United States v. Vargas

UNITED STATES, Appellee
v.
Ruben VARGAS, Staff Sergeant
U.S. Marine Corps, Appellant
No. 14-6009
Crim. App. No. 201300426
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
Argued September 9, 2014
Decided December 8, 2014
ERDMANN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which
STUCKY, RYAN, and OHLSON, JJ., joined. BAKER, C.J., filed a
separate dissenting opinion.
Counsel
For Appellant: Lieutenant Colonel Richard A. Viczorek, USMCR
(argued).
For Appellee: Lieutenant Ann E. Dingle, JAGC, USN (argued);
Lieutenant Commander Keith B. Lofland, JAGC, USN, Major David N.
Roberts, USMC, and Major Paul M. Ervasti, USMC (on brief); Brian
K. Keller, Esq.
Military Judge: N. K. Hudspeth
This opinion is subject to revision before final publication.
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
Judge ERDMANN delivered the opinion of the court.
Staff Sergeant Ruben Vargas is charged with assault
consummated by a battery in violation of Article 128, UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. § 928 (2012). During the first day of trial, the
military judge denied a government request for a continuance.
When the government was unable to proceed with trial due to the
unavailability of its witnesses, the military judge rested the
government’s case. The government subsequently filed an appeal
with the United States Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal
Appeals (NMCCA) pursuant to Article 62, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 862
(2012). The NMCCA held that the military judge’s rulings were
appealable under Article 62 and that the military judge abused
her discretion in denying the government’s motion for a
continuance and resting the government’s case. United States v.
Vargas, No. NMCCA 201300426, slip op. at 10, 12 (N-M. Ct. Crim.
App. Feb. 28, 2014).
Article 62, UCMJ, allows interlocutory government appeals
under limited circumstances, including from an “order or ruling
which excludes evidence that is substantial proof of a fact
material in the proceeding.” Article 62(a)(1)(B), UCMJ. We
granted review of this case to determine whether the military
judge’s denial of the government’s request for a continuance and
the subsequent resting of the government’s case constituted an
2
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
exclusion of evidence appealable under Article 62, UCMJ.1 We
hold the military judge’s rulings were not appealable under
Article 62 and reverse the decision of the NMCCA.
Background
Vargas was charged with one specification of assault
consummated by a battery against his wife. The facts underlying
the assault are not relevant to our analysis as to whether the
NMCCA had jurisdiction to hear the government’s appeal. In this
jurisdictional challenge to the government’s Article 62, UCMJ,
appeal, it is important to review the context in which the
military judge’s rulings were made:
February 4, 2013 Charges were referred to a special
court-martial.
February 19, 2013 Trial was set for April 23, 2013,
with no objections from counsel.
February 25, 2013 Arraignment.
April 5, 2013 Trial continued to June 4, 2013,
on defense motion due to Vargas’s
hiring of civilian defense
counsel.
May 29, 2013 Following the government’s
response to discovery, the defense
requested additional time to
1
We granted review of the following issue:
Whether the Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal
Appeals erroneously interpreted Article 62, UCMJ, to
allow a government appeal of the military judge’s
denial of a continuance request as well as the
military judge’s order resting the government’s case.
3
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
review the discovery material.
Trial continued to July 9, 2013.
July 3, 2013 An Article 39(a), UCMJ, session
was held to resolve the
government’s alleged failure to
produce discovery. The military
judge determined that the
government may have failed to
produce necessary discovery and
continued the case to the week of
July 22, 2013, to give the
government time to provide
complete discovery.
July 11, 2013 The government provided the
additional discovery discussed on
July 3, 2013.
July 12, 2013 An Article 39(a), UCMJ, session
was held on a defense motion to
compel discovery. The defense
argued that the documents received
from the government the previous
day were incomplete. The military
judge ordered the government to
produce the evidence requested or
provide proof that it did not
exist through an affidavit. Trial
was continued to August 13, 2013.
In granting the continuance, the
military judge warned that the
“parties better be ready for trial
on August 13.”
August 6, 2013 The government moved for an
additional continuance. The
military judge granted the motion
and continued the trial to August
27, 2013.
August 21, 2013 One week before the trial, the
government moved for a continuance
to October 22, 2013, to
accommodate the availability of
two of its witnesses, Special
Agent (SA) Carlos Castro and SA
Shawn Fogle. SA Castro was
4
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
scheduled to attend a field
exercise and SA Fogle was
deployed. The military judge
granted the motion.
October 16, 2013 The government again moved to
continue the trial to accommodate
the availability of the same
witnesses named in the August 21,
2013, motion. The government also
cited travel issues for two other
unnamed witnesses caused by the
“Government shutdown.” The
military judge denied the motion.
The court was assembled on the morning of October 22, 2013,
and the government confirmed it was ready to proceed. Voir dire
was completed that morning and the court-martial recessed at
11:32 a.m. The court-martial reconvened at 12:43 p.m. The
parties discussed trial counsel’s intent to utilize several
photos and the 911 call audio during his opening statement, none
of which had been pre-admitted into evidence.2 The defense
objected to the government’s use of non-admitted evidence in the
government’s opening statement and the military judge sustained
the objection. Trial counsel then informed the court that the
witness necessary to lay the foundation for admission of the 911
audio would not be available until the next morning. The
military judge advised trial counsel:
That’s not my problem. Trial is scheduled for today.
I indicated to you yesterday that I expected voir dire
to finish by lunch and you would get to your case-in-
2
Trial counsel had compiled the photo exhibits and the 911 call
into a video he planned to play to the members during his
opening statement.
5
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
chief after lunch, which is exactly how we’ve
proceeded. . . . So you are expected to be prepared
for trial.
Trial counsel then informed the military judge that Special
Agent Fogle, who was necessary to lay the foundation for the
photo exhibits, would also not be available until the next day.
The military judge responded:
Okay. Well, Trial Counsel, I will remind you that you
submitted exhibits to the court regarding your
pretrial submission. Specifically, Appellate Exhibit
XVI and Appellate Exhibit XXXV where Special Agent
Fogel [sic] is not listed as a witness. I will not
delay the trial to get his appearance at this time.
So you -- this trial has been set for quite a while
now. We are working on, one, two, three, four, five,
six -- at least six approved continuances in this
case. Charges were preferred in March. And
government is expected to -- I’m sorry, it was
arraigned in March.
Government is expected to be prepared for trial upon
arraignment, and we’re now in October. So you’re
going to proceed with what you have. And if you can’t
prove your case, then I’m sorry. So I don’t find just
cause for a delay at this point for you to get any
witnesses.
The court-martial then continued with the parties’ opening
statements and the government proceeded to call four witnesses
in its case-in-chief. Following the testimony of those
witnesses, the court took a fifteen-minute recess at 2:11 p.m.
During the recess, trial counsel informed the military judge
that the government’s remaining three witnesses were not
available to testify. When the court-martial reconvened, the
government moved for a continuance until the next morning when
6
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
its witnesses would be available. The defense objected to the
delay.
The military judge asked trial counsel to identify the
three unavailable witnesses and the reasons for their
unavailability. Trial counsel explained that the special agent
who had initially been identified as a witness had deployed the
previous week and was no longer available. However, that agent
had been replaced with Special Agent Fogle who, although he had
not been formally identified to the court or defense counsel,
was currently en route from Afghanistan. The second witness was
the treating physician, a government employee, who had patient
conflicts that day. The final witness was the on-base 911
operator, also a government employee, who was unavailable
because she worked late and slept during the day.
The military judge asked whether the government had served
process on any of the witnesses. Trial counsel responded that
it had not. The military judge then denied the government’s
motion for a continuance, noting that:
Reasons for a continuance include insufficient
opportunity to prepare for trial and, unavailability
of an essential witness, the interest of government in
the order of trial and related cases, and illness of
the accused, counsel, military judge, or other member.
In this case, there’s been plenty of opportunity for
the government to prepare for trial. The accused was
arraigned in March of this year. We are now in
October. The court has granted at least six
continuances in this case involving a very simple
7
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
Specification of assault; albeit, there was two
Specifications originally on the charge sheet.
The court finds there is sufficient opportunity for
the government to prepare for trial. With respect to
availability of an essential witness, the court does
not rule whether these witnesses are essential, but
does rule they are available under the rules of, uh,
this R.C.M. and 804 -- uh, and MRE 804.
This case is not -- delay of this case is not related
to a trial of any other related cases and there is no
illness of the accused, counsel, military judge, or
member.
The court finds that it is not reasonable cause to
delay this trial; albeit, for only one day.
Considering that trial was ordered -- these dates that
we’re finally here to today, despite all the
continuances were ordered in August of this year. As
well as the fact that the government with the consent
of the defense tried to delay the trial again on the
16th of October, and the court denied the delay making
it clear to counsel of both parties, this trial is
going to proceed, and it will not be delayed any
further.
The court -- the government has chosen not to compel
the production of their own witnesses and to put those
witnesses [sic] schedules ahead of the courts [sic]
schedule, which also does not amount to just cause for
a delay in this court-martial.
Your motion for a continuance is denied.
The military judge then asked the trial counsel:
MJ: Do you intend to rest or do you have any other
evidence?
TC: We do not intend to rest, ma’am.
MJ: Okay, So you have more evidence?
TC: Yes, ma’am, but it will be provided by these
witnesses.
8
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
MJ: Okay. Well I’m going to bring in the members and
call on the government to present evidence or to
rest.
When the court-martial was reconvened, trial counsel moved
the military judge to reconsider her ruling denying the
continuance. That motion was denied. After noting that the
decision was not based on the court’s schedule but, rather, on
the rights of the accused, the military judge provided the
following explanation:
The government is ready for trial or they’re not ready
for trial. The government has demonstrated through
the course of today that they were not, in fact,
prepared for trial as they should be. With 11
Appellate Exhibits not provided to the court reporter
before we came on the record at 0900.
The charge that the government indicated to the court
yesterday that was going to be withdrawn was not
withdrawn, prior to coming on the record today. And,
the fact that the government’s opening video, which
they clearly spent some time on, was not provided to
the defense before today for their review among other
things to show a lack of preparation in this case.
The court, accordingly, doesn’t give any deference to
the fact that you’re not prepared, and you took the
witnesses [sic] schedules as more important than the
schedule of this court, and the process of the
administration of justice.
So your motion is denied.
The government then informed the court that it intended to
file an appeal under Article 62, UCMJ. The military judge
stated she was not obliged to continue the case while the
government pursued that action and the court was reconvened.
The following exchange then occurred:
9
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
MJ: Government, do you have any additional evidence
to present?
TC: Ma’am, we do not have any additional evidence at
this time -- um, we do not have any additional
evidence at this time.
MJ: Okay. Are you resting then?
TC: No, ma’am.
MJ: You may present any additional evidence or you
may rest.
TC: Ma’am, again the government intends to offer
additional evidence. However, we do not have
that on us at this time. We do not intend to
rest our case at this time, ma’am.
MJ: Okay. Your case is rested if you have no
additional evidence to present at this time. I
have already denied any continuance in this case.
The defense then rested its case without presenting any
evidence. After the parties worked on findings instructions,
there was a further discussion of R.C.M. 908(b) and the effect
of an Article 62 appeal on the underlying trial.3 The court-
martial reconvened and trial counsel reiterated the government’s
plan to file an Article 62 appeal from the military judge’s
denial of the government’s motion for a continuance. The
military judge then stayed the proceedings pending the Article
62 appeal.
Later that evening, trial counsel advised the military
judge and defense counsel that the government did not intend to
3
Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 908(b)(4) provides that upon
written notice of a government appeal, the ruling or order that
is the subject of the appeal is automatically stayed.
10
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
file an Article 62 appeal from the denial of its request for a
continuance. The government, instead, requested an Article
39(a) hearing for the next morning to ask the military judge to
reconsider her ruling that the government had rested its case.
The court-martial was reconvened at 11:22 a.m. the
following day. The military judge granted the government’s
motion to reconsider her ruling that rested the government’s
case-in-chief. Trial counsel proffered what its three remaining
witnesses would testify to if they were allowed to testify.4 The
military judge then affirmed her earlier decision in a
comprehensive ruling which summarized the proceedings which are
at issue in this appeal.
On appeal, the NMCCA determined it had jurisdiction over
this matter under Article 62, UCMJ, and held the military
judge’s rulings were a clear abuse of discretion. Vargas, No.
NMCCA 201300426, slip op. at 10, 12.
4
Trial counsel also informed the court that Special Agent Fogle
had arrived from Afghanistan. However, that morning the
government discovered that Special Agent Fogle did not possess
the information that the government had believed he possessed.
The government further informed the military judge and the
defense that they had found yet another witness, not previously
identified to the court or the defense, who did possess the
information they wished to introduce.
11
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
Discussion
We review issues of jurisdiction and statutory
interpretation de novo. United States v. Daly, 69 M.J. 485, 486
(C.A.A.F. 2011); United States v. Lopez de Victoria, 66 M.J. 67,
73 (C.A.A.F. 2008).
Vargas argues that United States v. Browers, 20 M.J. 356
(C.M.A. 1986), which held that a denial of a government request
for a continuance under Article 62 is not an appealable ruling,
is directly on point and dictates a reversal of the NMCCA. The
government responds that while a facial review of Browers would
indicate that it controls the outcome of this case, Browers was
“deconstructed” in United States v. Wuterich, 67 M.J. 63
(C.A.A.F. 2008), and the proper test to determine whether a
ruling “excludes evidence” under Article 62 is whether it
“limit[s] the pool of potential evidence that would be
admissible at court-martial.” Brief of Appellee at 11, United
States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009 (C.A.A.F. June 9, 2014) (citation
and internal quotation marks omitted). The government goes on
to argue that the military judge’s rulings denied the government
the opportunity to present testimony and thereby limited the
potential pool of evidence the prosecution could present.
The military judge in this case made two “rulings” -- one
denying a government-requested continuance and one resting the
government’s case. While the government notified the military
12
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
judge that it would not appeal the denial of the continuance and
would only proceed with the ruling “resting” the government’s
case, in fact, the government appealed both rulings to the
NMCCA.5 As a result, the NMCCA reviewed both rulings and found
both to be an abuse of discretion. Vargas, No. NMCCA 201300426,
slip op. at 12. As recognized by the parties, the rulings are
closely related. Once the military judge denied the
continuance, the normal course was for the trial to continue.
At that point, however, since the government informed the
military judge it had no further evidence or witnesses to
introduce, the government’s own inaction essentially “rested”
its case and the military judge’s “ruling” was nothing more than
a recognition of that fact.
We have previously held that “[p]rosecution appeals are
disfavored and are permitted only upon specific statutory
authorization.” United States v. Bradford, 68 M.J. 371, 373
(C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing Wuterich, 67 M.J. at 70); see also
5
The government’s Article 62, UCMJ, appeal to the NMCCA
contained the following issue:
Military judges are required by Article 40, UCMJ, and
R.C.M. 906(B)(1) to grant continuances to any party
for such time, and as often, as appears to be just.
Did the military judge abuse her discretion when she
denied the overnight continuance requested by trial
counsel, and directed the government to rest its case
despite having three more witnesses to present?
Interlocutory Appeal by the United States, at 2, United
States v. Vargas, No. NMCCA 201300426 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App.
Dec. 3, 2013).
13
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
United States v. Wilson, 420 U.S. 332, 336 (1975) (“This Court
early held that the Government could not take an appeal in a
criminal case without express statutory authority.”) (citation
omitted); Will v. United States, 389 U.S. 90, 96 (1967) (“All
our jurisprudence is strongly colored by the notion that
appellate review should be postponed, except in certain narrowly
defined circumstances, until after final judgment has been
rendered by the trial court. This general policy against
piecemeal appeals takes on added weight in criminal cases. . . .
Moreover, in the federal jurisprudence, at least, appeals by the
Government in criminal cases are something unusual, exceptional,
not favored . . . .”) (internal quotations and citations
omitted). Accordingly, while Article 62, UCMJ, authorizes
interlocutory government appeals, it strictly proscribes the
circumstances under which the government may do so:
Article 62. Appeal by the United States
(a)(1) In a trial by court-martial in which a military
judge presides and in which a punitive discharge may
be adjudged, the United States may appeal the
following (other than an order or ruling that is, or
that amounts to, a finding of not guilty with respect
to the charge or specification):
. . . .
(B) An order or ruling which excludes evidence
that is substantial proof of a fact material in
the proceeding.
We dealt with a strikingly similar situation in Browers,
where we considered whether the “denial of a continuance
14
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
requested so that the Government may produce a material witness
constitutes the exclusion of evidence.” 20 M.J. at 360. In
holding that it did not, we noted that “[m]ost lawyers think of
exclusion of evidence as a ruling made at or before trial that
certain testimony, documentary evidence, or real evidence is
inadmissible. . . . and we see no reason to believe that
Congress had any different intention in drafting Article
62(a)(1).” Id. We also suspected then, as we do now, that
“Congress believed that the scheduling of trials should be left
primarily to trial judges and reliance should be placed on their
judgment.” Id.
In Wuterich, we again looked at whether a military judge’s
ruling was an exclusion of evidence under Article 62, UCMJ. 67
M.J. at 64. In that case, we held that a ruling quashing a
subpoena seeking discovery constituted an exclusion of evidence.
Id. The court relied on a test set forth in United States v.
Watson, 386 F.3d 304 (1st Cir. 2004), which held that “the
pertinent inquiry is not whether the court has issued a ruling
on admissibility, but instead whether the ruling at issue in
substance or in form has limited the pool of potential evidence
that would be admissible.” Wuterich, 67 M.J. at 73 (internal
citations and quotations omitted). Simply put, the question is
15
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
one of incidental versus direct effect. Id.6 Both parties agree
that this is the proper test to apply when determining whether a
ruling “excludes evidence” under Article 62, UCMJ.
Although Watson involved an interpretation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 3731, the federal counterpart to Article 62, UCMJ, it
addressed the same issue as the one before this court today --
whether the denial of a continuance constituted an exclusion of
evidence. The court in Watson held that the orders denying the
continuances did not limit the pool of potential evidence that
would be admissible but, rather, were case management orders
entered for the purpose of preventing delay.7 Watson, 386 F.3d
at 313.
In reviewing the military judge’s orders, it is clear that
neither ruling had the direct effect of “excluding evidence” as
that term is used in Article 62, UCMJ. The military judge did
not make any ruling which held that the government’s evidence
was inadmissible nor did she indicate that she would not allow
the introduction of properly admissible evidence. In Wuterich
we recognized that:
6
Though decided prior to Wuterich, the Browers holding is not
inconsistent with Wuterich and Wuterich did not modify or
overrule Browers.
7
The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
arrived at this conclusion even though § 3731 contains a
provision mandating a liberal construction of the statute.
Watson, 386 F.3d at 309. In Wuterich, we specifically rejected
a similar liberal construction for Article 62, UCMJ, appeals.
67 M.J. at 72.
16
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
[a]lthough the orders appealed from will certainly
hamper (and may effectively prevent) the obtaining and
subsequent use of [the witness’s] testimony, those
orders did not, either in substance or in form, limit
the pool of potential evidence that would be
admissible at the forthcoming trial. . . . That the
orders had an incidental effect on the government’s
evidence-gathering is too remote a consequence to
support appellate jurisdiction under the second
paragraph of section 3731 [allowing the government to
appeal an order suppressing or excluding evidence].
Wuterich, 67 M.J. at 72-73 (quoting Watson, 386 F.3d at 313).
It was the government’s own actions prior to and during
trial that led to the military judge’s denial of the
government’s motions. Had the government subpoenaed its
witnesses and had them ready to testify at trial, there is
nothing in the record which indicates that the witnesses would
not have been allowed to testify or that its exhibits would not
have been admitted. Instead, the record reflects the military
judge’s ongoing concern that, despite at least six continuances,
the government was still not properly prepared for this trial.8
This concern was justified given the government’s remarkably
casual approach to witness production, which included several
requests for continuances based on witness convenience and, when
the government’s last request for a continuance was denied on
October 16, failing to ensure the appearance of those witnesses
when the trial commenced on October 22. Therefore, any
8
There was a total of eight requests for continuances. Two were
to continue Article 39(a), UCMJ, sessions, and six were to
continue the trial date.
17
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
limitation on the government’s ability to present evidence was
self-inflicted. The orders in this case did not, either in
substance or in form, limit the pool of potential evidence that
could be admissible at trial. Wuterich, 67 M.J. at 73.
Further, a judge is ultimately responsible for the control
of his or her court and the trial proceedings. See Taylor v.
Kentucky, 436 U.S. 478, 489 n.17 (1978) (“‘The trial judge has
the responsibility for safeguarding both the rights of the
accused and the interests of the public in the administration of
criminal justice.’” (quoting ABA Project on Standards for
Criminal Justice, Function of the Trial Judge § 1.1(a)
(App.Draft 1972))); United States v. Baca, 27 M.J. 110, 115
(C.M.A. 1988) (finding a “military judge has considerable
responsibility for the proper administration of military justice
and . . . at all appropriate times and in an appropriate manner
. . . may promote justice at the trial”) (internal quotations
and citations omitted); see also Article 40, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C.
§ 840 (2012); R.C.M. 801(a), 804(e), 906(b)(1); Military Rule of
Evidence 611(a). Proper case management during a trial,
necessary for the protection of an accused’s due process rights
and the effective administration of justice, is encompassed
within that responsibility.9
9
The dissent’s view would eviscerate the authority of a military
judge to control the trial proceedings. When a motion for
continuance is denied and the party requesting the continuance
18
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
Therefore, in addition to not excluding evidence as that
term is used in Article 62, UCMJ, the rulings were in
furtherance of the military judge’s well-established
responsibility to manage her cases. Indeed, by the time she
denied the government’s request for a continuance at trial, the
military judge had already granted at least six. Notably, two
of the granted continuances occurred after the military judge
had warned the parties to be prepared for trial. While it is
true that the last continuance requested was for only one day,
the well-articulated record allows us to conclude that the
military judge’s rulings were ones of case management intended
to protect both the rights of the accused and the effective
administration of justice.10
Decision
The decision of the United States Navy-Marine Corps Court
of Criminal Appeals is reversed and the orders of the military
judge denying the government’s continuance request and resting
the government’s case are reinstated. As R.C.M. 908 was
inapplicable, it was of no effect and the military judge was
has no further evidence to present to the court, the dissent
would allow that party to effectively delay the case (in essence
granting the motion for continuance) until such time that party
is ready to proceed. Such a rule fails to recognize the
authority of a military judge to exercise effective case
management and control of the trial proceedings.
10
We note that these cases are highly fact-determinative and the
denial of a government request for continuance under other
circumstances may well lead to a different result.
19
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
entitled to proceed with the trial. See United States v.
Browers, 20 M.J. 356, 360 (C.A.A.F. 1985).
20
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
BAKER, Chief Judge (dissenting):
The jurisdictional question presented in this case is
whether an order by a military judge curtailing the Government’s
case-in-chief, over objection, is subject to review under
Article 62, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C.
§ 862 (2012). Remarkably, the majority concludes that this
Court lacks jurisdiction to hear such an interlocutory issue.
It reaches this conclusion through reference to a number of
points that have nothing to do with the jurisdictional question
presented, namely,
“Congress believed that the scheduling of trials should be
left primarily to trial judges and reliance should be placed
on their judgment.” United States v. Vargas, __ M.J. __ (15)
(C.A.A.F. 2014) (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted).
“Any limitation on the government’s ability to present
evidence was self-inflicted.” Id. at __ (17-18).
“Proper case management during a trial, necessary for the
protection of an accused’s due process rights and the
effective administration of justice, is encompassed within
that responsibility.” Id. at __ (18).
“Once the military judge denied the continuance, the normal
course was for the trial to continue. At that point, however,
since the government informed the military judge it had no
further evidence or witnesses to introduce, the government’s
own inaction essentially ‘rested’ its case and the military
judge’s ‘ruling’ was nothing more than a recognition of that
fact.” Id. at __ (13).
These factors are relevant to whether or not the military judge
may have abused her discretion, but they do not address whether
there is jurisdiction under Article 62, UCMJ, to consider the
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
military judge’s order resting the Government’s case-in-chief.
Moreover, the majority conflates the military judge’s denial of
a continuance with the military judge’s order resting the
Government’s case, and thus erroneously relies on United States
v. Browers, 20 M.J. 356 (C.M.A. 1985), a case involving the
denial of a continuance. Browers is not “strikingly similar” to
this case, because it only addressed the military judge’s denial
of a continuance, a matter which all judges agree generally
presents a case management issue.1 Vargas, __ M.J. at __ (14).
To repeat, the issue in this case is the military judge’s
denial of the Government’s motion to reconsider the military
judge’s order resting its case-in-chief.
The sum total of the majority’s analysis on this critical
jurisdictional question is that the Government somehow rested
its own case when the military judge denied its motion for a
continuance and the Government was not prepared to proceed.
However, the Government objected and affirmatively stated that
1
I agree with the majority’s premise that a military judge
should have the authority “to exercise effective case management
and control of the trial proceedings.” Vargas, __ M.J. at __
(18 n.9). What I do not agree with is the majority’s conclusion
that this Court does not have jurisdiction to review a military
judge’s decision to sua sponte rest a party’s case-in-chief,
over the party’s objection, while evidence is still pending.
(In the present case, the witnesses were available to testify at
the time of the military judge’s ruling.) Moreover, I do not
share the majority’s view that a military judge’s case
management is beyond review as a matter of jurisdiction. Thus,
the only thing being eviscerated here, is this Court’s
jurisdiction to review the work of military judges.
2
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
it was not resting its case. Most importantly, the military
judge reopened the matter the following day after realizing on
the first day that R.C.M. 908(b)(4) precluded any further
sessions of the court-martial in light of trial counsel’s
declaration that he intended to appeal. This effectively mooted
the continuance issue since the proceedings would now be forced
into the following day when, as it turns out, all the Government
witnesses in issue would be in attendance. In short, the
Government did not rest its case. Moreover, even if it could be
argued that it had done so on day one, on day two the military
judge reopened the matter and denied the motion to reconsider
the ruling resting the Government’s case. And it is that order
for which there is jurisdiction to appeal under Article 62,
UCMJ.
The jurisdictional point is illustrated with reference to
the following hypothetical: What if a military judge orders the
Government to rest before presenting any of its case-in-chief?
Would this Court really conclude that there is no jurisdiction
to hear an appeal in such a case? Would this Court really
conclude that such an order did not “exclude[] evidence that is
substantial proof of a fact material in the proceeding[?]”
Article 62(a)(1)(B), UCMJ. I do not think so, and neither did
the military judge in this case. In fact she seems to have
understood that she was excluding evidence for the purposes of
3
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
Article 62, UCMJ, when denying the Government’s motion for
reconsideration, she stated: “[a]bsent appellate intervention,
the government will not be allowed an opportunity to present
additional evidence in their case-in-chief.”
The CCA was correct on the jurisdictional issue.
Therefore, finding jurisdiction, this Court should ask one
question: did the military judge abuse her discretion when she
rested the Government’s case after it sought on the afternoon of
day one an adjournment to the following day to accommodate the
schedules of three witnesses in a case that was already
scheduled for three days? At least two of these witnesses
offered substantial proof of a material fact, the 911 operator
and the emergency room doctor -- one who had taken the initial
emergency call and the other who had administered medical
treatment. One might argue that the testimony of the NCIS agent
recalled from Afghanistan would not have provided evidence that
was “substantial proof of a fact material to the proceeding[s].”
However, such assessments in a criminal case are best left to
the counsel trying the case, especially since Article 51(c)(4),
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 851(c)(4) (2012), expressly burdens the
Government with proving the guilt of the accused beyond a
reasonable doubt.
In considering whether the military judge abused her
discretion in overruling the Government’s objection to her order
4
United States v. Vargas, No. 14-6009/MC
resting the Government’s case, the factors the majority cites
are all relevant. However, it is also relevant that the
military judge’s order resting the Government’s case-in-chief
occurred the day after the Government’s request for a
continuance was denied. Thus, the trial continued until the
next day at which point the military judge again rested the
Government’s case even though the witnesses in question were
then available. This, to me, is the clearest factor that the
military judge abused her discretion in this case.
As a result, I respectfully dissent.
5