Logan v. Gelb

United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
No. 14-2050
JULIAN CASTLE LOGAN,
Petitioner, Appellant,
v.
BRUCE GELB,
Respondent, Appellee.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. William G. Young, U.S. District Judge]
Before
Lynch, Chief Judge,
Torruella and Barron, Circuit Judges.
Dana A. Curhan on brief for appellant.
Ryan E. Ferch, Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Bureau,
and Maura Healey, Attorney General of Massachusetts, on brief for
appellee.
June 15, 2105
Per curiam. Julian Castle Logan (formerly known as Joao
Pedro Barbosa Jr.) was convicted in 2007 in Massachusetts state
court of living off or sharing the earnings of a minor prostitute
in violation of Massachusetts law. After twice being rebuffed by
the Massachusetts Appeals Court, see Commonwealth v. Barbosa, No.
08-P-1620, 2010 WL 680349 (Mass. App. Ct. Mar. 1, 2010) (Barbosa
I); Commonwealth v. Barbosa, No. 12-P-37, 2013 WL 1103912 (Mass.
App. Ct. Mar. 19, 2013) (Barbosa II), Logan filed a petition for
a writ of habeas corpus in federal court in 2013 seeking to
invalidate his conviction on a number of grounds. The district
court denied the petition, concluding that none of Logan's
arguments satisfied the exacting standards that govern habeas
review of a state court conviction. Logan v. Gelb, 52 F. Supp. 3d
122 (D. Mass. 2014). We affirm.
I.
On federal habeas review, the findings of fact of a state
court "shall be presumed to be correct." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1);
see Sumner v. Mata, 455 U.S. 591, 592-93 (1982) (per curiam). We
take the facts as presented by the Massachusetts Appeals Court
which affirmed Logan's conviction, Barbosa I, 2010 WL 680349, at
*1-2, supplemented with other record facts consistent with the
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state court's findings. Scoggins v. Hall, 765 F.3d 53, 54 (1st
Cir. 2014).
On the evening of February 23, 2004, Lawrence Hall, a
detective with the Everett police department, was near Beecham
Street, an area in Everett known for prostitution activity.
Detective Hall witnessed two young women walking down the road,
smiling and waving at passing vehicles. He later saw the two young
women enter the back seat of a gray Saab convertible that was
parked in a nearby lot.
Detective Hall returned to the Beecham Street area the
following night, and again observed one of the two young women --
who has been referred to as "Harriet" -- smiling and waving at
passing vehicles. Detective Hall saw Harriet get into a large
delivery truck. Another Everett police detective, Richard Connor,
observed Harriet perform oral sex on the truck's driver while the
truck was parked across the Everett town line in Chelsea.
After Harriet left the truck, she talked briefly on a
walkie-talkie. A white sedan then arrived, which she entered.
Harriet left the white sedan approximately ten minutes later. She
then walked over to the same gray Saab convertible from the
previous night, which was parked in the same lot as the night
before, and got in the car.
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Once the Saab pulled out of the lot, Detective Hall
radioed for a police cruiser to stop the car. The driver of the
Saab, Logan (then known as Barbosa), was promptly arrested. Logan
had $1,459 in cash on him at the time. Harriet, who was a passenger
in the Saab and who was also arrested, had $32 on her.
The Commonwealth charged Logan with one count of living
off or sharing the earnings of a minor prostitute in violation of
Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 272, § 4B. His first trial, from August 20 to
22, 2007, ended in a mistrial due to a hung jury. His second
trial, from September 3 to 6, 2007, resulted in a conviction.
At the second trial, the Commonwealth relied heavily on
the testimony of Detective Hall. Detective Hall testified about
his decade-long experience on the police force, during which time
he had made more than sixty prostitution arrests. He also noted
that he had spent the previous half-decade working mostly on
narcotics and prostitution cases. And, after being qualified as
an expert, Detective Hall testified that the average price for a
prostitute's services in the area at the time of Logan's arrest
was $40 to $60 for oral sex and upwards of $100 for vaginal
intercourse.
Although Harriet did not testify, a social worker, Rosa
Andrade, provided testimony regarding Harriet's age. Andrade
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testified that she had worked with Harriet for two years after
Harriet's arrest, and that she had helped Harriet with placements,
school, and other services. Andrade explained that she works with
adolescents and stated that Harriet was an adolescent. Andrade
testified that Harriet's birthday was November 21, 1988, and that
she was fifteen years old on February 24, 2004, when she was
observed by Detectives Hall and Connor. Defense counsel made no
objection to this testimony on hearsay grounds or otherwise.
Andrade also testified on cross-examination that she had never
seen Harriet's birth certificate and that Harriet was born outside
of the United States.
Before the close of the defense's case, Logan moved for
a required finding of not guilty on account of insufficient
evidence of Harriet's minority, an essential element under Mass.
Gen. Laws ch. 272, § 4B. The state trial judge, though noting
that it was a "close call," denied the motion. After the jury
returned a guilty verdict, Logan filed a motion for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict, which was also denied. On September
20, 2007, Logan was sentenced to five to eight years in prison.1
1
Logan is currently serving that sentence at the Souza-
Baranowski Correctional Center.
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Logan appealed and argued, as is relevant here, that
there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction. The
Massachusetts Appeals Court affirmed his conviction on March 1,
2010. Barbosa I, 2010 WL 680349, at *1. The Massachusetts Supreme
Judicial Court ("SJC") denied Logan's application for leave to
obtain further appellate review on September 10, 2010.
Commonwealth v. Barbosa, 934 N.E.2d 824 (Mass. 2010) (table).
Logan then moved for a new trial in the Massachusetts
Superior Court on November 11, 2011. The Massachusetts Superior
Court denied Logan's motion, and the Massachusetts Appeals Court
affirmed this denial on March 19, 2013. Barbosa II, 2013 WL
1103912, at *1. The SJC again denied Logan's application for leave
to obtain further appellate review. Commonwealth v. Barbosa, 989
N.E.2d 898 (Mass. 2013) (table).
Logan next filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the United States District Court
for the District of Massachusetts on June 26, 2013. On September
25, 2014, the district court found against Logan on every claim,
and ordered the petition dismissed. Logan, 52 F. Supp. 3d at 131-
38. The district court did, however, grant a certificate of
appealability as to "each of the issues discussed" in its decision.
Now on appeal, Logan presses some but not all of the arguments he
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made to the district court; he also attempts to raise at least one
new claim.
II.
28 U.S.C. § 2254, as amended by the Antiterrorism and
Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA"), sets the standards
by which we review collateral attacks of state court convictions.2
Scoggins, 765 F.3d at 57. Habeas relief may be granted only if
the state court's adjudication of the merits of a petitioner's
legal claim (1) "resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or
involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established
Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United
States," 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1); or (2) "resulted in a decision
that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in
light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding,"
id. § 2254(d)(2). See also Scoggins, 765 F.3d at 57.
Further, we ordinarily may not second guess a state
court's rejection of a claim on the basis of an independent and
2
Congress enacted AEDPA "to confirm that state courts are
the principal forum for asserting constitutional challenges to
state convictions." Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103
(2011). AEDPA thus prevents federal courts from overturning state
court convictions except where the state proceedings suffered from
an "extreme malfunction[]." See id. at 102-03 (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted).
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adequate state procedural rule. See Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S.
722, 750 (1991). And our review is precluded where a habeas
petitioner has failed to exhaust a federal claim in the state
courts. See Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 515-16 (1982).
A. Proof of Harriet's Age
Logan argues that the Commonwealth "improperly proved a
key element of the charged offense" -- Harriet's minority --
"solely through the use of hearsay." In this respect, we
understand Logan to make two arguments, neither of which is
meritorious.
Logan first contends that this reliance on hearsay
somehow violated Due Process.3 Logan never made a due process
argument in any of his state court proceedings; it is thus not
properly exhausted under AEDPA. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A).
Logan also failed to include this argument in his habeas petition;
it is thus waived as well. See Companonio v. O'Brien, 672 F.3d
101, 112 n.10 (1st Cir. 2012). Logan's argument that he received
3
To the extent that Logan has merely dressed his sufficiency
argument in due process garb, we remain unpersuaded. The Appeals
Court's decision on the sufficiency of the evidence of Harriet's
age was neither contrary to clearly established Supreme Court case
law nor based on an unreasonable determination of the facts. See
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
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ineffective assistance of counsel does not save his waived and
unexhausted due process claim in this case.
Instead, we understand Logan to be raising an
independent claim that his counsel was ineffective for failing to
object to Andrade's testimony regarding Harriet's date of birth on
hearsay grounds. Logan did not make this argument explicitly on
direct appeal, but did in his later motion for a new trial. On
appeal from the denial of his motion for a new trial, the
Massachusetts Appeals Court concluded that it had implicitly
"considered and rejected" this argument in his direct appeal.
Barbosa II, 2013 WL 1103912, at *2. Whether or not the state
courts actually dealt with the claim and so are entitled to
deference, this claim fails even on de novo review. See Fortini
v. Murphy, 257 F.3d 39, 47 (1st Cir. 2001) (applying "de novo"
review to a federal claim that "was never addressed by the state
courts").4
4
This form of de novo review is not wholly equivalent to the
de novo standard that obtains on direct appeal because "the claims
of habeas petitioners, even on de novo review under Fortini,
continue to be limited by the principles laid out in Teague v.
Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989), and its progeny, which generally bar
claims that require the application or announcement of 'new rules'
of law." Kater v. Maloney, 459 F.3d 56, 58-59 (1st Cir. 2006).
But that distinction is immaterial for present purposes.
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Ineffective-assistance claims are governed by the
Supreme Court's decision in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668(1984), under which the defendant must prove two elements. "First,
the defendant must show that counsel's performance was deficient,"
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, which requires showing that counsel's
performance was not only substandard, but also "deficient in some
way sufficiently substantial to deny him effective
representation," Epsom v. Hall, 330 F.3d 49, 53 (1st Cir. 2003).
"Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance
prejudiced the defense," Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, which
requires proof that "there is a reasonable probability that, but
for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different," id. at 694.
Logan's ineffective-assistance claim most clearly fails
on the prejudice prong. Regarding Harriet's minority, Andrade's
testimony was not limited to Harriet's date of birth and,
therefore, her age on the date of the incidents in question.
Andrade testified that she was an "adolescent social worker" and
that Harriet was "an adolescent assigned to [her] caseload."
Andrade further testified that she had helped Harriet with school
as part of her role as an adolescent social worker. And, in
addition, the Commonwealth showed the jury a photograph of Harriet
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that was taken roughly one year before Logan's arrest, which Logan
does not argue depicted a girl other than a minor-aged one. Even
if Andrade's testimony regarding Harriet's date of birth had been
excluded as a result of a successful objection by defense counsel
-- an issue we need not resolve here -- Logan cannot show a
reasonable probability that a hearsay objection to Andrade's
testimony about Harriet's date of birth would have changed the
outcome of the trial.
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Logan next contends that the Commonwealth introduced
insufficient evidence to prove that Harriet engaged in
prostitution or that she transferred any money to him. Logan
challenged the sufficiency of the evidence on direct appeal. The
Massachusetts Appeals Court -- applying its familiar sufficiency
standard under Commonwealth v. Latimore, 393 N.E.2d 370 (Mass.
1979) -- rejected this claim. Barbosa I, 2010 WL 680349, at *1-
2.
We have held that the Latimore test that the Appeals
Court applied is functionally identical to the Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307 (1979), standard the Supreme Court applies in
sufficiency challenges, as Logan concedes. See Leftwich v.
Maloney, 532 F.3d 20, 23-24 (1st Cir. 2008). The operative
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question for determining sufficiency of the evidence is whether,
"'after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.'"
Latimore, 393 N.E.2d at 374 (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319).
Under § 2254(d), Logan can prevail on this claim only if the
Appeals Court unreasonably applied this standard. It did not.
There was more than enough evidence to prove that Harriet
was engaged in prostitution and that Logan knew that fact. Police
detectives observed Harriet and another young woman walking down
a street in an area known to attract prostitution activity in a
manner consistent with prostitution on the night of February 23,
2004. One of the detectives observed Harriet perform oral sex on
a man in a parked truck on February 24. Harriet spoke briefly on
a walkie-talkie after leaving the truck and before entering another
car for approximately ten minutes, and Logan had a walkie-talkie
on him when he was arrested, at which time Harriet was in his
vehicle.
Logan argues that, even if Harriet was involved in
prostitution, he could have been a john rather than a pimp. In
support of this argument, he notes that his zipper was down when
he was pulled over. But this evidence does not mean that the state
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court unreasonably applied the facts to the law on this element.
"[W]hen the record is fairly susceptible of two competing
scenarios, the choice between those scenarios ordinarily is for
the jury." Morgan v. Dickhaut, 677 F.3d 39, 48 (1st Cir. 2012)
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Logan had a large
amount of cash on him, a walkie-talkie (like Harriet), and was
present on Beecham Street on both nights. This evidence allowed
the jury to conclude that he was not merely Harriet's customer.
The state court did not unreasonably apply the law in supporting
the jury's choice of one view over the other.
The conclusion that Harriet transferred money to Logan
was also reasonable. Not only did the detectives observe Harriet
and her companion enter Logan's car on February 23, Harriet was
also a passenger in Logan's car when Logan was arrested the
following night. Upon being arrested in the gray Saab, Logan had
$1,459 in cash on him, while Harriet had $32 in cash on her --
less than the $40 to $60 that Detective Hall testified was the
average rate for oral sex from a prostitute in the area. See id.
at 47 ("[A] conjecture consistent with the evidence becomes less
and less a conjecture, and moves gradually toward proof, as
alternative innocent explanations are discarded or made less
likely." (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).
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C. Detective Hall's Testimony
Logan's final arguments center on the testimony of
Detective Hall. According to Logan, by testifying as an "expert"
on the pimp-prostitute relationship and the local prostitution
market, Detective Hall impermissibly based his testimony on
hearsay by "recounting his conversations with . . . unidentified
prostitutes." Logan contends that admitting this testimony
amounted to a "flagrant[] violat[ion]" of his confrontation
rights.
Logan's final claim falters right out of the gate; he
concedes that these arguments were not raised on direct appeal.5
That concession is fatal to his claim. Procedural default -- an
adequate and independent state law rule -- bars federal habeas
relief so long as it is both firmly established and regularly
followed. See Janosky v. St. Amand, 594 F.3d 39, 44 (1st Cir.
2010). Massachusetts "regularly enforces the rule that a claim
5
This argument was first made in Logan's motion for a new
trial. On review of the Superior Court's denial of that motion,
the Massachusetts Appeals Court recognized that no argument about
the hearsay basis of Detective Hall's expert opinion was timely
raised, and it reviewed such claims "to determine whether a
substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice was . . . created" as
a consequence of the alleged error. Barbosa II, 2013 WL 1103912,
at *1. The Appeals Court held that the introduction of this
evidence did not work such miscarriage. Id. at *1-2.
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not raised is waived." Gunter v. Maloney, 291 F.3d 74, 79 (1st
Cir. 2002). Accordingly, we may only review this claim if Logan
establishes "cause and prejudice" with respect to the procedural
default, or "a fundamental miscarriage of justice." See Horton v.
Allen, 370 F.3d 75, 81 & n.3 (1st Cir. 2004). Logan makes no
credible argument on either front.
III.
We affirm the district court's denial of Logan's habeas
petition.
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