 634 S.W.2d 127 (1982). Equally as clear, the State is entitled to prove its case as
conclusively as it can. Davis v. State, 368 Ark. 401, 246 S.W.3d 862 (2007); Jones v. State, 349
Ark. 331, 78 S.W.3d 104 (2002). Here, the circuit court exercised its discretion to disallow
a portion of the recordings that it deemed overly inflammatory. Undeniably, there is a degree
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of prejudice attached to showing the videos, but we cannot conclude that the prejudice was
unfair. Accordingly, we affirm on this point.
To the extent that Lard argues that the State should not have been allowed to show
portions of the videos during closing arguments, we observe that he did not object when that
was done. We will not consider arguments that are raised for the first time on appeal.
Scamardo v. State, 2013 Ark. 163, ___ S.W.3d ___.
IV. Witness Sequestration
With this point on appeal, Lard asserts that the circuit court erred by not following the
strict dictates of Rule 615 of the Arkansas Rules of Evidence to allow Officer Schmidt’s wife,
his father, and his brother to remain in the courtroom during the guilt phase of trial and then
to permit them to offer victim-impact testimony at sentencing. On this issue, the record
reflects that, at the beginning of trial, Lard invoked the witness-sequestration rule pursuant
to Rule 615. The State asked that Officer Schmidt’s wife and other family members be
excused from the rule because they would be testifying only during the sentencing phase of
trial, depending on the jury’s verdict, but not the guilt phase of trial. Lard objected, arguing
that the rule was mandatory and that there was no exception for adult members of the victim’s
family. The circuit court ruled that Rule 615 applied to victim-impact witnesses who might
testify at sentencing, and the court ordered Officer Schmidt’s family members who proposed
to testify at sentencing to remain outside the courtroom during trial.
Following opening statements, the State asked the circuit court to reconsider its
decision to exclude Officer Schmidt’s family members, particularly his wife, because their
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testimony would only be offered at a sentencing hearing if the jury rendered verdicts of guilt.
The circuit court altered its ruling. Although recognizing that the rule is mandatory, the
court noted that the family members had reduced their victim-impact statements to writing
and ruled that they would be allowed to stay in the courtroom during the guilt phase of trial
on the condition that they confine their testimony to the written statements. In its ruling, the
circuit court reasoned that the purpose of the rule would not be thwarted by allowing their
presence during the guilt phase of trial and that it could conceive of no possible prejudice
resulting from their remaining in the courtroom. Lard raised the issue again at sentencing,
but the circuit court declined to exclude the witnesses’ testimony. As a result, Officer
Schmidt’s wife, father, and brother testified at sentencing by reading their written statements
concerning the emotional impact the murder had on them and their family. Additionally,
Mrs. Schmidt identified and gave brief descriptions of photographs of Officer Schmidt and his
family members for the admission of the photographs into evidence.
Rule 615, which sets out the rule on witness sequestration, provides as follows:
At the request of a party the court shall order witnesses excluded so that they
cannot hear the testimony of other witnesses, and it may make the order of its
own motion. This rule does not authorize the exclusion of (1) a party who is
a natural person, or (2) an officer or employee of a party that is not a natural
person designated as its representative by its attorney, or (3) a person whose
presence is shown by a party to be essential to the presentation of his cause.
The purpose of Rule 615 is to expose inconsistencies in the testimony of different witnesses
and to prevent the possibility of one witness’s shaping his or her testimony to match that
given by other witnesses at trial. Adams v. State, 2013 Ark. 174, ___ S.W.3d ___. Exclusion
is mandatory upon request by either party, and only specific exceptions exist to allow
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witnesses to remain in the courtroom. Id. In addition to the exceptions listed in the rule,
Rule 616 of the Arkansas Rules of Evidence provides that the victim of the crime, as well as
the parent, guardian, or custodian of a minor victim, has the right to be present during the
trial notwithstanding Rule 615. However, a murder victim’s family members do not fit
within this exception to the rule. See Solomon v. State, 323 Ark. 178, 913 S.W.2d 288 (1996)
(holding that a murder victim’s daughters were subject to the rule of sequestration).
Based on the rule, the circuit court committed error by not sequestering the victim-
impact witnesses. The rule is mandatory and requires the exclusion of witnesses when it is
invoked, and the members of a murder victim’s family do not fall within any recognized
exception. Even so, this court has consistently held that it will not reverse the circuit court’s
decision regarding this issue absent a showing of prejudice, as prejudice is not presumed.
Adams, supra. However, to hold as harmless an error occurring in the penalty phase of a
capital-murder trial, we must be able to reach the conclusion that the error was harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt. See Miller, supra. We reach that conclusion here. The witnesses
in this instance gave victim-impact testimony limited to previously written statements
concerning how the loss of Officer Schmidt affected their lives. In addition, Mrs. Schmidt
gave brief descriptions of the photographs that were introduced into evidence. The witnesses
otherwise did not offer any testimony about the facts surrounding the murder that were
disclosed during the guilt phase of trial, nor could they, because victim-impact witnesses in
a capital trial may not state “characterizations and opinions about the crime, the defendant,
and the appropriate sentence.” Id. at 34, 362 S.W.3d at 285 (quoting Parker v. Bowersox, 188
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F.3d 923, 931 (8th Cir. 1999)). Thus, the witnesses’ testimony did not contravene the
purpose of the sequestration rule, as theirs was not the kind of testimony that is susceptible
to being materially altered by any testimony presented during the guilt-phase of trial.
Therefore, we hold that the circuit court’s failure to abide by Rule 615 was harmless beyond
a reasonable doubt.
Lard asserts that there was a “possibility” of prejudice because “the very presence of
these witnesses in the courtroom for ten days made their testimony all the more poignant for
the jury, and stoked the flames of passion and empathy for someone the jury had come to
know during the course of trial.” However, the purpose of the rule is to prevent witnesses
from adjusting their testimony based on what they have heard prior witnesses say. Adams,
supra. The rule is not intended to shield potential witnesses from the view of the jury.
Moreover, this argument dehors the record, as there is nothing to indicate what effect, if any,
the presence of the family members may or may not have had on the jury. We will not
engage in such speculation.
V. Closing Arguments
In this issue on appeal, Lard first argues that the circuit court erred in allowing the
prosecuting attorneys to make improper remarks during closing argument in the guilt stage
of trial. He contends that the prosecutors improperly referred to the bad-acts evidence
complained of in the first point on appeal. Lard also asserts that the prosecuting attorneys
interjected their personal beliefs and made objectionable remarks concerning his defense and
claim of brain damage by calling the evidence a “magic act,” “a ploy,” “misleading,” an
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attempt to “derail and confuse,” an effort to “harbor voluntary conduct,” an “excuse,” a
“joke,” a “red herring,” “ridiculous,” and “insulting to the [jurors’] intelligence.” The State
counters Lard’s assertions by arguing that the remarks were proper commentary on the
evidence that merely urged the jury to give little weight to Lard’s defense.
Closing arguments must be confined to questions in issue, the evidence introduced
during trial, and all reasonable inferences and deductions which can be drawn therefrom.
Rohrbach v. State, 374 Ark. 271, 287 S.W.3d 590 (2008). “Although it is not good practice
for counsel to inject their personal beliefs into the closing arguments, mere expressions of
opinion by counsel in closing argument are not reversible error so long as they do not
purposely arouse passion and prejudice.” Jefferson v. State, 372 Ark. 307, 321–22, 276 S.W.3d
214, 225 (2008) (quoting Neff v. State, 287 Ark. 88, 94, 696 S.W.2d 736, 740 (1985)). We
have stated many times that the trial court is given broad discretion to control counsel in
closing arguments, and we do not interfere with that discretion absent a manifest abuse of
discretion. Rohrbach v. State, supra; Leaks v. State, 339 Ark. 348, 5 S.W.3d 448 (1999); Noel
v. State, 331 Ark. 79, 960 S.W.2d 439 (1998).
Here, Lard concedes that he raised no objection to any of the prosecutors’ remarks.
Absent a contemporaneous objection at trial, we will not review alleged errors in the State’s
closing argument. See Anderson v. State, 357 Ark. 180, 163 S.W.3d 333 (2004); see also Bowen
v. State, 322 Ark. 483, 911 S.W.2d 555 (1995). Despite the absence of an objection at trial,
Lard urges this court to apply the third exception to the contemporaneous-objection rule set
forth in Wicks v. State, 270 Ark. 781, 606 S.W.2d 366 (1980). In Wicks, we said,
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A third exception is a mere possibility, for it has not yet occurred in any case.
That relates to the trial court’s duty to intervene, without an objection, and
correct a serious error either by an admonition to the jury or by ordering a
mistrial. We implied in Wilson v. State, 126 Ark. 354, 190 S.W. 441 (1916),
that no objection is necessary if the trial court fails to control a prosecutor’s
closing argument and allows him to go too far: “Appellant can not predicate
error upon the failure of the court to make a ruling that he did not at the time
ask the court to make, unless the remarks were so flagrant and so highly
prejudicial in character as to make it the duty of the court on its own motion
to have instructed the jury not to consider the same. See Kansas City So. Ry.
Co. v. Murphy, 74 Ark. 256 [85 S.W. 428 (1905)]; Harding v. State, 94 Ark. 65
[126 S.W. 90 (1910)].”
Wicks, 270 Ark. at 786, 606 S.W.2d at 369–70. Our case law is clear that Wicks presents only
narrow exceptions that are to be rarely applied. Chunestudy v. State, supra. Specifically, this
court has held that the third exception is limited to only those errors affecting the very
structure of the criminal trial, such as the fundamental right to a trial by jury, the presumption
of innocence, and the State’s burden of proof. White v. State, 2012 Ark. 221, 408 S.W.3d
720. The remarks Lard complains of here do not rise to this level. Therefore, we decline to
address Lard’s arguments that are being raised for the first time on appeal.
Lard further contends that the prosecuting attorney’s closing argument at the
sentencing phase of trial was also objectionable. Lard claims error in that portion of the
argument where the prosecutor stated that the death penalty served as a deterrent to prevent
others from killing a police officer. He argues that the remarks were improper because they
had the effect of telling the jury that they were the conscience of the community and that
they should send a message to others who might consider killing a police officer.
Arkansas Code Annotated section 16-90-801(a)(5) (Repl. 2006) provides that a
primary purpose of sentencing a person convicted of a crime is to “deter criminal behavior
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and foster respect for the law.” Therefore, we cannot conclude that the circuit court abused
its discretion in overruling Lard’s objection to the State’s comment. Also, contrary to Lard’s
assertion, this court has held that “send a message” themes from the prosecutor in closing
arguments are not improper. Lee v. State, 340 Ark. 504, 11 S.W.3d 553 (2000); Muldrew v.
State, 331 Ark. 519, 963 S.W.2d 580 (1998); Love v. State, 324 Ark. 526, 922 S.W.2d 701
(1996). Consequently, we find no merit in Lard’s contention.
VI. Ex Post Facto
As the final point on appeal, Lard argues that the death penalty was not a permissible
sentencing option in his case because, approximately one month before his trial, this court
struck down as unconstitutional the Method of Execution Act in Hobbs v. Jones, 2012 Ark.
293, ___ S.W.3d ___. Lard presented this argument by pretrial motion to prohibit the State
from seeking or imposing the death penalty and to prohibit the death qualification of the jury.
As he argued below, Lard asserts on appeal that any method-of-execution statute enacted
subsequent to the date of the offenses would violate the prohibition against ex post facto laws
under the United States and Arkansas Constitutions, and in turn, the guarantees of due process
and the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment found in the constitutions. Lard
contends that, because there was no valid constitutional method of execution in existence at
the time of the crime or when he was convicted, any subsequently enacted statute proscribing
a method of executing him would clearly provide a greater punishment than was permitted
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at the time of his crime and conviction.7
An ex post facto law is one that makes an action done before the passing of the law,
and which was innocent when done, criminal or one that aggravates a crime, or makes it
greater than it was, when committed. Young v. Norris, 365 Ark. 219, 226 S.W.3d 797 (2006);
Garrett v. State, 347 Ark. 860, 69 S.W.3d 844 (2002). For the Ex Post Facto Clause to apply,
there must be a change in the law that either criminalizes a previously innocent act or that
increases the punishment received for an already criminalized act. Young, supra; Jones v. State,
347 Ark. 455, 65 S.W.3d 402 (2002). “[T]wo critical elements must be present for a criminal
or penal law to be ex post facto: it must be retrospective, that is, it must apply to events
occurring before its enactment, and it must disadvantage the offender affected by it.” Weaver
v. Graham, 450 U.S. 24, 29 (1981). A law is retrospective if it “changes the legal
consequences of acts completed before its effective date.” Miller v. Florida, 482 U.S. 423, 430
(1987), overruled in part on other grounds, Cal. Dep’t of Corrections v. Morales, 514 U.S. 499
(1995).
The constitutional inhibition of ex post facto laws was intended to secure substantial
personal rights against arbitrary and oppressive legislative action, and not to obstruct mere
alteration in the conditions deemed necessary for the orderly infliction of humane
punishment. Malloy v. South Carolina, 237 U.S. 180 (1915). The constitutional prohibition
is not intended “to limit the legislative control of remedies and modes of procedure which do
7
Following Lard’s trial, the General Assembly passed new legislation to provide a
method of administering lethal injections. See Act 139 of 2013. The new law is not under
consideration in this appeal.
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not affect matters of substance.” Dobbert v. Florida, 432 U.S. 282, 293 (1977). Thus, even
though it may work to the disadvantage of the accused, a procedural change is generally
considered not to be ex post facto. Id.
In Jones, supra, we determined that the Method of Execution Act, codified at Arkansas
Code Annotated section 5-4-617 (Supp. 2011), was unconstitutional on its face. This court
held that the statute violated separation of powers because the General Assembly had
improperly delegated legislative authority by giving unfettered discretion, without sufficient
guidelines for the use of that discretion, to the Arkansas Department of Correction to
determine all protocol and procedures, most notably the chemicals to be used, for a state
execution.
Relevant here is the Supreme Court’s decision in Dobbert, supra. In that case, the
Florida death-penalty statute in effect at the time Dobbert committed the offense was declared
unconstitutional before his trial. The Florida legislature subsequently enacted a new death-
penalty procedure. Dobbert was tried under the new sentencing scheme, and he made several
arguments based on the Ex Post Facto Clause. In one of those arguments, he asserted, like
Lard does in the present case, that there was no valid death-penalty law in effect as of the date
of his actions because the law in effect at that time had been ruled unconstitutional. The
Supreme Court unequivocally rejected this contention, saying that “this sophistic argument
mocks the substance of the Ex Post Facto Clause.” Dobbert, 432 U.S. at 297. The Court
reasoned that whether or not the death-penalty statute in effect at the time of the offenses was
subsequently deemed unconstitutional, the statute, nonetheless,
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clearly indicated Florida’s view of the severity of murder and of the degree of
punishment which the legislature wished to impose upon murderers. The
statute was intended to provide maximum deterrence, and its existence on the
statute books provided fair warning as to the degree of culpability which the
State ascribed to the act of murder.
....
Here the existence of the statute served as an “operative fact” to warn the
petitioner of the penalty which Florida would seek to impose on him if he were
convicted of first-degree murder. This was sufficient compliance with the ex
post facto provision of the United States Constitution.
Id. at 297–98.
In light of the decision in Dobbert, Lard’s ex post facto claim fails. In Jones, our concern
was the improper delegation of legislative authority with respect to the procedures to be
utilized in the implementation of the death penalty, not the death penalty itself. At the time
of Lard’s offense, capital murder was punishable by death. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-10-101(c)(1).
Any change in the method of execution does not result in an increase in the quantum of
punishment for capital murder, because the punishment, the option of death, remains the
same. Accordingly, we find no error in the circuit court’s rejection of Lard’s argument that
principles of ex post facto precluded the State from seeking the death penalty.
VII. Rule 10
We take this opportunity to note that, while we have held that several of Lard’s
arguments on appeal have not been preserved for our review, we are mindful of our
obligations pursuant to Rule 10 of the Arkansas Rules of Appellate Procedure–Criminal when
a sentence of death has been imposed. Pursuant to Rule 10, the entire record has been
reviewed, including those issues that we have held were not properly preserved for appeal,
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and we hold that no reversible error exists. The record has also been reviewed pursuant to
Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 4-3(i) (2013), and no reversible error has been found. For the
foregoing reasons, we affirm the convictions and sentences.
Affirmed.
HANNAH, C.J., and CORBIN, J., dissent.
DONALD L. CORBIN, Justice, dissenting. Because I believe the majority has erred
in its conclusions that evidence regarding statements made by Appellant while incarcerated
and awaiting trial, as well as photographs depicting a tattoo on Appellant’s back were properly
admitted, I respectfully dissent.
At trial, the State sought to introduce into evidence a litany of prior bad acts
committed by Appellant, as well as statements he made while awaiting trial and photographs
of a “Hell Bound” tattoo that is on his back. In seeking to introduce this evidence, the State
repeatedly argued that the evidence was relevant to its theory that Appellant has antisocial-
personality disorder and to refute Appellant’s claim that he was unable to conform his conduct
to the law because he suffered from brain damage and a decreased mental capacity. Dr. Barry
Crown testified as an expert witness for Appellant. According to Dr. Crown, he conducted
a neuropsychological evaluation of Appellant and concluded that his intellectual functioning
is in a category that would be considered impaired and disabled. Dr. Crown further stated
that Appellant has significant neuropsychological impairment, which is a term for organic
brain damage, and has functional impairment in the areas of memory, reasoning, judgment,
and language-based critical thinking. Dr. Crown also opined that antisocial-personality
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disorder is not an appropriate diagnosis for someone with brain damage like Appellant. On
cross-examination, however, Dr. Crown admitted that Appellant is not mentally retarded and
shows some level of critical thinking.
During the State’s cross-examination of Dr. Crown, the prosecutor read through the
diagnostic criteria for antisocial-personality disorder as set forth in the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) and questioned Dr. Crown as to whether
Appellant had related information to him about specific bad acts that fell within those
diagnostic criteria. Appellant objected several times on the basis that the State was
“backdooring” evidence that would not be otherwise admissible. Appellant also pointed out
that the State knew what information Appellant had related to Dr. Crown because the State
had all the raw data in Dr. Crown’s report. Appellant further argued that Dr. Crown did not
deny that Appellant possessed certain characteristics of antisocial personality disorder but was
of the opinion that it was not an appropriate diagnosis for Appellant, who he believed suffered
from organic brain damage. The circuit court made several statements in overruling
Appellant’s objections, but the circuit court’s overarching basis for allowing the State to elicit
such questions was that Appellant had opened the door to the issue of antisocial-personality
disorder.
What disturbs me about the circuit court’s rulings with this line of questioning is that
the circuit court, and now the majority on appeal, focuses almost exclusively on the fact that
the evidence was relevant and fails to consider its prejudicial effect. In other words, I believe
the circuit court abused its discretion when it failed to analyze whether the evidence’s
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probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See Ark. R.
Evid. 403 (2013).1 Of all the improper character evidence admitted, I am most concerned
with the two instances I mentioned at the outset: the statements Appellant made while in
custody and the photographs of Appellant’s tattoo.
I turn first to the testimony of the two jailers. During the State’s rebuttal, Jacob Saffell,
an employee with the Craighead County Detention Center, testified that on July 30, 2011,
he heard Appellant tell another inmate that, “It’s funny that I shot one cop and the other one
is still walking. I should have shot him, too.” Appellant objected, arguing that the statement
was too far removed in time and was admitted just to show that Appellant was a bad guy.
The State countered that it went directly to the issue of Appellant’s antisocial-personality
disorder and lack of remorse. The circuit court overruled the objection without explanation.
The State next called Randal Ishmael, also a jailer in the Craighead County Detention
Center. He testified that on August 5, 2011, he heard Appellant tell another inmate that “the
only thing he regretted about that night was that he “didn’t get the other motherfucker, too.”
With regard to the issues of evidence of Appellant’s bad acts and lack of remorse, the
State argues generally that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in admitting such
1
The majority seemingly relies on Ark. R. Evid. 703 (2013) to support its general
conclusions that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in admitting this bad-character
and bad-acts evidence because experts are allowed to disclose to the jury the factual basis for
their opinions. This is troubling to me because the State does not raise this argument to us,
and I can find no case where we have allowed an expert witness to testify to a defendant’s
prior bad acts over repeated objections that the evidence was inadmissible pursuant to Ark.
R. Evid. 404(b). Moreover, the majority’s reliance on the decision in Miller v. State, 2010
Ark. 1, 362 S.W.3d 264, is inapposite, as the objection to the evidence in that case was based
on hearsay.
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evidence because such evidence, even if prejudicial, was relevant as it “refuted Appellant’s
claims of organic brain damage and indicated his lack of mistake and a plan, intent, or motive
for shooting at Officer Schmidt and Sergeant Overstreet.” The problem with this argument
is that it presumes all relevant evidence, regardless of its prejudicial effect, may be admitted
at trial. That is simply contrary to our Rules of Evidence and this court’s case law.
The majority sidesteps this issue, however, by concluding that the admission of the
jailers’ testimony did not violate Rule 404(b) because it was not offered as character evidence
but was, instead, independently relevant to refute Lard’s claim of mental disease or defect.
First, it does not matter that the State did not offer this evidence as character evidence.
Second, while I question whether the evidence was relevant to refute Appellant’s claim of
mental disease or defect, even if there is some independent relevance to this evidence, the
danger of unfair prejudice outweighs any such probative value. The majority, however, does
not even consider the issue of prejudice.
Our law is clear that in order for evidence to be admissible under Rule 404(b), it must
be relevant to prove the main issue independently from proving bad character. See Green v.
State, 365 Ark. 478, 231 S.W.3d 638 (2006). The test for admissibility under Rule 404(b) is
whether the evidence is independently relevant, which means it must have a tendency to
make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more
or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Osburn v. State, 2009 Ark. 390, 326
S.W.3d 771. However, even if evidence is independently relevant pursuant to Rule 404(b),
Rule 403 provides that “evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially
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outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury,
or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative
evidence.” This court has noted that evidence offered by the State in a criminal trial is likely
to be prejudicial to the defendant “to some degree,” otherwise it would not be offered. Vance
v. State, 2011 Ark. 243, at 23, 383 S.W.3d 325, 341; Rounsaville v. State, 2009 Ark. 479, at
12, 346 S.W.3d 289, 296. Here, however, this testimony is not merely prejudicial “to some
degree.”
I recognize that in reviewing the admission of evidence under Rule 404(b), circuit
courts have broad discretion in deciding evidentiary issues, and their decisions are not reversed
absent an abuse of discretion. Rounsaville, 2009 Ark. 479, 346 S.W.3d 289. Here, however,
I am convinced that the circuit court abused its discretion in admitting this evidence. I think
any scant probative value it may have had was greatly outweighed by undue prejudice. The
State had ample evidence to support its position that Appellant has antisocial-personality
disorder. Both Dr. Rocho and Dr. Molden testified that Appellant exhibited a lack of
remorse about killing Officer Schmidt and that such a lack of remorse was consistent with one
of the characteristics of antisocial-personality disorder. And, while I recognize that the State
is allowed to prove its case as conclusively as it can, the Rules of Evidence still apply.
Appellant also argues that the circuit court abused its discretion in allowing into
evidence photographs depicting a tattoo on his back that says “Hell Bound” and shows a
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scene of a cemetery.2 Prior to admitting the photographs into evidence, the circuit court
allowed the State to show the photographs to Dr. Crown and to ask him if the tattoo would
be consistent with a particular type of individual. Dr. Crown admitted that the tattoo
demonstrated the ability for artistic or abstract thought, but further opined that it did not
necessarily suggest a higher order of functioning. The State later showed the photographs of
the tattoo to its own expert, Dr. Rocho, who opined that the design demonstrated a person’s
ability to take a thought, plan it out, and draw it on paper. She admitted on cross-
examination, however, that she did not have an opinion as to Appellant’s functional ability.
The State also showed the photograph to its other expert, Dr. Molden, who stated that it was
a complex drawing, with a lot of attention to detail, and required concentration and planning,
as well as some abstract thought.
The State then moved to introduce the two photographs of the tattoo during the
testimony of Ricky Allan Lard, Appellant’s brother, after Ricky testified that the photographs
depicted a drawing done by Appellant. Appellant objected, arguing that he had provided the
State with significantly less inflammatory examples of his artwork, and the State was simply
trying to admit the photographs to show that Appellant is a bad person. Appellant further
argued that he did not actually tattoo his own back and, thus, the photographs of his tattoo
were not the best evidence of his actual artwork. The State countered that the photographs
were admissible for several reasons, including that they demonstrated Appellant’s artistic
2
The photographs, which are of Appellant’s back, were taken after Appellant had been
shot by Sergeant Overstreet. Thus, there is also smeared blood seen in the photographs.
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ability, his ability to have abstract thoughts, and were “very clearly a sign of someone who has
an anti-social personality.” The State conceded that the photographs were prejudicial but
asserted that they were also probative and relevant.
The majority states that the photographs were offered to refute Appellant’s claim of
brain damage and were thus properly admitted into evidence as they were independently
relevant. Although the majority briefly addresses the issue of prejudice, its ultimate conclusion
is wrong. The majority holds that it can “find no manifest abuse of discretion in the circuit
court’s conclusion that the probative value of the photographs exceeded their prejudicial
effect.” But, the circuit court never reached that conclusion. The record demonstrates that
the circuit court found that the photographs were not prejudicial and, accordingly, did not
weigh the probative value of the photographs versus their prejudicial effect. At one point, the
circuit court stated:
The fact that it’s on his back and a photograph was taken of his back at the time
he was being treated for a gunshot wound he sustained during this incident, is not
prejudicial and it’s evidence that’s already in front of the jury and this is not
inflammatory in any shape or form. The content of the tattoo itself, I mean, frankly,
the tattoo and the picture you showed that you’re going to proffer, the intricacy of the
design, that the court feels is the relevant portion and the State has a right to introduce
that.
Clearly, the circuit court abused its discretion when it failed to even recognize that the
photographs were in any way prejudicial and, thus, did not weigh the probative value of the
evidence versus the prejudicial effect of it. The majority ignores this fact and instead
substitutes its own finding; however, it is not in this court’s purview to make its own findings.
This case is incredibly troubling to me. The murder of Officer Schmidt, while in the
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line of duty, was senseless. But, despite the heinous nature of his crime, Appellant was
entitled to a fair trial, and I am not sure that this trial comported with that standard. I have
never reviewed a capital-murder case in which the State was allowed to introduce into
evidence virtually every bad act and every bad character trait of the defendant. In fact, prior
to trial, Appellant filed a motion for production of Rule 404(b) evidence. The State asserted
that it did not intend to use such evidence unless Appellant opened the door to it. However,
once the trial started, the State immediately began backdooring into evidence all of
Appellant’s bad acts and bad traits on the theory that it was relevant to demonstrate that
Appellant has an antisocial-personality disorder and not brain damage. In my opinion, the
circuit court abused its discretion repeatedly in allowing the State to elicit such evidence, even
when it was information relied on by the experts. But, I am most troubled by the jailers’
testimony and the photographs of the tattoos.
While I feel strongly that the circuit court abused its discretion in admitting the
testimony of the jailers and the photographs of the tattoo, I am mindful that this court will
apply a harmless-error analysis in a case where there is overwhelming evidence of guilt. There
is certainly overwhelming evidence of Appellant’s guilt in the instant case, and I cannot say
that the verdict of guilt would have been different had the circuit court properly exercised its
discretion and excluded this evidence. But, what I am concerned about in the instant case is
the sentence of death imposed by a jury that was exposed to inadmissible and prejudicial
evidence.
In my opinion, the majority is not properly adhering to this court’s duty to conduct
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a meaningful review of that sentence under Ark. R. App. P.–Crim. 10 (2013). In my many
years on this court, I have come to recognize that our review of the penalty phase in a death
case should be performed with a heightened sense of due process because the finality of the
punishment sets it apart. We have acknowledged that a death sentence is different because
it is a unique and irreversible punishment. See State v. Robbins, 339 Ark. 379, 5 S.W.3d 51
(1999) (holding that this court is required to review the record in all death-penalty cases for
egregious and prejudicial errors, even if a defendant waives his personal right to appeal in a
death-penalty case); see also Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976). I do not believe that the
majority’s decision in this case comports with a heightened sense of due process.
While the majority makes a passing reference to Rule 10 in connection with
arguments it deemed not preserved, it in no way considers the factors set forth under that rule.
Not only does the majority fail to set forth the factors enumerated in Rule 10, I think it
negligently fails to analyze subsection (vii), which requires this court to consider “whether the
sentence of death was imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other
arbitrary factor.” Thus, where as here, the erroneously admitted evidence was unduly
prejudicial and was part of a pattern by the State to instill in the minds of the jurors that
Appellant was an evil person deserving of the death penalty, I cannot say that the death
sentence handed down in this case was not the result of passion and prejudice on the part of
the jurors. Accordingly, I would affirm Appellant’s convictions but remand this case for a
new sentencing hearing by a jury that has not been exposed to this prejudicial and
inadmissible evidence.
HANNAH, C.J., joins in this dissent.
Janice Vaughn, Arkansas Public Defender Commission, for appellant.
Dustin McDaniel, Att’y Gen., by: LeaAnn J. Adams and Rebecca Kane, Ass’t Att’ys Gen.,
for appellee.
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