United States v. Naranjo-Rosario

United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
No. 14-2140
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v.
LEONEL NARANJO-ROSARIO,
Defendant, Appellant.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO
[Hon. Daniel R. Domínguez, U.S. District Judge]
Before
Howard, Chief Judge,
Selya, Circuit Judge,
and McConnell, District Judge.
Lydia Lizarribar-Masini for appellant.
Mainon A. Schwartz, Assistant United States Attorney, with
whom Rosa Emilia Rodríguez-Vélez, United States Attorney, Mariana
E. Bauzá-Almonte, Assistant United States Attorney, Chief,
Appellate Division, and Julia M. Meconiates, Assistant United
States Attorney, were on brief, for appellee.
September 15, 2017

Of the District of Rhode Island, sitting by designation.
MCCONNELL, District Judge. Leonel Naranjo-Rosario
(Naranjo) was convicted of several drug and gun offenses and was
sentenced to 188 months in prison. Mr. Naranjo argues on appeal
that the district court erred in denying his motion for judgment
of acquittal on three counts of the indictment; it erred in
admitting the testimony of the handler of a narcotics-detecting
dog; and finally, that the district court erred in calculating his
sentence. After a thorough review, we reject Mr. Naranjo’s
challenges and affirm the judgment below.
I. BACKGROUND
We recount the facts in the light most favorable to the
jury verdict, consistent with the court record below. United States
v. Noah, 130 F.3d 490, 493 (1st Cir. 1997).
Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), through
undercover agent Melvin Alvarado, initiated a sting drug operation
in the summer of 2012 wherein Mr. Alvarado would be the boat
captain in a scheme to import cocaine from the Dominican Republic
into Puerto Rico.
At a July meeting, Mr. Alvarado and co-defendants
Mauricio Molina-González and Didier González-Castrillón negotiated
a deal in which Mr. Alvarado would buy between 70-80 kilograms of
cocaine at $19,500 per kilogram. In an earlier conversation about
his fee, Mr. Alvarado and the co-defendants discussed a
transportation fee of between $1200 and $1600 per kilogram of
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cocaine. Mr. Alvarado agreed to provide a car for the delivery:
a blue Nissan Pathfinder, which HSI equipped with a tracking
device.
Mr. González picked up the Pathfinder from Mr. Alvarado
on the day before the scheduled sale. Mr. González indicated that
a woman would deliver the drugs in the Pathfinder the next day,
but that the quantity had changed -- the 70-80 kilograms of cocaine
were no longer available so she would deliver 45 kilograms instead.
Mr. González drove away in the Pathfinder to a house on Domenach
Avenue in San Juan.
On August 2, 2012, HSI observed the defendant take part
in a plan to switch the cars used in the drug transaction -- an
event that proved critical to the success of the sting operation.
Mr. González drove the Pathfinder to a residential area in Carolina
and stopped near a green Acura. The Pathfinder was loaded with
the cocaine. Cisnero Paredes-Reyes (Paredes) was the driver of
the Acura and Mr. Naranjo was his passenger. Mr. Paredes and Mr.
González then switched cars -- Mr. Paredes got out of the Acura
and into the Pathfinder and Mr. González got out of the Pathfinder
and into the Acura as Mr. Naranjo’s passenger because Mr. Naranjo
moved into the driver’s seat. Mr. Paredes drove the Pathfinder
into a residential neighborhood. Agents lost visual sight of the
Pathfinder, but they continued to track the vehicle through the
GPS tracker. Mr. Naranjo also drove away, with HSI surveilling
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the Acura. He drove the Acura into a residential neighborhood and
the HSI agents parked at a nearby Walgreens, waiting for further
instructions.
The HSI agents saw the Pathfinder again, but this time,
Ms. Raiza Rivera-Marin was driving. Mr. González was no longer in
the Acura, but in a gray RAV4 following closely behind Ms. Rivera.
The agents stopped the Pathfinder and arrested Ms. Rivera. A
search of the car revealed forty-five bricks of cocaine, with a
total weight of 53.7 kilograms. Agents also arrested Mr. González
and his passenger, Mr. Molina, in the RAV4.
Using locations they gleaned from the GPS tracker, HSI
agents went to the residential neighborhood in Carolina to continue
their investigation. They targeted a residence belonging to Mr.
Paredes -- a location where the Pathfinder had stopped earlier for
six minutes. Agents surveilled Mr. Paredes’ residence and
ultimately observed Mr. Paredes and Mr. Naranjo pull up to the
house in the green Acura.
Agents executed a search warrant on the residence. They
did a security sweep and then a Customs and Border Patrol agent
walked through with a drug-sniffing dog. The dog alerted three
times in the bedroom where Mr. Naranjo had been staying as a guest
-- a room that he was slow to emerge from when the police announced
their arrival. Agents ultimately seized from that bedroom cash
totaling $118,950(some from a five-gallon paint pail and some from
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in between the mattress and box spring of the bed), a Glock pistol
with an obliterated serial number, a loaded magazine, and money.
Mr. Paredes initially said the cash found in his house was not
his, but he later claimed at trial that the money belonged to him.
Mr. Naranjo and his co-defendants were indicted for
various drug trafficking offenses. Mr. Naranjo was indicted on
charges of conspiracy to possess with the intent to distribute
cocaine (Count One), see 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846; conspiracy
to import controlled substances from the Dominican Republic (Count
Two), see 21 U.S.C. §§ 952, 963; one count of possession with
intent to distribute controlled substances (Count Three), see 21
U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); one count of importation of controlled
substances (Count Four), see 21 U.S.C. § 952; possession of a
firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime (Count Five),
see 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A); and possession of a firearm with an
obliterated serial number (Count Six, see 18 U.S.C. § 922(k)).
During the jury trial, an evidentiary issue arose that
merits exposition here because it forms the basis for one of
Mr. Naranjo’s appellate issues. During the cross-examination of
the HSI agent, it was first revealed that a drug-sniffing dog was
present during the walkthrough of Mr. Naranjo’s bedroom. When the
work of this canine investigator came up, the defense lawyer asked
for a sidebar. The government indicated that it did not know about
the dog, had never received a report about a canine sweep, and had
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not designated any evidence about such a sweep. In anticipation
of potential exculpatory evidence in the event that the dog did
not alert officers to the scent of drugs in the house, the district
court ordered the government to provide defense counsel with the
dog handler’s name. Before the handler could appear in court, Mr.
Naranjo filed a motion for a mistrial because the dog handler
advised him that the dog alerted to the presence of drugs in three
different areas of the bedroom where Mr. Naranjo was staying. He
argued government misconduct, prejudice, and also that he would
have reconsidered going to trial if he had known about this
evidence.
The court indicated that it was inclined to prevent both
sides from talking about the dog sweep. But the government argued
that the handler needed to testify to clarify the facts for the
jury because now that they knew a drug-sniffing dog was involved,
they would assume that the dog did not discover any drugs if they
did not hear from the dog’s handler.
The court asked for briefing about whether the handler’s
testimony would be that of an expert or a lay witness. The
government argued he was a fact witness and would only testify
from personal knowledge. Mr. Naranjo argued that the handler was
an expert and was not timely disclosed. He also argued that he
would need his own expert to challenge the dog’s reactions. The
court agreed with the government and allowed the dog handler to
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testify as a fact witness, but in deference to Mr. Naranjo’s
concerns, provided three protections: it gave the parties more
time to prepare, allowed Mr. Naranjo to hire an expert, and
required the handler to first testify outside the presence of the
jury so that Mr. Naranjo’s counsel would know what he was going to
say.
The jury heard the testimony and ultimately found
Mr. Naranjo guilty on all counts. Mr. Naranjo moved for judgment
of acquittal under Rule 29 of the Federal Rules of Criminal
Procedure; that motion was denied. Mr. Naranjo also objected to
the pre-sentence report (PSR) on three grounds: that the drug
quantity was between 15 and 50 kilograms so his base offense level
was incorrect in the PSR; that he should have a reduced offense
level because of his role in the offense; and that his firearm
convictions should be vacated. Mr. Naranjo was ultimately
sentenced to 188 months in prison.
II. ANALYSIS
Mr. Naranjo contends that his conviction and sentence
cannot stand as a result of the district court’s errors. We
discuss these alleged errors seriatim, but ultimately conclude
that nothing that Mr. Naranjo raises in his appeal requires
reversal.
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A. RULE 29
Mr. Naranjo’s first point of error involves the district
court’s denial of his motion for judgment of acquittal under Rule
29. Mr. Naranjo argues that the district court erred in denying
the acquittal motion because the government failed to present
sufficient evidence of his participation in the drug conspiracy,
his possession of a firearm in furtherance of the drug conspiracy,
and his knowing possession of a firearm with an obliterated serial
number.
We consider an appeal on this ground de novo.1 United
States v. Santos-Rivera, 726 F.3d 17, 23 (1st Cir. 2013).
Specifically,
we examine the evidence, both direct and circumstantial,
in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict. We do
not assess the credibility of a witness, as that is a
role reserved for the jury. Nor need we be convinced
that the government succeeded in eliminating every
possible theory consistent with the defendant’s
innocence. Rather, we must decide whether that
evidence, including all plausible inferences drawn
therefrom, would allow a rational factfinder to conclude
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed
the charged crime.
1In a post-briefing, pre-argument letter to the court, the
government refers to the record and argues that Mr. Naranjo failed
to preserve his Rule 29 argument as to Count One. An unpreserved
claim only merits a review for clear and gross injustice. See
United States v. Gobbi, 471 F.3d 302, 309 (1st Cir. 2006). Also
referring to the record, Mr. Naranjo argues that he did preserve
his sufficiency claim on Count One and, as such, de novo review
applies. We need not decide whether Mr. Naranjo’s claim is
preserved because we hold that, even assuming favorably to him
that he is entitled to de novo review, there was sufficient
evidence for a reasonable jury to convict him on Count One.
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United States v. Troy, 583 F.3d 20, 24 (1st Cir. 2009) (citations
and internal quotation marks omitted).
1. Count One – Drug Trafficking Conspiracy
Mr. Naranjo was convicted of participating in a drug
trafficking conspiracy.
To establish that a conspiracy existed, the government
had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that each
defendant knowingly and voluntarily agreed with others
to commit a particular crime. Such an agreement may be
express or tacit, that is, represented by words or
actions, and may be proved by direct or circumstantial
evidence.
United States v. Rivera Calderón, 578 F.3d 78, 88 (1st Cir. 2009)
(citations omitted). Once the conspiracy is proved, in order “[t]o
establish that the defendants belonged to and participated in the
drug conspiracy, the government must show two kinds of intent:
‘intent to agree and intent to commit the substantive offense.’”
United States v. Bristol–Mártir, 570 F.3d 29, 39 (1st Cir. 2009)
(quoting United States v. Hernández, 218 F.3d 58, 65 (1st Cir.
2000)).
“Under established case law, members of a conspiracy are
substantively liable for the foreseeable criminal conduct of the
other members of the conspiracy.” United States v. Hurley, 63
F.3d 1, 22 (1st Cir. 1995) (citing Pinkerton v. United States, 328
U.S. 640 (1946)). However, the government need not show that the
defendant knew “the full extent of the drug-trafficking conspiracy
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or the identities of all the co-conspirators to be convicted.”
United States v. Santos-Soto, 799 F.3d 49, 58 (1st Cir. 2015).
In this case, the government presented evidence from
which the jury could find that Mr. Naranjo participated in a scheme
to sell 70-80 kilograms of cocaine that were imported from the
Dominican Republic to Puerto Rico. Mr. Naranjo is of Dominican
descent and was living in New York. At the time of the events of
this case, he was visiting Puerto Rico, staying in Mr. Paredes’
home for approximately one week. Around the time Mr. Naranjo
arrived in Puerto Rico, Mr. González met with Mr. Alvarado about
importing cocaine through Mr. González’s Dominican contacts. Mr.
Alvarado indicated that an individual from the Dominican Republic
would deliver the cocaine. Mr. Alvarado gave Mr. González a blue
Pathfinder to deliver the drugs; Mr. González told him that a woman
would be the driver. Mr. Naranjo was involved in the car switch
on the day of the drug transaction -- Mr. González gave the
Pathfinder to Mr. Paredes and got in the Acura with Mr. Naranjo
who drove the car away from the scene. Based on Mr. Naranjo's
heritage and his travel patterns, a jury could have inferred that
he was the individual to whom Mr. González referred. GPS data
provided the jury with an inference that Mr. Paredes drove the
Pathfinder into a residential neighborhood and picked up the female
driver (Raiza Rivera) and the drugs. Mr. Naranjo drove the Acura
to Mr. Paredes’ home and was found there by police in a bedroom
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with stacks of cash and a loaded gun; a drug-sniffing dog detected
the presence of drugs in three locations in the bedroom. United
States v. Rodríguez, 735 F.3d 1, 10 (1st Cir. 2013) (finding that
it would be reasonable for a jury to conclude that participant in
a drug exchange knew the purpose of the exchange and was a member
of the conspiracy). Mr. Naranjo's involvement in this intricately
planned sequence of events strongly suggests that he was involved
in the drug trafficking conspiracy. United States v. Gomez-Pabon,
911 F.2d 847, 853 (1st Cir. 1990).
Based on the direct and circumstantial evidence, when
viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict against
Mr. Naranjo, a reasonable jury could find that he knowingly and
voluntarily agreed to participate in the drug trafficking
conspiracy. See Rivera Calderón, 578 F.3d at 88.
2. Count Five – Possession of a Firearm in
Furtherance of a Drug Trafficking Crime
According to 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A), “any person who,
during and in relation to any . . . drug trafficking crime . . .,
uses or carries a firearm, or who, in furtherance of any such
crime, possesses a firearm, shall, in addition to the punishment
provided for such . . . drug trafficking crime [be sentenced
according to the mandatory minimum sentences of this subsection].”
We must affirm a conviction under this section if the evidence was
sufficient to show that Mr. Naranjo “(1) committed a drug
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trafficking crime; (2) knowingly possessed a firearm; and (3)
possessed the firearm in furtherance of the drug trafficking
crime.” United States v. Vázquez-Castro, 640 F.3d 19, 25 (1st
Cir. 2011).
The jury concluded that the government put forth
sufficient evidence at trial to establish beyond a reasonable doubt
that Mr. Naranjo possessed the firearm in furtherance of the drug
conspiracy. While the evidence showed that the gun was not
physically on Mr. Naranjo’s person, the court can consider whether
he had constructive possession of the gun. United States v.
Sanchez-Badillo, 540 F.3d 24, 31 (1st Cir. 2008); United States v.
Wight, 968 F.2d 1393, 1397-98 (1st Cir. 1992). In order to prove
constructive possession, the government would have to prove that
Mr. Naranjo “knowingly [had] the power and the intention at a given
time of exercising dominion and control over a firearm . . .
directly or through others.” Wight, 968 F.2d at 1398. The
evidence showed that the gun was found in a paint bucket in the
bedroom where Mr. Naranjo was staying in Mr. Paredes’ house. And,
when police arrived at the house, the jury learned that Mr. Naranjo
did not immediately open the door of the bedroom to let them in,
supporting the reasonable inference that Mr. Naranjo was stalling
because he was hiding something, i.e., the gun. The jury could
then reasonably assume -- both from the gun's presence in Mr.
Naranjo's bedroom and from his attempt to hide it -- that he knew
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the gun was there, that he had access to it, and that he
consequently had dominion and control over it. See United States
v. Nuñez, 852 F.3d 141, 145 (1st Cir. 2017). We therefore conclude
that there was enough evidence for the jury to find that Mr.
Naranjo had constructive possession of the gun.
Once possession is resolved, the government then had to
prove a nexus between the drug crime and the gun. The factors to
consider include “whether the firearm was loaded, whether the
firearm was easily accessible, the proximity of the firearm to the
drugs, and the surrounding circumstances.” United States v.
Robinson, 473 F.3d 387, 400 (1st Cir. 2007); see also United States
v. Marin, 523 F.3d 24, 28 (1st Cir. 2008) (concluding that a jury
may infer intent to possess a firearm in furtherance of drug
trafficking from the proximity of the gun to the drug proceeds).
In this case, because the evidence showed that the conspiracy
involved large amounts of drugs and money, the gun was found in
Mr. Naranjo’s room in a bucket also holding large amounts of cash,
and the gun was illegal and had an obliterated serial number, the
jury reasonably could conclude that Mr. Naranjo possessed the gun
in furtherance of the drug trafficking crime.
3. Count Six – Possession of a Firearm with an
Obliterated Serial Number
Mr. Naranjo’s final point of error on the denial of the
Rule 29 motion involves the charge of possessing a firearm with an
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obliterated serial number. In order to prove this claim, the
government had to show that Mr. Naranjo possessed the gun, the gun
moved through interstate commerce, and he had knowledge that the
serial number was obliterated. United States v. Ayala-García, 574
F.3d 5, 12 (1st Cir. 2009). Because the court has determined that
the evidence supported the finding that Mr. Naranjo possessed the
firearm and because he does not contest that the gun moved through
interstate commerce, we begin and end our analysis on the third
element.
The evidence of Mr. Naranjo’s knowledge of the
obliterated serial number is largely circumstantial. See id. (a
defendant’s knowledge of the obliterated serial number may be
“circumstantially established by his possession of the firearm”).
A reasonable jury could infer from the defendant's delay in opening
the door to police that he knew the gun had been altered and that
he needed to hide it. The gun was hidden in a bucket of money and
either or both the money and gun had drug residue that caused the
drug-sniffing dog to alert. Based on the location and proximity
of the gun to the money (presumably some payment for Mr. Naranjo's
services in the scheme), a reasonable jury could conclude that Mr.
Naranjo possessed the gun, must have handled it, and therefore
must have seen that the number had been obliterated.
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Conclusion on Rule 29 Motion
The verdict on the drug conspiracy and the two firearms
counts was supported by the record.2 After reviewing the evidence
in the light most compatible with the verdict and resolving all
credibility disputes in the verdict’s favor, we find that a
rational jury could conclude that Mr. Naranjo was guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt and that the district court did not err in denying
his motion for acquittal.
B. ADMISSION OF THE DOG HANDLER'S TESTIMONY
The presence of a drug-sniffing dog and his handler,
Agent Daniel Domínguez, at the scene of Mr. Naranjo’s arrest arose
during another agent’s trial testimony to the surprise of attorneys
for both Mr. Naranjo and the government. The trial court actively
managed the fallout of this newly discovered witness, taking a
break during trial to hear Agent Domínguez’s qualifications and
proposed testimony, to give the parties extra time to prepare, and
for Mr. Naranjo to secure an expert of his own on this subject
matter. Mr. Naranjo objected to this testimony, but was overruled.
2 Mr. Naranjo failed to argue below that the court should have
granted an acquittal on Counts 2, 3, and 4; therefore, that
argument is waived. United States v. Winchenbach, 197 F.3d 548,
551 n.2 (1st Cir. 1999). Even if it had not been waived, Mr.
Naranjo failed to make any serious substantive arguments for
acquittal on these counts in his appellate briefing. “[I]ssues
adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort
at developed argumentation, are deemed waived.” United States v.
Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 17 (1st Cir. 1990).
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Agent Domínguez testified that the dog alerted to drugs three times
in the bedroom where Mr. Naranjo was staying. On cross-
examination, Agent Domínguez acknowledged that the dog’s three
alerts did not establish the presence of drugs in the house.
On appeal, Mr. Naranjo argues that the handler’s
testimony was that of an expert and should have been excluded
because the government did not disclose it in a timely manner and
that there were no documents or official reports from the sweep
for Mr. Naranjo to use to challenge the dog’s alerts.3 He further
argues that he would not have gone to trial had he known about
this evidence. The government argues that the district court did
not err in allowing the dog handler to testify as a lay witness,
but avers that even if the witness was an expert, any error in
allowing him to testify was harmless because of the procedural
protections the court put in place.
We must first determine whether Agent Domínguez’s
testimony rose to the level of an expert or whether he was a fact
witness before undertaking an analysis of whether the court erred.
3Mr. Naranjo’s counsel in this appeal, who was also his trial
counsel, raises an argument that the government’s failure to
disclose the dog handler rendered her representation ineffective
at trial. “[O]nly in exceptional cases where there are no critical
facts in dispute and the record is sufficiently developed will we
entertain an ineffective assistance of counsel claim on direct
appeal.” United States v. Offray-Campos, 534 F.2d 1, 34 (1st Cir.
2008). This argument is not developed beyond mere contention and,
as such, not appropriate for us to consider now.
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Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence governs expert witnesses
and provides that:
A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge,
skill, experience, training, or education may testify in
the form of an opinion or otherwise if: (a) the expert's
scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge
will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence
to determine a fact in issue; (b) the testimony is based
on sufficient facts or data; (c) the testimony is the
product of reliable principles and methods; and (d) the
expert has reliably applied the principles and methods
to the facts of the case.
United States v. Martinez-Armestica, 846 F.3d 436, 442 (1st Cir.
2017) (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 702). Agent Domínguez testified to
the jury that he observed several objects in the room where
Mr. Naranjo was staying. That testimony is fact based, did not
require any specialized knowledge or training, and the court did
not err in allowing Agent Domínguez to testify as such.
On the other hand, Agent Domínguez also testified about
the dog’s reactions when he scoured the room, that the dog alerted
at different locations, and what those alerts meant in terms of
the investigation. Agent Domínguez received training to teach him
to handle a trained dog and to interpret the dog’s reactions. He
necessarily relied on his training and his experience in working
with drug-sniffing dogs in order to give that testimony. Because
most jurors have never experienced similar scenarios, his
testimony rested “upon an experience confessedly foreign in kind
to [the jury’s] own.” Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137,
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149 (1999) (alteration in original) (quoting Learned Hand,
Historical and Practical Considerations Regarding Expert
Testimony, 15 Harv. L. Rev. 40, 54 (1901)). Therefore, we find
that Agent Domínguez gave expert testimony in part and the trial
court erred in finding that the dog handler was not an expert under
Rule 702. We review the admission of this expert testimony for
abuse of discretion. United States v. Maxwell, 254 F.3d 21, 25
(1st Cir. 2001). However, “[t]o succeed in obtaining a reversal
on appeal, a defendant must prove both an abuse of discretion and
prejudice.” United States v. Alvarez, 987 F.2d 77, 85 (1st Cir.
1993).
After reviewing the record as a whole, we find that the
district court did not abuse its discretion in these circumstances.
The ultimate admission of the dog handler’s testimony came after
the district court’s extended and deliberative process to manage
this unexpected contingency during trial. The court suspended the
trial, provided Mr. Naranjo’s counsel with extra time to prepare,
and provided ample access to Agent Domínguez’s testimony both
before the trial resumed and outside of the jury’s presence during
trial. Additionally, Mr. Naranjo’s counsel had evidence of the
dog’s certification in order to safeguard the reliability of the
evidence. See Florida v. Harris, 568 U.S. 237, 246-47 (2013)
(stating in the context of probable cause that “evidence of a dog’s
satisfactory performance in a certification or training program
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can itself provide reason to trust his alert”). And Mr. Naranjo
was provided with the opportunity at trial to counter this indicia
of reliability when his own expert presented evidence that a
positive alert by a drug-sniffing dog does not necessarily
establish the possession of drugs. See id. at 247 (“A defendant,
however, must have an opportunity to challenge such evidence of a
dog’s reliability, whether by cross-examining the testifying
officer or by introducing his own fact or expert witness.”)
Not only was there no abuse of discretion, critically
Mr. Naranjo was not prejudiced by the error in this regard. While
the district court did err in allowing the testimony, the
government presented other, compelling evidence that Mr. Naranjo
was involved in the conspiracy and constructively possessed the
gun in furtherance of the conspiracy. The multiple safeguards the
district court built in to ensure that Mr. Naranjo was not
prejudiced, combined with the very strong evidence of Mr. Naranjo’s
guilt, rendered any such error harmless. As to Mr. Naranjo’s
argument that he may have pled guilty if he knew of the dog
handler’s existence, he has made no showing that plea negotiations
would have resulted in his favor such that we should “reverse the
reasoned decision of the trial court.” United States v. Rosario-
Peralta, 199 F.3d 552, 560 (1st Cir. 1999). Because we find that
the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the
dog handler’s testimony and Mr. Naranjo was not prejudiced by any
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error in admitting any part of that testimony, his appeal on this
ground is rejected.
C. SENTENCING ISSUES
Mr. Naranjo argues that the court erred in calculating
his guideline range because it overstated the drug quantity
determination and applied a two-level enhancement for his role as
a manager in the conspiracy. We review a district court’s factual
determinations at sentencing for clear error. United States v.
Mullins, 778 F.3d 37, 42 (1st Cir. 2015); United States v. Al-
Rikabi, 606 F.3d 11, 14 (1st Cir. 2010).
We turn to the district court’s drug quantity
determination first. The court can take into account “all
reasonably foreseeable quantities of contraband that were within
the scope of the criminal activity that the defendant jointly
undertook.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 cmt. n.3(D); see United States v.
Flores-de-Jesús, 569 F.3d 8, 37 (1st Cir. 2009). Specifically,
Mr. Naranjo is responsible for “drugs [the defendant] personally
handled or anticipated handling, and, under the relevant conduct
rubric, for drugs involved in additional acts that were reasonably
foreseeable by him and were committed in furtherance of the
conspiracy.” United States v. Sepulveda, 15 F.3d 1161, 1197 (1st
Cir. 1993).
The evidence at trial supported the court’s conclusion
that the conspiracy that Mr. Naranjo participated in involved
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between 70-80 kilograms. A recording of a conversation between
Mr. González and Mr. Alvarado showed their agreement whereby
Mr. Alvarado would purchase and Mr. González would deliver the 70-
80 kilos. During the drug delivery, Mr. Naranjo was involved in
the driver and car swap; he drove the Acura away after Mr. Paredes
got into the Pathfinder. That Pathfinder was later stopped with
53.7 kilograms4 of cocaine in it. Mr. Naranjo was later observed
driving the Acura to Mr. Paredes’ house where the Pathfinder had
stopped earlier that day. The $118,950 found in the paint bucket
in the room Mr. Naranjo occupied in Mr. Paredes’ house tied in to
the $1600 per kilogram delivery fee that Mr. Alvarado quoted in
his conversations with Mr. González ($1600 x 75 kilos = $120,000).
The court’s determination of the drug quantity for sentencing was
not clearly erroneous.
Mr. Naranjo’s final issue on appeal, grounded in the
sentence imposed, relates to the two-level enhancement, finding
that he was an organizer/manager of the drug conspiracy. The
enhancement is prescribed for a defendant who “was an organizer,
leader, manager, or supervisor in any criminal activity” involving
one to three other participants. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c). “The
4 The base offense level of 36 that the court assigned was
based on a drug quantity between 50-150 kilos and the forty-five
bricks of cocaine seized weighed 53.7 kilos. Therefore, the base
offense level of 36 was not clearly erroneous even considering
only the actual amount of cocaine seized from the Pathfinder.
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enhancement, therefore, has two elements; to warrant its use, the
sentencing court must supportably find that (i) the criminal
activity involved at least two, but fewer than five, complicit
individuals (the defendant included); and (ii) in committing the
offense, the defendant exercised control over, managed, organized,
or superintended the activities of at least one other participant.”
Al-Rikabi, 606 F.3d at 14 (citing United States v. Cruz, 120 F.3d
1, 3 (1st Cir. 1997)(en banc)).
The focus of the parties’ arguments is on the second
element and so the question is did the district court clearly err
in finding that Mr. Naranjo exercised control over the activities
of another participant in the conspiracy? The answer, after
applying a clear error standard, is no. The evidence supports the
district court’s conclusion that Mr. Naranjo was Mr. Paredes’
supervisor in the drug trafficking scheme. See United States v.
Andujar, 49 F.3d 16, 25 (1st Cir. 1995). Mr. Naranjo’s role in
the car exchanges demonstrates his control over Mr. Paredes. See
United States v. Prange, 771 F.3d 17, 34 (1st Cir. 2014) (to
justify a managerial enhancement, the evidence must show that the
defendant controlled criminal actors). Mr. Paredes drove the Acura
on the day of the drug transaction and Mr. Naranjo was the
passenger. Mr. Naranjo stayed in the Acura while Mr. Paredes
switched cars and drove in the Pathfinder to load the drugs. After
the transaction, the drug proceeds were found in Mr. Naranjo’s
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room, not in a common room or another room in Mr. Paredes’ house,
indicating that Mr. Naranjo was in control over the receipt and
distribution of the money. This is a close call, but “when there
are two plausible views of the record, the sentencing court’s
adoption of one such view cannot be clearly erroneous.” United
States v. St. Cyr, 977 F.2d 698, 706 (1st Cir. 1992). And after
reviewing the evidence, we are not “left with the definite and
firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” United States
v. Arbour, 559 F.3d 50, 53 (1st Cir. 2009) (quoting United States
v. Brown, 298 F.3d 120, 122 (1st Cir. 2002)). Affirmed.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons given above, Mr. Naranjo’s conviction
and sentence are AFFIRMED.
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