Devonta McDonald v. State of Arkansas

Cite as 2023 Ark. App. 20ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION III
No. CR-22-116
DEVONTA MCDONALD Opinion Delivered January 25, 2023
APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM THE LONOKE
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
V. [NO. 43CR-21-195]
STATE OF ARKANSAS HONORABLE JASON ASHLEY
APPELLEE PARKER, JUDGE
AFFIRMED
STEPHANIE POTTER BARRETT, Judge
Appellant Devonta McDonald was charged as an adult in the Lonoke County Circuit
Court with aggravated robbery, a Class Y felony, and theft of property, a Class B felony. Mr.
McDonald moved to transfer his case to the juvenile division of circuit court or, alternatively,
for an extended-juvenile-jurisdiction designation. Following a hearing, the circuit court
denied Mr. McDonald’s motion to transfer. Mr. McDonald timely appealed and now argues
the circuit court’s denial of his motion was clearly erroneous. We affirm.
On December 12, 2020, Mr. McDonald, a minor at the time, went to the Sonic in
Lonoke, Arkansas, and parked in the furthest stall to place his order. He ordered a small
drink, and when the carhop brought the drink to him, he robbed her of $180 with the use
of a gun. He then fled the scene and was arrested by the Arkansas State Police. It was later
learned that earlier in the day, the vehicle Mr. McDonald used in the Lonoke County
robbery was stolen in Pulaski County and used in a robbery of the Sonic in Jacksonville in a
similar manner. Mr. McDonald is charged with those crimes in the Pulaski County Circuit
Court. Mr. McDonald turned eighteen years of age on April 3, 2021, and he was charged as
an adult on April 20, 2021. A hearing on Mr. McDonald’s motion to transfer was held on
October 7, 2021, and on October 25, the circuit court entered an order denying Mr.
McDonald’s motion to transfer.
On appeal, this court will not reverse a circuit court’s decision denying a motion to
transfer unless it is clearly erroneous. Lewis v. State, 2020 Ark. App. 123, 596 S.W.3d 43. A
finding is clearly erroneous when, after reviewing the evidence, this court is left with a firm
and definite conviction that a mistake was made. Id. Under Arkansas law, a prosecuting
attorney may charge a juvenile sixteen years or older in the circuit court’s criminal division
if the juvenile has engaged in conduct that, if committed by an adult, would be a felony. Ark.
Code Ann. § 9-27-318(c)(1) (Repl. 2020). Upon the motion of the court or of any party, the
judge of the division of circuit court in which a delinquency petition or criminal charges
have been filed shall conduct a transfer hearing to determine whether to transfer the case to
another division of circuit court. Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-318(e). The moving party has the
burden of proving the case should be transferred. Lewis, 2020 Ark. App. 123, 596 S.W.3d
43. At the transfer hearing, the court shall consider all the following factors in determining
whether to transfer a case to juvenile court:
(1) The seriousness of the alleged offense and whether the protection of society
requires prosecution in the criminal division of circuit court;
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(2) Whether the alleged offense was committed in an aggressive, violent,
premeditated, or willful manner;
(3) Whether the offense was against a person or property, with greater weight
being given to offenses against persons, especially if personal injury resulted;
(4) The culpability of the juvenile, including the level of planning and
participation in the alleged offense;
(5) The previous history of the juvenile, including whether the juvenile had been
adjudicated a juvenile offender and, if so, whether the offenses were against persons
or property, and any other previous history of antisocial behavior or patterns of
physical violence;
(6) The sophistication or maturity of the juvenile as determined by consideration
of the juvenile's home, environment, emotional attitude, pattern of living, or desire
to be treated as an adult;
(7) Whether there are facilities or programs available to the judge of the juvenile
division of circuit court that are likely to rehabilitate the juvenile before the expiration
of the juvenile's twenty-first birthday;
(8) Whether the juvenile acted alone or was part of a group in the commission of
the alleged offense;
(9) Written reports and other materials relating to the juvenile's mental, physical,
educational, and social history; and
(10) Any other factors deemed relevant by the judge.
Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-318(g)(1)–(10). After a hearing, the circuit court shall make written
findings on all the factors set forth in subsection (g), and upon a finding by clear and
convincing evidence that a case should be transferred to another division of circuit court,
the judge shall enter an order to that effect. Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-318(h)(1)–(2).
In its order, the circuit court found that each factor under Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-
318(g) weighed in favor of denying Mr. McDonald’s motion to transfer apart from factor (7).
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However, despite factor (7)’s weighing in favor of Mr. McDonald because there were facilities
or programs available to him through the juvenile division of circuit court, the circuit court
found factor (7) did not outweigh the other nine factors.
The testimony and evidence that favored the denial of the motion to transfer under
section 9-27-318(g)(1), (2) & (3) showed Mr. McDonald committed a serious offense when
he robbed an employee of the Lonoke Sonic with the use of a gun, and this crime was
committed in a violent, willful, aggressive, and premeditated way. Under factors (4) and (8),
evidence and testimony showed Mr. McDonald solely planned the crime and was the only
participant in the crime. Finally, under factors (5) (6), and (9), evidence and testimony
presented proved that Mr. McDonald is now an adult and acts maturely. He has a child for
whom he provides by working multiple jobs and has been given responsibilities at those jobs.
He was able to travel from West Memphis to central Arkansas every other weekend to see
his son. Further, Mr. McDonald is the oldest of nine children and helps with responsibilities
around the home, such as getting other siblings ready for school.
Mr. McDonald has two prior juvenile cases in which he was placed on probation,
both of which have expired. In the first case, Mr. McDonald was placed on probation on
November 15, 2019, and in the second case he was placed on probation on September 28,
2020, to run concurrently with the first case. Mr. McDonald’s probation was revoked in his
first juvenile case, and he was ordered to finish out his probation, which should have ended
in November 2020. In just over a year, Mr. McDonald has committed multiple offenses,
despite being placed on probation and offered services through the juvenile system. The
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services offered to Mr. McDonald have not worked to rehabilitate him, and in fact, his
behavior has gotten more serious since entering the juvenile system.
On appeal, Mr. McDonald first contends the circuit court erroneously found the
protection of society justified prosecution in the criminal division under factor (1). A juvenile
may be tried as an adult solely because of the serious and violent nature of the offense. Lewis,
2020 Ark. App. 123, 596 S.W.3d; C.B. v. State, 2012 Ark. 220, 406 S.W.3d 796. Specific
proof that protection of society requires a charge be in the circuit court is not required;
rather, it can be inferred from the serious and violent nature of the offense. Donson v. State,
2019 Ark. App. 459, 588 S.W.3d 84. Mr. McDonald robbed an employee of the Lonoke
Sonic with the use of a gun, took $180 from her, and then fled the scene. Under these facts,
we cannot say the circuit court erred in finding the protection of society justified prosecution
in the criminal division.
Next, Mr. McDonald contends the circuit court erroneously found the offense was
committed in an aggressive and violent manner under factor (2), arguing the evidence is
conflicting on whether he actually pointed the gun at the victim during the robbery. The
circuit court made a credibility finding, supported by testimony, that Mr. McDonald used a
firearm during the robbery. Matters of credibility are for the circuit court to determine, and
we do not attempt to pass on the credibility of witnesses. Duren v. State, 2018 Ark. App. 68,
544 S.W.3d 555. Therefore, we cannot say the circuit court erred in finding the aggressive
and violent manner of Mr. McDonald’s offense justified prosecution in the criminal division.
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Next, Mr. McDonald contends the circuit court erroneously considered factor (3)
because the offense did not result in personal injury and therefore should not be given
greater weight. The circuit court is not required to give each factor equal weight; thus, Mr.
McDonald’s argument has no merit. See Lewis, 2020 Ark. App. 123, 596 S.W.3d 43.
Furthermore, Mr. McDonald is requesting that this court reweigh the import and weight
given by the circuit court to this factor, which we cannot do. See Clinkscale v. State, 2018 Ark.
App. 271, 550 S.W.3d 409.
Next, Mr. McDonald contends that while the circuit court did not err in its findings
as to factors (4) and (8), any weight given to those factors should be slight. Again, the circuit
court is not required to give each factor equal weight, and this court will not reweigh evidence
on appeal. See Lewis, 2020 Ark. App. 123, 596 S.W.3d 43.; Clinkscale, 2018 Ark. App. 271,
550 S.W.3d 409.
Next, Mr. McDonald contends that under factor (5), the circuit court erroneously
found that his previous adjudicated offenses were against a person or property. This
argument ignores the second prong of factor (5), which includes “any other previous history
of antisocial behavior or patterns of physical violence.” Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-318(g)(5).
Further, the circuit court’s findings did not state that Mr. McDonald had previously been
adjudicated of offenses against a person or property; rather, it detailed his juvenile history
that included a delinquency order in which Mr. McDonald was adjudicated for second-
degree domestic battery that was later amended to disorderly conduct. Mr. McDonald’s
mother explained during her testimony that the charge arose from Mr. McDonald’s pushing
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his aunt, which is a pattern of physical violence as required under the second prong of factor
(5) Therefore, we cannot say the circuit court clearly erred in finding Mr. McDonald’s
previous history of violence justified prosecution in the criminal division.
Next, Mr. McDonald contends that the circuit court erroneously found he was
previously offered services through juvenile probation, and those services failed to
rehabilitate him, undermining the circuit court’s findings under factors (5), (6), and (9). This
argument is without merit. The same delinquency order previously mentioned required Mr.
McDonald and his family to cooperate with treatment services, including individual and
family anger-management counseling, with monthly reports to the juvenile office provided
by a counseling agency.
Finally, Mr. McDonald contends that while the circuit court correctly found that
factor (7) weighed in favor of transfer, it failed to consider that the other factors also weigh
heavily in favor of transfer when the evidence is viewed in its entirety. We disagree. When
there is evidence that an appellant’s current felony charges are part of a repetitive pattern of
offenses, that past efforts at rehabilitation in the juvenile court system have not been
successful, and that the pattern of the offenses has become increasingly more serious, these
factors alone prevent this court from holding that the circuit court’s ruling on the transfer
motion was clearly erroneous. See Sebastian v. State, 318 Ark. 494, 885 S.W.2d 882 (1994);
Johnson v. State, 317 Ark. 521, 878 S.W.2d 758 (1994); Smith v. State, 307 Ark. 223, 818
S.W.2d 945 (1991).
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Given the circuit court’s consideration of the statutory factors, we cannot say the
denial of Mr. McDonald’s transfer motion was clearly erroneous. We affirm.
Affirmed.
KLAPPENBACH and MURPHY, JJ., agree.
Robert M. “Robby” Golden, for appellant.
Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Karen Virginia Wallace, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.
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