In re: Robert C. Keller and Finley Jones Keller

FILED
MAY 26 2017
1
SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
2 OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ORDERED PUBLISHED
3 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
4 OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
5 In re: ) BAP No. EC-16-1152-BJuTa
)
6 ROBERT C. KELLER and FINLEY ) Bk. No. 12-22391
JONES KELLER, )
7 )
Debtors. )
8 )
)
9 ROBERT C. KELLER; FINLEY JONES)
KELLER, )
10 )
Appellants, )
11 )
v. ) O P I N I O N
12 )
NEW PENN FINANCIAL, LLC dba )
13 SHELLPOINT MORTGAGE )
SERVICING; THE BANK OF NEW )
14 YORK MELLON fka THE BANK OF )
NEW YORK AS TRUSTEE FOR THE )
15 CERTIFICATEHOLDERS OF CWMBS, )
INC., CHL MORTGAGE PASS- )
16 THROUGH TRUST 2004-HYB5, )
MORTGAGE PASS-THROUGH )
17 CERTIFICATES SERIES 2004-HYB5,)
)
18 Appellees. )
______________________________)
19
Argued and Submitted on March 23, 2017,
20 at Sacramento, California
21 Filed - May 26, 2017
22 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
for the Eastern District of California
23
Hon. Christopher D. Jaime, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
24
25
Appearances: Scott J. Sagaria of Sagaria Law, P.C. argued for
26 appellants Robert C. Keller and Finley Jones
Keller; B. Ben Mohandesi of Yu Mohandesi LLP argued
27 for appellees New Penn Financial, LLC dba
Shellpoint Mortgage Servicing and Bank of New York
28 Mellon fka The Bank of New York as Trustee for the
Certificateholders of CWMBS, Inc., CHL Mortgage
Pass-Through Trust 2004-HYB5, Mortgage Pass-Through
Certificates, Series 2004-HYB5.
Before: BRAND, JURY and TAYLOR, Bankruptcy Judges.
1 BRAND, Bankruptcy Judge:
2
3 Chapter 131 debtors Robert and Finley Keller (“Debtors”)
4 appeal an order denying their motion for contempt and sanctions
5 for violating the automatic stay and confirmation order against
6 New Penn Financial, LLC dba Shellpoint Mortgage Servicing
7 (“Shellpoint”) and the Bank of New York Mellon fka The Bank of New
8 York as Trustee for the Certificateholders of CWMBS, Inc., CHL
9 Mortgage Pass-Through Trust 2004-HYB5, Mortgage Pass-Through
10 Certificates, Series 2004-HYB5 (collectively “Defendants”). The
11 issue before the bankruptcy court was whether a creditor’s
12 postpetition reporting of overdue or delinquent payments to a
13 credit reporting agency (“CRA”), regardless of the information’s
14 accuracy, is a per se violation of § 362(a)(6) and constitutes
15 prohibited collection activity.
16 This question is an issue of first impression before the
17 Panel. We hold that it is not, and we AFFIRM.
18 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
19 Debtors filed their chapter 13 bankruptcy case on February 7,
20 2012. Shellpoint is the servicer of the loan secured by Debtors’
21 residence. Prepetition arrears on the loan were approximately
22 $11,400.
23 Debtors’ fifth amended chapter 13 plan, confirmed by the
24 bankruptcy court, provided for payment of the prepetition arrears;
25 maintenance of ongoing contractual installments due on the loan
26
27 1
Unless specified otherwise, all chapter, code and rule
references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
28 the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037.
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1 would be paid by the chapter 13 trustee. Debtors made all
2 payments under the plan. Prepetition arrears were cured by March
3 31, 2015. At the time of Debtors’ contempt motion, the trustee
4 was making the ongoing monthly loan payments under the plan.
5 In January 2016, Mrs. Keller obtained a 3-bureau credit
6 report (Experian, Equifax and Transunion) containing the following
7 information Shellpoint furnished to these three CRAs about the
8 loan:
9 Payment History: 120 to 90 days late on all three bureau
reports for March 2014 through December 2015.
10
Payment Status: Account reported as “past due 150 days,”
11 “at least 120 days or more then four payments past due”
and “120 days past due.”
12
Past Due Balance: All three bureau reports list the
13 account as $9,297.00 past due.
14 Bankruptcy Status: Shellpoint failed to report that the
account was included in or part of a chapter 13 repayment
15 plan.
16 Mr. Keller’s 3-bureau credit report contained similar information
17 furnished by Shellpoint:
18 Payment History: 120 to 90 days late on all three bureau
reports for March 2014 through March 2015.
19
Past Due Balance: All three bureau reports list the
20 account as $9,297.00 past due.
21 On January 27, 2016, Mr. Keller was denied credit in the
22 purchase of a new vehicle. The denial letter indicated that Mr.
23 Keller was an “Unacceptable Credit Risk” and that credit was
24 denied “based in whole or in part on information obtained on a
25 report” from Experian.
26 Debtors moved for contempt and sanctions against Defendants
27 for violating the automatic stay and confirmation order. Debtors
28 argued that by reporting misleading and inaccurate information on
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1 their credit reports — i.e., that the account was severely
2 delinquent and with a past due balance — Defendants had willfully
3 acted to collect on a debt that was subject to the automatic stay
4 and confirmation order in violation of §§ 105, 362 and 1327.
5 In support of their stay violation claim, Debtors argued that
6 reporting of an account which has been included in a chapter 13
7 bankruptcy as “past due” or “late” is a per se violation of the
8 automatic stay, because reporting late payments or past due
9 balances is classic collection activity under § 362(a)(6).
10 Debtors argued that such reporting did more than acknowledge that
11 the debt still exists; it suggested that Debtors had failed to
12 perform and served no other purpose than to coerce them into
13 paying the debt directly to Shellpoint, despite the trustee’s
14 payments.
15 Debtors also argued that the exception to the automatic stay
16 under § 362(b)(2)(E), added by BAPCPA in 2005, that allows credit
17 reporting of overdue child support obligations, conversely means
18 that negative credit reporting otherwise falls within the coverage
19 of § 362(a) and constitutes prohibited collection activity under
20 § 362(a)(6). Debtors contended legislative history of this added
21 exception supported their argument; the Congressional Record
22 states that § 362(b)(2)(E) was added “[t]o facilitate the domestic
23 support collection efforts by governmental units . . . .” H.R.
24 Rep. No. 109-31(I), at 17 (2005).
25 Lastly, Debtors relied on In re Sommersdorf, 139 B.R. 700
26 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 1991), a published case supporting their
27 position.
28 At the hearing, Debtors’ counsel clarified that the issue
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1 before the bankruptcy court was not the accuracy of what was
2 reported to the CRAs but rather whether reporting that a payment
3 is past due or late violates the automatic stay. The bankruptcy
4 court confirmed that the legal issue to be decided was “whether
5 past-due credit reporting is a per se violation of § 362,” and
6 took the matter under submission. Hr’g Tr. (Apr. 5, 2016) 8:25-
7 9:7; 10:19-24.
8 In a written memorandum, the bankruptcy court denied Debtors’
9 motion for contempt and sanctions for violation of the automatic
10 stay and confirmation order. Debtors timely appealed the ensuing
11 order.
12 II. JURISDICTION
13 The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334
14 and 157(b)(2)(A) and (L). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
15 § 158.
16 III. ISSUES
17 1. Did the bankruptcy court err in determining that the act of
18 postpetition credit reporting of overdue or delinquent payments is
19 not a per se violation of § 362(a)(6)?
20 2. Did the bankruptcy court err in determining that the credit
21 reporting did not violate the confirmation order under § 1327(a)?
22 IV. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
23 We review the bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law de novo
24 and its findings of fact for clear error. Hansen v. Moore (In re
25 Hansen), 368 B.R. 868, 874 (9th Cir. BAP 2007). “De novo review
26 requires that we consider a matter anew, as if no decision had
27 been made previously.” Francis v. Wallace (In re Francis), 505
28 B.R. 914, 917 (9th Cir. BAP 2014). Factual findings are clearly
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1 erroneous if they are illogical, implausible or without support in
2 the record. Retz v. Samson (In re Retz), 606 F.3d 1189, 1196 (9th
3 Cir. 2010).
4 We review de novo the bankruptcy court’s determination as to
5 whether the automatic stay provisions of § 362 have been violated.
6 Palm v. Klapperman (In re Cady), 266 B.R. 172, 178 (9th Cir. BAP
7 2001), aff’d, 315 F.3d 1121 (9th Cir. 2003); Advanced Ribbons &
8 Office Prods., Inc. v. U.S. Interstate Distrib., Inc. (In re
9 Advanced Ribbons & Office Prods., Inc.), 125 B.R. 259, 262 (9th
10 Cir. BAP 1991) (the scope of the automatic stay under § 362(a)(6)
11 is “a legal issue which we review de novo”).
12 We review the bankruptcy court’s decision regarding civil
13 contempt for abuse of discretion. Knupfer v. Lindblade (In re
14 Dyer), 322 F.3d 1178, 1191 (9th Cir. 2003). Underlying factual
15 findings made in connection with a civil contempt order are
16 reviewed for clear error. Id.
17 V. DISCUSSION
18 A. The bankruptcy court did not err in determining that the act
of postpetition credit reporting of overdue or delinquent
19 payments is not a per se violation of § 362(a)(6).
20 Section 362(a)(6) stays “any act to collect, assess, or
21 recover a claim against the debtor that arose before” the filing
22 of the petition. This provision generally prohibits creditors
23 from making demand on a debtor to pay a prepetition debt or
24 engaging in communications with the debtor in an effort to collect
25 the debt. Debtors contend that Shellpoint violated § 362(a)(6) by
26 postpetition reporting of overdue or delinquent loan payments,
27 because such credit reporting is a prohibited collection activity.
28 We hold that postpetition credit reporting of overdue or
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1 delinquent payments, without more, does not violate the automatic
2 stay as a matter of law.
3 Two district court decisions in the Northern District of
4 California have expressly rejected the argument that postpetition
5 credit reporting of overdue or delinquent payments is a per se
6 violation of the automatic stay.2 See Giovanni v. Bank of Am.,
7 N.A., 2012 WL 6599681, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 18, 2012); Mortimer
8 v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 2012 WL 3155563, at *3 (N.D. Cal.
9 Aug. 2, 2012).
10 In Mortimer, the debtor argued that the automatic stay
11 prohibited the bank’s reporting of delinquent payments while the
12 bankruptcy case was pending, contending that such reporting
13 “violated the letter and the spirit of 11 U.S.C. § 362.” 2012 WL
14 3155563, at *3. The district court rejected that argument,
15 holding that:
16 Section 362 does not stand for the proposition that an
individual is not obliged to make timely payments on his
17 accounts while his petition for bankruptcy is pending.
Rather, § 362 limits collection activities in pursuit of
18 claims that arose before the bankruptcy petition. While
it might be good policy in light of the goals of
19 bankruptcy protection to bar reporting of late payments
while a bankruptcy petition is pending, neither the
20 bankruptcy code nor the [Fair Credit Reporting Act]
(“FCRA”) does so.
21
22 Id.
23 In Giovanni, the debtor argued that the bank’s reporting of
24 late payments once she filed her bankruptcy case was a
25 “‘prohibited creditor shenanigan’” and violated § 362. 2012 WL
26 6599681, at *5 (quoting In re Sommersdorf, 139 B.R. at 702).
27
2
Debtors’ counsel in this case also represented the
28 plaintiffs in Giovanni and Mortimer.
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1 Relying on Mortimer, the district court rejected debtor’s argument
2 and further noted that the debtor cited no case in which a court
3 found negative postpetition credit reporting alone to be a
4 violation of the automatic stay. Id. at *5-6.
5 Debtors contend the bankruptcy court erred by relying on
6 Mortimer and its progeny because those cases dealt only with
7 “accuracy under the FCRA and not § 362.” While it is true that
8 Mortimer and Giovanni were decided in the context of the FCRA, it
9 is clear that the argument Debtors raise here with respect to
10 § 362 was also raised and rejected in both cases.3
11 We also reject Debtors’ argument that the bankruptcy court
12 erred by relying on Mortimer but failing to acknowledge the “split
13 of authority” regarding the issues presented in Mortimer, citing
14 Grantham v. Bank of Am., N.A., 2012 WL 5904729 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 26,
15 2012) and Venugopal v. Digital Fed. Credit Union, 2013 WL 1283436,
16 at *3 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 27, 2013). The issue in both Grantham and
17 Venugopal was the accuracy of the credit reporting and claims
18 under the FCRA and its California counterparts, not whether the
19 credit reporting violated the automatic stay.
20 We note the dearth of case law on the precise issue before
21 us. Most courts have addressed this issue in the context of the
22 discharge injunction. The discharge injunction serves as a broad
23 injunction against a wide range of collection activities for
24 discharged debts. See § 524(a)(2). Debtors fault the bankruptcy
25 court for relying on such cases for its ruling, arguing that these
26
3
In another case, Debtors’ attorneys attempted to
27 distinguish Mortimer, arguing that the case “focused on the
automatic stay.” Mestayer v. Experian Info. Sols., Inc., 2016 WL
28 631980, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 17, 2016).
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1 cases stand merely for the proposition that reporting certain
2 types of credit information, such as a balance or a mere existence
3 of a debt, is not collection activity that runs afoul of § 362 or
4 § 524. Debtors argue that while such information may have an
5 “adverse” effect on a credit report (the term the bankruptcy court
6 used and Debtors take issue with), it has a different purpose and
7 effect than “overdue” or “delinquent” payment reporting and is
8 distinguishable from the “mere act of credit reporting.”
9 We understand the distinction Debtors attempt to make here
10 but conclude that, because the standard for violations of the
11 automatic stay and the discharge injunction are similar,4 the
12 discharge injunction cases are relevant and persuasive. These
13 cases stand for the proposition that negative credit reporting,
14 without more, does not violate the discharge injunction. The
15 debtor must show that the credit reporting was done with the
16 purpose of coercing the debtor to pay the reported debt.
17 In Mahoney v. Washington Mutual, Inc. (In re Mahoney), 368
18 B.R. 579 (Bankr. W.D. Tex. 2007), the issue before the bankruptcy
19 court was whether reporting a discharged debt constitutes an “act”
20 to collect the debt in violation of the discharge injunction. The
21 court held that the mere reporting of credit information about a
22 debtor is not an act to collect a discharged debt within the
23 meaning of the statute, unless the evidence shows there is a
24 linkage between the act of reporting and the collection or
25
26
27
4
See ZiLOG, Inc. v. Corning (In re ZiLOG), 450 F.3d 996,
28 1008 n.12 (9th Cir. 2006).
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1 recovery of the discharged debt. Id. at 584.5 The following
2 courts are in agreement. See Montano v. First Light Fed. Credit
3 Union (In re Montano), 488 B.R. 695, 710 (Bankr. D. N.M. 2013)
4 (reporting discharged debt as “past due” is facially permissible
5 and does not constitute a per se violation of the discharge
6 injunction, but such act could be found to violate the discharge
7 injunction if its objective effect was to pressure debtor into
8 paying the discharged debt); Russell v. Chase Bank USA (In re
9 Russell), 378 B.R. 735, 742 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2007) (reporting a
10 discharged debt can violate the discharge injunction if done for
11 the specific purpose of coercing payment); Lohmeyer v. Alvin’s
12 Jewelers (In re Lohmeyer), 365 B.R. 746, 750 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio
13 2007) (same); Smith v. Am. Gen. Fin. Inc. (In re Smith), 2005 WL
14 3447645, at *3 (Bankr. N.D. Iowa Dec. 12, 2005) (“past due” credit
15 report notation can be a violation of the discharge injunction if
16 made with the intent to collect a debt); Helmes v. Wachovia Bank,
17 N.A. (In re Helmes), 336 B.R. 105, 109 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2005)
18 (bank that mistakenly reported debt as “past due” rather than
19 discharged, absent any other evidence that it did so with intent
20 to collect the debt, did not violate the discharge injunction);
21 Irby v. Fashion Bug (In re Irby), 337 B.R. 293, 296 (Bankr. N.D.
22 Ohio 2005) (reporting of discharged debt does not run afoul of the
23 discharge injunction unless it is also coupled with other actions
24 undertaken by the creditor to collect or recover on the debt); In
25
26 5
The Mahoney court also aptly notes that unauthenticated
copies of credit reports or conclusory allegations that furnishing
27 credit information is done with intent to collect a debt will not
serve as competent evidence of a creditor’s attempt to collect a
28 debt. 368 B.R. at 592-94.
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1 re Goodfellow, 298 B.R. 358, 362 (Bankr. N.D. Iowa 2003) (finding
2 a violation of the automatic stay and discharge injunction based
3 on creditor’s reporting of the debtor’s debt as “past due” in
4 addition to its collection letters and threatening phone calls to
5 debtor attempting to collect the debt); Vogt v. Dynamic Recovery
6 Servs. (In re Vogt), 257 B.R. 65, 71 (Bankr. D. Colo. 2000) (false
7 credit reporting, if not done to extract payment of the debt, is
8 not an act proscribed by the Code).
9 The other line of cases addressing the issue of negative
10 postpetition credit reporting involve alleged violations of the
11 codebtor stay under § 1301. Debtors contend the bankruptcy court
12 erred by relying on these cases, because they largely stand for
13 the proposition that the codebtor stay exists to protect the
14 debtor rather than the codebtor, and suggest that a codebtor’s
15 recourse for standing purposes may lie with the FCRA rather than
16 the Code.
17 While the purpose of the codebtor stay and standing may have
18 been at issue in these cases, they too hold that negative credit
19 reporting, without more, does not violate the codebtor stay. See
20 In re Burkey, 2012 WL 5959991, at *4 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y. Nov. 28,
21 2012) (“Though there is little case law addressing whether
22 reporting negative information to a credit reporting agency
23 constitutes an act to collect a debt, the court is persuaded by
24 those courts that hold the credit reporting must be part of a
25 broader effort to collect the debt to be a violation of the
26 codebtor stay[.]”); In re Juliao, 2011 WL 6812542, at *4 (Bankr.
27 E.D. Mich. Nov. 29, 2011) (bank’s reporting of codebtor’s past due
28 payments to CRAs was not an act to collect the debt and therefore
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1 did not violate § 1301); Singley v. Am. Gen. Fin. (In re Singley),
2 233 B.R. 170, 173 (Bankr. S.D. Ga. 1999) (for a violation of the
3 automatic stay under § 362 or the codebtor stay under § 1301 there
4 needs to be a showing that an adverse report to a credit bureau
5 was made with the intent to harass or coerce the debtor and/or the
6 codebtor into paying the prepetition debt).
7 Finally, the few cases addressing the issue of negative
8 credit reporting in the context of § 362, in addition to Mortimer
9 and Giovanni, hold that postpetition negative credit reporting
10 alone is not an act to collect a debt in violation of the stay;
11 such reporting must have been done with the intent to harass or
12 coerce the debtor to pay the reported debt. See In re Haley, Case
13 No. 15-10712 (Bankr. D. Nev. Sept. 8, 2016) (inaccurate credit
14 reporting, without evidence of creditor’s intent to coerce debtor
15 into paying the reported debt, does not violate the automatic stay
16 as a matter of law); Weinhoeft v. Union Planters Bank, N.A. (In re
17 Weinhoeft), 2000 WL 33963628, at *2 (Bankr. C.D. Ill. Aug. 1,
18 2000) (“Even if it is shown that the Bank’s reports to the
19 credit-reporting agencies contain truthful information [about
20 debtors’ delinquent mortgage payments], such a report, if made
21 with the intent to harass or coerce a debtor into paying a
22 pre-petition debt, could be deemed a violation of the automatic
23 stay.”); Smith v. United Student Aid Funds, Inc. (In re Smith),
24 2000 WL 33710884, at *4 (Bankr. D.S.C. Feb. 3, 2000) (rejecting
25 debtor’s argument that postpetition negative credit reporting
26 violated § 362(a)(6) and concluding that reporting was not an act
27 to collect because it did not extract payment even if it promoted
28 it). See also Hickson v. Home Fed. of Atlanta, 805 F. Supp. 1567,
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1 1573 (N.D. Ga. 1992), aff’d, 14 F.3d 59 (11th Cir. 1994) (“Section
2 362 contains no language prohibiting creditors or any other party
3 from making legitimate reports [of delinquent mortgage payments]
4 to credit agencies regarding parties that have filed for
5 bankruptcy.”).6
6 Notably, none of the cases cited above held that negative
7 credit reporting, as a matter of law, is a collection activity
8 that violates § 362, § 524 or § 1301. The only case supporting
9 Debtors’ argument is Sommersdorf. There, the bankruptcy court
10 held that the codebtor stay under § 1301 was violated when the
11 creditor bank had reported an auto loan debt as “written off” when
12 in fact the loan was paid in full under the debtor’s chapter 13
13 plan. As a result of a negative credit report, the codebtor was
14 unable to obtain a home loan. 139 B.R. at 701. The bank argued
15 that federal banking audit requirements required it to charge off
16 any amount that was more than four months in arrears. Id.
17 Rejecting this argument, the court held:
18
19 6
Debtors contend the bankruptcy court found that the
information Shellpoint furnished was inaccurate. Debtors fail to
20 cite to the record where that finding was made, and we do not see
where the court made any such finding. Debtors continue that the
21 bankruptcy court erred by not considering the accuracy of the
credit report; it could have found a per se violation of the
22 reporting of overdue payments when such a report was inaccurate.
As the bankruptcy court noted, although Debtors appeared to
23 raise accuracy of the report as an issue in their motion, counsel
at oral argument stated that accuracy of the credit information
24 reported was irrelevant to whether or not negative credit
reporting violated the automatic stay. Accordingly, the court
25 addressed the issue without considering accuracy. Because Debtors
affirmatively abandoned the accuracy issue at oral argument they
26 have waived it on appeal. See Reynoso v. Giurbino, 462 F.3d 1099,
1110 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Russell v. Rolfs, 893 F.2d 1033,
27 1038-39 (9th Cir. 1990)); Sheehan v. Marr, 207 F.3d 35, 42 (1st
Cir. 2000) (appellate court need not consider issue so explicitly
28 abandoned below).
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1 [T]here is a distinction between an internal bank
accounting procedure and the placing of a notation on an
2 obligor’s credit report. We find that the latter most
certainly must be done in an effort to effect collection
3 of the account. See, In re Spaulding, 116 B.R. 567, 570
(Bankr. S.D. Ohio 1990) . . . . Such a notation on a
4 credit report is, in fact, just the type of creditor
shenanigans intended to be prohibited by the automatic
5 stay. H.R. Rep. No. 95–595, 95th Cong. 1st Sess. 342
(1977) reprinted in 1978 U.S. Cong. & Admin. News 5787,
6 6298 (omitted).
7 Id. Cf. Bruno v. First USA Bank (In re Bruno), 356 B.R. 89, 91
8 (Bankr. W.D.N.Y. 2006) (credit reporting could constitute an act
9 to collect a debt, but because creditor’s reporting of the debt
10 occurred prepetition the court declined to extend the discharge
11 injunction to cause the creditor, post-discharge, to update its
12 reporting of discharged debt).
13 We respectfully do not find Sommersdorf persuasive. First,
14 the Sommersdorf court provided little analysis to support its
15 holding, and what authority it did rely upon does not support it.
16 It cited the Congressional Record, which is silent on credit
17 reporting but speaks only of debtors feeling pressured to pay
18 prepetition debts when contacted by creditors on the telephone.
19 139 B.R. at 701. Its reliance on Spaulding is also misplaced.
20 Spaulding did not involve credit reporting but rather letters sent
21 directly to the debtor from her bank about closing her account due
22 to the bankruptcy filing, the closing of the debtor’s account and
23 the bank’s withholding of some of the account funds. 116 B.R. at
24 570. The debtor contended that the creditor’s actions violated
25 the automatic stay. Id. Because of the absence of any evidence
26 that the bank intentionally attempted to collect or recover a
27 debt, the court granted the bank summary judgment. Id. at 570-71.
28 Thus, Spaulding does not stand for the proposition that negative
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1 credit reporting is an act to collect a debt in violation of
2 § 362(a)(6). As the bankruptcy court so eloquently put it in
3 Mahoney: “The rhetoric in Sommersdorf writes checks that the
4 authorities cannot cash.” 368 B.R. at 586.
5 Second, as the bankruptcy court recognized and as we have
6 pointed out with the above cases, Sommersdorf’s per se analysis
7 has been rejected or largely not followed. In addition, there
8 were other affirmative acts and facts on which the court could
9 have concluded that the creditor’s negative credit reporting was
10 done for the purpose of attempting to collect the debt. Prior to
11 filing the motion alleging the stay violation, the debtor
12 requested the creditor to remove the charge-off notation but the
13 creditor refused. Also, the creditor was receiving a 100% payment
14 of its claim and could not have prevailed on a motion for relief
15 from stay. Lastly, Sommersdorf is inconsistent with Ninth Circuit
16 law, which requires evidence indicating harassment or coercion to
17 establish a violation under § 362(a).
18 In Morgan Guar. Tr. Co. of N.Y. v. Am. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 804
19 F.2d 1487, 1491 (9th Cir. 1986), the issue was whether presentment
20 of the debtor’s bearer notes to a third party bank postpetition
21 violated the automatic stay under § 362(a)(6). The Ninth Circuit
22 Court of Appeals held that “the language and purposes of section
23 362(a) do not bar mere requests for payment unless some element of
24 coercion or harassment is involved.”7 Likewise, an act does not
25 violate the stay unless it immediately or potentially threatens
26
7
Congress amended § 362 in 1985 to provide that presentment
27 of a negotiable instrument is not a violation of § 362(a), as now
codified in § 362(b)(11). However, we believe the Ninth Circuit’s
28 holding that mere requests for payment do not constitute a stay
violation absent coercion or harassment relevant and is still good
law.
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1 the debtor’s possession of his or her property, such that the
2 debtor is required to take affirmative acts to protect his or her
3 interest. Id. We fail to see how negative credit reporting,
4 standing alone, could be a violative act.
5 In Zotow v. Johnson (In re Zotow), 432 B.R. 252, 259 (9th
6 Cir. BAP 2010), the Panel held in the context of a motion alleging
7 a creditor’s violation of the automatic stay under § 362(a)(6),
8 that “one distinguishing factor between permissible and prohibited
9 communications is evidence indicating harassment or coercion.”
10 Thus, in this circuit, negative credit reporting, standing alone,
11 is insufficient to show a violation of the automatic stay under
12 § 362(a)(6).8
13 Debtors want us to hold that the act of reporting overdue or
14 delinquent payments during the pendency of a chapter 13 bankruptcy
15 is collection activity that violates the automatic stay because
16 its sole purpose is to coerce a debtor into paying the debt. We
17
8
We also note Bell v. Clinic Labs. of Haw. (In re Bell),
18 2008 WL 8444796 (9th Cir. BAP Feb. 11, 2008). In that case, a
chapter 13 bankruptcy petition was filed in October 2005 and the
19 plan paid off early, resulting in a discharge on March 13, 2007.
Despite receiving notice of the bankruptcy, the creditor continued
20 to send debtor over seventeen demand letters between 2006 and
2007. The creditor also retained a collection agency to pursue
21 the prepetition debt, and thereafter the collection agency
reported the discharged debt to the CRAs.
22 The only issue before the Panel was whether the bankruptcy
court abused its discretion in denying debtor’s request for
23 attorney’s fees once the creditor was found to have willfully
violated the automatic stay. Id. at *2. While the negative
24 credit reporting was one factor supporting debtor’s claim for
damages, the Panel did not conclude that the creditor’s negative
25 reporting, standing alone, violated the automatic stay. Rather,
this fact combined with the creditor’s other overt collection acts
26 — sending seventeen collection letters during the postpetition
period — is what violated the stay because the creditor was
27 clearly “attempt[ing] to collect a prepetition debt.” Id. at *3.
In other words, the Panel in Bell concluded that the debtor
28 had met his burden of proving that the creditor’s cumulative
communications were coercive and harassing. This is consistent
with the law of this circuit.
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1 reject this argument because it presumes that no other reasons
2 explain why a creditor would furnish negative credit information
3 to CRAs. We believe the bankruptcy court in Helmes stated it best
4 in rejecting this same argument:
5 The debtor asserts that the only reason for a creditor to
submit such a derogatory report is to collect the debt.
6 The debtor is certainly correct that such a derogatory
notation on a credit report may have the effect of causing
7 some debtors to pay the discharged debt, but that does not
prove that it was submitted with that intention. The
8 argument assumes that there is no other reason why such a
derogatory report would be submitted and, concludes that
9 it must have been submitted with the proscribed intent.
The debtor’s argument fails if there is another reason why
10 the derogatory report was made.
11 336 B.R. at 109. In Helmes, another reason for the negative
12 credit reporting was mistake.
13 Another reason for reporting a delinquent debt that does not
14 have a direct purpose of collecting the debt is to share
15 information relevant to credit granting decisions:
16 [A] distinction must be made between acts which have as
their direct and natural purpose the collection of debts
17 and acts which have some other lawful purpose but could
also be used (or, more accurately, misused) to coerce
18 payment of a debt. The reporting of a delinquent debt to
a credit reporting agency is not inherently an act to
19 collect a debt but rather to share information relevant to
credit granting decisions. A creditor reports both
20 performing and delinquent accounts in the expectation that
other credit grantors will do the same, enhancing each
21 creditor’s ability to evaluate proposed credit
transactions and to avoid extending credit or making loans
22 to poor credit risks.
23
24 In re Jones, 367 B.R. 564, 569 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2007).9
25 We are also not persuaded by Debtors’ argument with respect
26
27
9
Debtors cite In re Thistle, 1998 WL 35412015 (Bankr. E.D.
28 Va. July 17, 1998), which they claim held “reporting the debt to
the credit bureau as ‘bad debt’ with a past due balance could
hardly have any purpose except to coerce the debtors into paying
the debt.” They also accuse the bankruptcy court for having cited
Thistle improperly. We could not locate Debtors’ quoted passage
anywhere in Thistle.
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1 to § 362(b)(2)(E). That provision, added by BAPCPA in 2005,
2 excepts from the automatic stay “the reporting of overdue support
3 owed by a parent to any consumer reporting agency as specified in
4 section 466(a)(7) of the Social Security Act.” Debtors contend
5 that since the act of reporting overdue domestic support
6 obligations has been listed as an exception to the automatic stay
7 in § 362(b), then all other instances of overdue credit reporting
8 must be prohibited by § 362(a).
9 Prior to BAPCPA, the automatic stay did not bar commencement
10 of an action or proceeding to establish paternity, to establish or
11 modify an order for alimony, maintenance or support, or to collect
12 such debts from property that was not property of the estate.
13 However, BAPCPA revamped the way the automatic stay applies to
14 domestic matters. Under the new § 362(b), it is now easier for a
15 spouse to bring or to continue actions against the debtor
16 regarding child custody, visitation matters, domestic violence
17 issues, or pursuit of state remedies for nonpayment of domestic
18 support obligations such as the suspension of a driver’s,
19 occupational or professional license, and to report overdue
20 support debts to credit agencies. See 17 J. Bankr. L. & Prac. 3
21 Art. 1, Edward W. Vopat, Domestic Support Obligations Under the
22 Revised Bankruptcy Code (2008).
23 Thus, BAPCPA’s expansion with respect to domestic relation
24 proceedings in § 362(b) clearly evidenced congressional intent to
25 expand and clarify which domestic relation proceedings are not
26 covered by the automatic stay. Therefore, we disagree with
27 Debtors that the addition of § 362(b)(2)(E) necessarily implies
28 that all other instances of negative credit reporting are barred
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1 by the automatic stay.
2 Furthermore, to read § 362(b)(2)(E) as Debtors suggest — that
3 it creates a singular and exclusive exception to § 362(a) for
4 credit reporting — flies in the face of § 1681c(a)(1)10 of the
5 FCRA, which permits the credit reporting of bankruptcies for a
6 period of up to ten years, and would require the court to conclude
7 that Congress intended to invalidate that FCRA provision through
8 an amendment of § 362(b)(2)(E). Debtors’ interpretation of
9 § 362(b)(2)(E) would be at odds with what Congress has intended in
10 § 1681c(a)(1) of the FCRA. See Morton v. Mancari, 417 U.S. 535,
11 551 (1974) (“[C]ourts are not at liberty to pick and choose among
12 congressional enactments, and when two statutes are capable of
13 co-existence, it is the duty of the courts, absent a clearly
14 expressed congressional intent to the contrary, to regard each as
15 effective.”); Posadas v. Nat’l City Bank of N.Y., 296 U.S. 497,
16 503 (1936) (when Congress passes two statutes that may touch on
17 the same subject, we give effect to both unless doing so would be
18 impossible).
19 Accordingly, we hold that the act of postpetition credit
20 reporting of overdue or delinquent payments while a bankruptcy
21 case is pending is not a per se violation of § 362(a)(6).
22 B. The bankruptcy court did not err in determining that the
credit reporting did not violate the confirmation order under
23 § 1327(a).
24 A violation of the confirmation order under § 1327(a) is an
25 act of contempt and may be remedied under § 105. In re Dendy, 396
26
10
See 15 U.S.C. § 1681c(a)(1). See also In re Kuehn, 563
27 F.3d 289, 291 (7th Cir. 2009) (reviewing § 1681c and noting that
within ten years from the date of discharge a prospective creditor
28 may consider discharged debts (minus a few exceptions under the
Code) in determining creditworthiness and reasoning that
“yesterday’s failure to pay is a proper basis for tomorrow’s
refusal to extend credit.”).
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1 B.R. 171, 179-80 (Bankr. D.S.C. 2008). For contempt, the moving
2 party must show by clear and convincing evidence the contemnors
3 violated a specific and definite order of the court. Renwick v.
4 Bennett (In re Bennett), 298 F.3d 1059, 1069 (9th Cir. 2002).
5 Debtors argued that Shellpoint’s reporting of past due
6 balances on Debtors’ credit reports violated the confirmation
7 order. First, Debtors argued Shellpoint was bound by the chapter
8 13 plan, and its actions of reporting past due payments to CRAs
9 failed to conform to the plan’s terms. Second, § 2.08(b)(5) of
10 the plan required that “[p]ostpetition payments made by Trustee
11 and received by the holder of Class 1 claims shall be applied as
12 if the claim were current and no arrearage existed on the date the
13 case was filed.” Thus, argued Debtors, the plan required
14 Shellpoint “to report all timely made postpetition payments as
15 being current as though no default existed,” and Shellpoint had
16 failed to comport its reporting of the account with this
17 requirement. Defendants countered that Debtors’ plan was silent
18 about credit reporting, and § 2.08(b)(5) of the plan did not refer
19 to credit reporting as Debtors had argued; it only governed the
20 manner in which payments of the arrearage would be applied to the
21 claim.
22 The bankruptcy court found that the confirmation order did
23 not require Defendants to report — or not report — anything
24 regarding Debtors’ credit information. The confirmation order
25 neither directed nor prohibited credit reporting. Debtors were
26 reading too much into § 2.08(b)(5), attempting to make the word
27 “applied” synonymous with “report.” The court reasoned that in
28 order to reach the conclusion Debtors suggested, it would have to
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1 infer a nexus between the application and reporting of payments.
2 In other words, the court would have to read into the plan what
3 the plan did not expressly state. Hence, this meant — at least
4 with respect to credit reporting — Debtors’ confirmed plan was not
5 definite and specific. Accordingly, Defendants could not be found
6 in contempt.
7 We perceive no error in the bankruptcy court’s ruling. The
8 confirmed plan is entirely silent on the issue of credit
9 reporting. Debtors contend that “applied” necessarily includes
10 “reporting” but fail to cite any authority for this contention.
11 To the extent Debtors contend the postpetition credit reporting is
12 erroneous and does not match Defendants’ application of Debtors’
13 loan payments under the confirmed plan, as the bankruptcy court
14 noted, the remedy for that is not in the Code but perhaps in the
15 FCRA.
16 VI. CONCLUSION
17 For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM.
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