Arizona Alliance for Retired Americans v. Jennings

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8 9 Arizona Alliance for Retired Americans, et No. CV-22-01823-PHX-MTL al., 10 ORDER Plaintiffs, 11 v. 12 Clean Elections USA, et al., 13 Defendants. 14 15 Earlier this year, filmmaker Dinesh D’Souza released 2000 Mules. In it, D’Souza 16 argued a theory of widespread voter fraud involving mail-in ballots and drop boxes. The 17 film prompted Melody Jennings to organize, under the banner Clean Elections USA, a 18 group of Arizona citizens to monitor two early voting ballot drop box locations in Maricopa 19 County. This activity, which includes surveillance, photography, video recording, and 20 social media activity, has alarmed voters, elected officials, and elections personnel. It has 21 generated national media coverage. Many voters have filed official complaints with the 22 Arizona Secretary of State and have even sought out law enforcement assistance. 23 All of this prompted the Arizona Alliance for Retired Americans (“Arizona 24 Alliance”) and Voto Latino to file this federal lawsuit alleging that Clean Elections USA 25 (“CEUSA”) and Jennings have violated Section 11(b) of the Voting Rights Act and the 26 Support or Advocacy Clause of the Ku Klux Klan Act. Because voting is presently 27 underway, Plaintiffs seek a Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction. 28 (Doc. 2.) Agreeing with Plaintiffs that the situation requires prompt judicial attention, the 1 Court held an evidentiary hearing on their Motion. Defendants appeared through counsel. 2 After considering the Motion, legal authorities, record evidence, and arguments of counsel, 3 the Court concludes that it cannot grant the requested relief. 4 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 5 The contentious events surrounding the 2020 presidential election sparked an 6 onslaught of speculation related to the validity and legitimacy of the electoral process. One 7 such theory gained significant online prominence following the release of the 2000 Mules 8 film. Primarily based on anonymized cellphone location data, the film tells the story of a 9 shadowy network of “ballot mules” working to influence the 2020 election outcome by 10 collecting fraudulent absentee ballots and strategically depositing them in early voting drop 11 boxes throughout key electoral states.1 Inspired by the film, Ms. Jennings founded CEUSA2 12 and formulated a plan of action—#Dropboxinitiative2022—with the purpose of deterring 13 so called “ballot mules” from using drop boxes. Using social media, Ms. Jennings 14 encouraged supporters and affiliates to gather near drop boxes in groups of “[n]o less than 15 8 people” to track and deter these supposed “mules.” (Doc. 2 at 8.) 16 In the last several days, three separate Maricopa County voters filed formal 17 complaints relating to voter intimidation near both early voter drop boxes. Both drop boxes 18 are in parking lots and are positioned to allow voters to deposit ballots from their vehicles, 19 drive-up style. The first complaint alleges that a group of individuals gathered near the 20 Mesa, Arizona ballot drop box photographed and accused the voter and his wife of being 21 mules. The voter further alleges that these individuals got in their vehicle and briefly 22 followed him out of the parking lot to photograph his vehicle’s license plate. (Doc. 3 at 23 36.) The second complaint reported that individuals took photographs of a voter and his 24 vehicle’s license plate while depositing mail-in ballots. (Id. at 54.) The third complaint 25 described a group of five or six men standing in the Mesa ballot drop box parking lot taking 26 photographs of the voter’s vehicle and license plate. (Id. at 52.) In addition to these formal 27 1 In relation to this, Arizona law prohibits a person from collecting voted or unvoted early ballots from another person, with some exceptions. A.R.S. § 16-1005(h). 28 2 As far as the Court can tell, CEUSA is not organized as a valid legal entity under the laws of any state and appears to simply be a web domain name. 1 complaints, the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office was dispatched to the Mesa drop box 2 location to investigate armed and masked observers wearing body armor. (Id. at 60.) All 3 the while, Ms. Jennings used her social media account to publicize the work of her 4 volunteers and recruit others. (Id. at 15.) 5 II. LEGAL STANDARD 6 A party facing irreparable harm prior to the conclusion of litigation may ask the 7 court to grant a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunctive relief. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8 65. The standard for issuing a temporary restraining order is the same as the standard for 9 issuing a preliminary injunction. Phillips v. Fremont Inv. & Loan, No. CV-09-2585-PHX- 10 GMS, 2009 WL 4898259, at *1 (D. Ariz. Dec. 11, 2009). Plaintiffs must show that they 11 are (1) likely to succeed on the merits, (2) likely to suffer irreparable harm without an 12 injunction, (3) that the balance of the equities tips in their favor, and (4) that an injunction 13 is in the public interest. Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). If the 14 moving party “can only show that there are serious questions going to the merits—a lesser 15 showing than likelihood of success on the merits—then a preliminary injunction may still 16 issue if the balance of hardships tips sharply in the [moving party’s] favor, and the other 17 two Winter factors are satisfied.” Shell Offshore, Inc. v. Greenpeace, Inc., 709 F.3d 1281, 18 1291 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting All. for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1135 19 (9th Cir. 2011)) (cleaned up). “Serious questions are substantial, difficult and doubtful, as 20 to make them a fair ground for litigation and thus for more deliberative investigation.” 21 Republic of the Philippines v. Marcos, 862 F.2d 1355, 1362 (9th Cir. 1998) (en banc) 22 (internal marks and citation omitted). 23 III. ANALYSIS 24 A. Standing 25 Article III of the Constitution requires that a plaintiff demonstrate “the core 26 component of standing.” Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992). To satisfy 27 Article III’s standing requirements, a plaintiff must show that he suffered a “concrete and 28 particularized” injury that is “fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant,” 1 and that a favorable decision would likely redress the injury. Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. 2 Laidlaw Env’t Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180 (2000). The complaint must “alleg[e] 3 specific facts sufficient” to establish standing. Schmier v. U.S. Ct. of Appeals for Ninth 4 Cir., 279 F.3d 817, 821 (9th Cir. 2002). A complaint that fails to allege facts supporting 5 standing is subject to dismissal. See, e.g., Chandler v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 598 6 F.3d 1115, 1123 (9th Cir. 2010). 7 An organization has standing “to seek judicial relief from injury to itself and to 8 vindicate whatever rights and immunities the association itself may enjoy.” Warth v. 9 Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 511 (1975). “[A]n organization has direct standing to sue where it 10 establishes that the defendant’s behavior has frustrated its mission and caused it to divert 11 resources in response to that frustration of purpose.” Sabra v. Maricopa Cnty. Cmty. Coll. 12 Dist., 44 F.4th 867, 879-80 (9th Cir. 2022) (citation omitted). An organization also has 13 “associational standing” to bring suit on behalf of its members “when its members would 14 otherwise have standing to sue in their own right, the interests at stake are germane to the 15 organization’s purpose, and neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested requires the 16 participation of individual members in the lawsuit.” Friends of the Earth, Inc., 528 U.S. at 17 181 (citing Hunt v. Wash. State Apple Adver. Comm’n, 432 U.S. 333, 343 (1977)). 18 The Court finds that Arizona Alliance has established organizational and 19 associational standing for itself. Arizona Alliance is a chartered affiliate of the Alliance for 20 Retired Americans, an allied organization of the AFL-CIO, and counts approximately 21 50,000 retirees from across Arizona as members. (Doc. 4 at 2.) As its injury, Arizona 22 Alliance showed that Defendants’ conduct requires that it divert financial resources to 23 assist its members to cope with the effects of drop box monitoring. Specifically, Arizona 24 Alliance alleges that it must now organize media events and member meetings as well as 25 shift its script for phone banking activities to educational programs. (Id. at 4.) Moreover, 26 the representatives from Arizona Alliance who testified at the evidentiary hearing 27 explained that its members are fearful of and feel intimidated by the drop box observers. 28 The Court, however, finds that Voto Latino does not have standing. For its part, 1 Voto Latino maintains that it may need to spend considerable funds and effort to develop 2 an educational campaign on how to respond to voter intimidation. (Doc. 5 at 3.) But these 3 allegations are too speculative. Moreover, compared to Arizona Alliance, Voto Latino 4 admittedly has a significantly greater budget to spend on its activities, and it is not clear to 5 the Court that its potential response would even require it to reroute financial resources. 6 Voto Latino has not shown any other concrete or particularized injury. See Sabra, 44 F.4th 7 at 879 (holding that organizations may establish standing “by showing that they would 8 have suffered some other injury had they not diverted resources to counteracting the 9 problem”) (internal marks and citation omitted). Because the Court finds that Voto Latino 10 has not demonstrated Article III standing, the Court will dismiss it from the case. 11 B. Likelihood of Success on the Merits 12 i. The Voting Rights Act 13 Section 11(b) of the Voting Rights Acts states that no person, “whether acting under 14 color of law or otherwise, shall intimidate, threaten, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, 15 threaten, or coerce any person for voting or attempting to vote.” 52 U.S.C. § 10307(b). The 16 text of Section 11(b) sweeps broadly. It is well established that this provision applies to 17 private conduct and can be enforced through private litigation. See e.g., Nat’l Coal. on 18 Black Civic Participation v. Wohl, 512 F. Supp. 3d 500, 509 (S.D.N.Y. 2021) (citing 19 League of United Latin Am. Citizens – Richmond Region Council 4614 v. Pub. Int. Legal 20 Found., No. 1:18-CV-00423, 2018 WL 3848404, at *3 (E.D. Va. Aug. 13, 2018) 21 (“LULAC”); Ariz. Dem. Party v. Ariz. Rep. Party, No. CV-16-03752-PHX-JJT, 2016 WL 22 8669978, at *4 (D. Ariz. Nov. 4, 2016) (citing Allen v. State Bd. of Elections, 393 U.S. 544, 23 555-56, n.18 (1969)). As the LULAC court reasoned, the “or otherwise” language in the 24 statute is indicative of Congressional intent to regulate both private and public conduct 25 under Section 11(b). LULAC, 2018 WL 3848404, at *3. 26 Here, Plaintiffs contend that Defendants have violated Section 11(b) through acts of 27 intimidation or attempted intimidation. Determining what constitutes intimidation is left to 28 the courts, as that term is not defined in the statute. The starting point for interpreting a 1 statute is the language of the statute itself. See Wohl, 512 F. Supp. 3d at 509. Therefore, 2 the dictionary definitions of “intimidate” and “threaten” are instructive. “Intimidate” means 3 to “make timid or fearful” or “inspire or affect with fear,” especially “to compel action or 4 inaction (as by threats).” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1183 (1966). 5 “Threaten” means to “utter threats against” or “promise punishment, reprisal, or other 6 distress.” Id. at 2381. 7 Importantly, any definition of intimidation must account for rights established in the 8 Constitution. In Wohl, the court balanced these interests and held that “intimidation 9 includes messages that a reasonable recipient, familiar with the context of the message, 10 would interpret as a threat of injury—whether physical or nonviolent—intended to deter 11 individuals from exercising their voting rights.” 512 F. Supp. 3d at 509. “[A]ctions or 12 communications that inspire fear of economic harm, legal repercussions, privacy 13 violations, and even surveillance” can violate Section 11(b). Id. So long as the allegedly 14 threatening or intimidating conduct puts individuals “in fear of harassment and interference 15 with their right to vote,” the conduct is sufficient to support a Section 11(b) claim. LULAC, 16 2018 WL 3848404, at *4 (citing Damon v. Hukowitz, 964 F. Supp. 2d 120, 149 (D. Mass. 17 2013)). The statute prohibits this level of activity regardless of whether defendants acted 18 with the specific intent of intimidating or threatening voters. See Ariz. Dem. Party, 2016 19 WL 8669978, at *4 n.3 (“[T]he plain language of the statute does not require a particular 20 mens rea.”); see also H. Rep. No. 89-439 at 30, 89th Congress, 1st Sess. 32 (1965) 21 (“[U]nlike the [Civil Rights Act] (which requires proof of a ‘purpose’ to interfere with the 22 right to vote) no subjective purpose or intent need be shown.”). 23 Plaintiffs’ primary aim, as the Court finds it, is to put an end to Defendants’ drop- 24 box surveillance activities. This requires a further free speech analysis. Not all of 25 Defendants’ challenged conduct involves traditional speech. And the mere act of poll 26 watching is not a fundamental right that carries its own distinct First Amendment 27 protection. See Ariz. Dem. Party, 2016 WL 8669978, at *11 (citing Cotz v. Mastroeni, 476 28 F. Supp. 2d 332, 364 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (“[P]oll watching is not incidental to this right and 1 has no distinct First Amendment protection.”); Turner v. Cooper, 583 F. Supp. 1160, 1161- 2 62 (N.D. Ill. 1983) (holding that the act of poll watching is not protected by the First 3 Amendment)). But the Supreme Court instructs that the protections of the First Amendment 4 do “not end at the spoken or written word.” Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397, 404 (1989). 5 Rather, constitutional protection also extends to expressive conduct. Rumsfeld v. Forum 6 for Acad. & Inst’l Rights, Inc., 547 U.S. 47, 66 (2006). To merit First Amendment 7 protection, conduct must be “inherently expressive.” Id. Crucially, however, expressive 8 conduct need not convey a specific message. Hurley v. Irish-Am. Gay, Lesbian & Bisexual 9 Grp. of Bos., 515 U.S. 557, 569 (1995). The critical question is whether a reasonable 10 observer would interpret the conduct as conveying some sort of message. Id. (“A narrow, 11 succinctly articulable message is not a condition of constitutional protection, which if 12 confined to expressions conveying a ‘particularized message,’ would never reach the 13 unquestionably shielded painting of Jackson Pollock, music of Arnold Schöenberg, or 14 Jabberwocky verse of Lewis Carroll.”). 15 The evidence in the record shows that Defendants’ objective is deterring supposed 16 illegal voting and illegal ballot harvesting. Ms. Jennings’ social media posts demonstrate 17 that she believes the presence of her volunteers alone would convey messages to these 18 supposed “ballot mules.” (Doc. 2 at 7-8.) The message is that persons who attempt to break 19 Arizona’s anti-ballot harvesting law will be exposed. On this record, therefore, the Court 20 finds that a reasonable observer could interpret the conduct as conveying some sort of 21 message, regardless of whether the message has any objective merit. 22 Additionally, it is well-established that there is a “First Amendment right to film 23 matters of public interest.” Fordyce v. City of Seattle, 55 F.3d 436, 439 (9th Cir. 1995). 24 The Supreme Court has recognized a right to gather news. Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 25 665, 681 (1972). And the public has a First Amendment right to “receive information and 26 ideas.” Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia, 448 U.S. 555, 576 (1980) (citation omitted); see 27 also First Nat’l Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 435 U.S. 765, 783 (1978) (“[T]he First 28 Amendment goes beyond protection of the press and the self-expression of individuals to 1 prohibit government from limiting the stock of information from which members of the 2 public may draw.”). This right to receive information exists regardless of that information’s 3 social worth. Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S 557, 564 (1969). 4 Having established that the conduct at issue here is subject to the protections of the 5 First Amendment, the Court must analyze whether any well-established exception applies. 6 At the hearing, Plaintiffs argued that the true threats doctrine precludes First Amendment 7 protection. Plaintiffs are correct. The First Amendment does not protect speech that 8 constitutes “true threats.” See e.g., Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 360 (2003); Watts v. 9 U.S., 394 U.S. 705, 708 (1969); U.S. v. Tan Duc Nguyen, 673 F.3d 1259, 1266 (9th Cir. 10 2012). True threats are “statements where the speaker means to communicate a serious 11 expression of an intent to commit an act of unlawful violence to a particular individual or 12 group of individuals,” though the speaker “need not actually intend to carry out the threat.” 13 Black, 538 U.S. at 359-60 (emphasis added). In determining whether speech is a true threat, 14 the Court considers “the surrounding events and reaction of the listeners.” Planned 15 Parenthood of Columbia/Willamette, Inc. v. Am. Coal. of Life Activists, 290 F.3d 1058, 16 1075 (9th Cir. 2002) (en banc) (quoting United States v. Orozco-Santillan, 903 F.2d 1262, 17 1265 (9th Cir. 1990)). Even a statement that appears to threaten violence may not be 18 a true threat if the context indicates that it only expressed political opposition or was 19 emotionally charged rhetoric. See Watts, 394 U.S. at 706-08 (statement “[i]f they ever 20 make me carry a rifle the first man I want to get in my sights is L.B.J.” at a rally is 21 protected); N.A.A.C.P. v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 886, 902, 928 (1982) 22 (statement “[i]f we catch any of you going in any of them racist stores, we’re gonna break 23 your damn neck” at a rally is protected as “emotionally charged rhetoric”). Conversely, a 24 statement that does not explicitly threaten violence may be a true threat where a speaker 25 makes a statement against a known background of targeted violence. See Black, 538 U.S. 26 at 360 (because of its history as a white-supremacist symbol, burning a cross is “often” 27 a true threat); Planned Parenthood, 290 F.3d at 1085-86 (“WANTED” posters targeting 28 doctors who performed abortions were true threats because both the speakers and the 1 audience knew that the doctors identified in prior posters had been murdered). 2 Plaintiffs have not provided the Court with any evidence that Defendants’ conduct 3 constitutes a true threat. On this record, Defendants have not made any statements 4 threatening to commit acts of unlawful violence to a particular individual or group of 5 individuals. There is no evidence that Defendants have publicly posted any voter’s names, 6 home addresses, occupations, or other personal information. In fact, Jennings continuously 7 states that her volunteers are to “follow laws” and that “[t]hose who choose to break the 8 law will be seen as an infiltrator intent on causing [CEUSA] harm.” (Doc. 2 at 8; Doc. 3 at 9 39.) Jennings’ social media posts also admonish volunteers to remain outside the statutorily 10 prescribed seventy-five-foot voting location radius.3 (Doc. 3 at 29.) Furthermore, the record 11 contains evidence of Jennings’ social media posts instructing her affiliates not to engage 12 with or talk to individuals at the drop boxes. (Doc. 2 at 10.) Even if these statements are 13 mere window dressing, a reasonable listener could not interpret Ms. Jennings’ social media 14 pronouncements that alleged “mules” will “shrink back into the darkness” following her 15 drop box initiative as true threats. See Thunder Studios, Inc. v. Kazal, 13 F.4th 736, 746 16 (9th Cir. 2022) (reasoning that courts “in this circuit have long employed an objective test 17 for determining when speech is a true threat”) (internal marks and citation omitted). 18 Also, Defendants’ conduct does not fall into any traditionally recognized category 19 of voter intimidation. Cf. Nguyen, 673 F.3d at 1265 (concluding that the wide distribution 20 of a letter among Latino immigrants warning “that if they voted in the upcoming election 21 their personal information would be collected” and could be provided to anti-immigration 22 organizations constitutes sufficient evidence to find unlawful intimidation under California 23 law); U.S. v. McLeod, 385 F.2d 734, 740-41 (5th Cir. 1967) (holding that a pattern of 24 baseless arrests of Black individuals attending a voter-registration meeting was 25 intimidating and coercive conduct given its “chilling effect” on voter registration); U.S. v. 26 Bruce, 353 F.2d 474, 476-77 (5th Cir. 1965) (holding that a landowner’s restriction of an 27 3 Arizona law provides that “a person shall not be allowed to remain inside the seventy- 28 five foot limit while the polls are open, except for the purpose of voting . . . and no electioneering may occur within the seventy-five foot limit.” A.R.S. § 16-515(A). 1 insurance collector’s access to the landowner’s property due to the insurance collector’s 2 efforts to register voters constitutes unlawful intimidation); U.S. v. Beaty, 288 F.2d 653, 3 654-57 (6th Cir. 1961) (holding that the eviction of sharecroppers as punishment for voter 4 registration constitutes unlawful intimidation). In Daschle v. Thune, No. 04-CV-4177 5 (D.S.D. Nov. 2, 2004)4, for example, the court enjoined defendants from following Native 6 American voters from the polling locations or copying any of the Native Americans’ 7 license plate information. The court in Thune justified its injunction because there was 8 intimidation particularly targeted at Native Americans – reasoning that the public interest 9 is served by having no minority denied an opportunity to vote. There is no evidence here 10 that the voters using the outdoor drop boxes are primarily minorities or that they have 11 historically been victims of targeted violence. Taken together, the Court cannot conclude 12 that Defendants’ conduct constitutes a true threat. 13 The Court has struggled to craft a meaningful form of injunctive relief that does not 14 violate Defendants’ First Amendment rights and those of the drop box observers. The Court 15 acknowledges that Plaintiffs and many voters are legitimately alarmed by the observers 16 filming at the County’s early voting drop boxes. But on this record, Defendants’ conduct 17 does not establish a likelihood of success on the merits that justifies preliminary injunctive 18 relief. Alternatively, while this case certainly presents serious questions, the Court cannot 19 craft an injunction without violating the First Amendment. 20 ii. The Ku Klux Klan Act 21 The Support or Advocacy clause of the Ku Klux Klan Act (the “Klan Act”) provides 22 an injured party with a right of action for recovery of damages against a person who, with 23 another person: 24 conspire[s] to prevent by force, intimidation, or threat, any citizen who is lawfully entitled to vote, from giving his support 25 or advocacy in a legal manner, toward or in favor of the 26 election of any lawfully qualified person as an elector for President or Vice President, or as a member of Congress . . . 27 28 4 This is an unpublished case from the District of South Dakota that is not available on Lexis or Westlaw. 1 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3). In shorthand, the law prevents “conspirac[ies] to interfere with federal 2 elections.” Bretz v. Kelman, 773 F.2d 1026, 1027 n.3 (9th Cir. 1985) (en banc). Plaintiffs 3 must demonstrate proof of the following: “(1) a conspiracy; (2) the purpose of which is to 4 force, intimidate, or threaten; (3) an individual legally entitled to vote who is engaging in 5 lawful activity related to voting in federal elections.” Nat’l Coal. on Black Civic 6 Participation v. Wohl, 498 F. Supp. 3d 457, 486-87 (S.D.N.Y. 2020). 7 Unlike Section 11(b) of the Voting Rights Act, the Support or Advocacy clause of 8 the Klan Act contains language requiring intent. As noted above, Plaintiffs must show 9 proof that the purpose or intent of Defendants’ conspiracy was to intimidate or threaten 10 voters from engaging in lawful activity related to voting in federal elections. But Plaintiffs 11 have not provided the Court with evidence that Defendants intend to prevent lawful voting. 12 Rather, Defendants stridently maintain that they seek to prevent what they perceive to be 13 widespread illegal voting and ballot harvesting. For these reasons, the Court finds that 14 Plaintiffs are unlikely to succeed on the merits and that there is no serious question going 15 to the merits of Plaintiffs’ Klan Act claim. 16 C. Irreparable Harm 17 It is well established that the abridgement or interference with the right to vote 18 constitutes irreparable injury. See e.g., Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533, 562 (1964) (stating 19 that the right to vote is “a fundamental political right, because [it] is preservative of all 20 rights”); Cardona v. Oakland Unified Sch. Dist., California, 785 F. Supp. 837, 840 (N.D. 21 Cal. 1992) (“Abridgment or dilution of a right so fundamental as the right to vote 22 constitutes irreparable injury.”). If the electorate suffers “intimidation, threatening conduct, 23 or coercion such that their right to vote freely is abridged, or altogether extinguished, 24 Plaintiff would be irreparably harmed.” Ariz. Dem. Party, 2016 WL 8669978, at *11. 25 In analyzing this factor, “the Court does not assess the likelihood that such harm 26 will occur, but, if such harm does occur, whether it will be irreparable.” Id. Should 27 Defendants’ alleged intimidation dissuade voters from exercising their franchise rights via 28 drop box, those voters will be irreparably harmed. Indeed, “it is unlikely those voters can 1 be identified, their votes cannot be recast, and no amount of traditional remedies such as 2 money damages would suffice after the fact.” Id. Because the Court does not consider the 3 likelihood of the alleged harm occurring, the Court finds that this factor tips in Plaintiffs’ 4 favor. 5 D. Balance of the Equities & Public Interest 6 The Court will balance both the Plaintiffs’ and the public’s interest in protecting 7 voters from harassment, intimidation, coercion, or fear thereof, against Defendants’ 8 constitutional rights. As noted above, the right to vote is fundamental. See Reynolds, 377 9 U.S. at 562. Indeed, there is no right “more precious in a free country than that of having a 10 voice in the election of those who make the laws under which, as good citizens, we must 11 live.” Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1, 17 (1964); see also Sw. Voter Registration Educ. 12 Project v. Shelley, 344 F.3d 914, 918 (9th Cir. 2003) (“There is no doubt that the right to 13 vote is fundamental . . . .”). The public has a strong interest in free and fair elections. 14 Moreover, states have a compelling interest in maintaining the integrity of the voting place 15 and preventing voter intimidation and confusion. Burson v. Freeman, 504 U.S. 191, 198 16 (1992). Accordingly, both Plaintiffs and the public have a strong interest in allowing every 17 registered voter to do so freely. 18 On the other hand, the requested preliminary injunctive relief implicates serious 19 First Amendment considerations. An individual’s right to vote is fundamental. But so too 20 is an individual’s right to engage in political speech, assemble peacefully, and associate 21 with others. See e.g., Mills v. Alabama, 384 U.S. 214, 218-19 (1966) (“[T]here is practically 22 universal agreement that a major purpose of [the First] Amendment was to protect the free 23 discussion of governmental affairs . . . [including] discussions of candidates, structures and 24 forms of government, the manner in which government is operated or should be operated, 25 and all such matters relating to political processes.”); Lerman v. Bd. of Elections in City of 26 New York, 232 F.3d 135, 146 (2d Cir. 2000) (“The right to political association also is at 27 the core of the First Amendment, and even practices that only potentially threaten political 28 association are highly suspect.”) (internal marks and citation omitted). While the Court 1 may only enjoin Defendants and their affiliates, any injunctive relief would likely have a 2 chilling effect on others’ constitutionally protected activity. And Plaintiffs have failed to 3 provide the Court with a narrowly tailored injunction that would avoid sweeping in 4 protected activity. See e.g., Rodriguez v. Robbins, 715 F.3d 1127, 1133 (9th Cir. 2013) 5 (explaining that “[a]n overbroad injunction is an abuse of discretion”); Union Pac. R. Co. 6 v. Mower, 219 F.3d 1069, 1077 (9th Cir. 2000) (“[O]ne basic principle built into Rule 65 7 is that those against whom an injunction is issued should receive fair and precisely drawn 8 notice of what the injunction actually prohibits.”) (internal marks and citation omitted); 9 Waldman Pub. Corp. v. Landoll, Inc., 43 F.3d 775, 785 (2d Cir. 1994) (“[A]n injunction 10 should not impose unnecessary burdens on lawful activity.”). 11 The parties implicate rights equally crucial to the functioning of our Republic, and 12 the public has a strong interest in maintaining them. Thus, the Court finds that the balance 13 of the equities and the public interest factors is neutral. 14 IV. CONCLUSION 15 Plaintiffs have failed to show that they are likely to succeed on the merits. While 16 there are serious questions implicated, the Court cannot provide preliminary injunctive 17 relief without infringing core constitutional rights. Further, while the irreparable harm 18 factor tips in favor of Plaintiffs, the balance of the equities and public interest do not. A 19 preliminary injunction cannot issue on these facts, but Arizona Alliance is invited to return 20 to this Court with any new evidence that Defendants have engaged in unlawful voter 21 intimidation. 22 . . . 23 24 . . . 25 26 . . . 27 28 . . . 1 Accordingly, 2 IT IS ORDERED: 3 1. Denying Plaintiffs’ Motion for Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction (Doc. 2). 5 2. Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to File Notice of Additional Authority 6|| (Doc. 28) and directing the Clerk of Court to file the Proposed Notice of Additional 7\| Authority (lodged at Doc. 29). 8 3. Directing the Clerk of Court to dismiss Plaintiff Voto Latino from this case. 9 4. As this Order is not dispositive, the Clerk of Court shall not close this case. 10 Dated this 28th day of October, 2022. 11 Michal T. Fiburdle Michael T. Liburdi 14 United States District Judge 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 -14-